DOCSLIB.ORG

Citizen Engagement in Pakistan Final Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Citizen Engagement in Pakistan Final Report Citizen Engagement in Pakistan Final Report OCTOBER 2019 Author: Sarah Maguire (Technical Lead) Contributors: Dr Noreen Khalid, Uzma Latif, Azeema Cheema, Oyin Ola This study has been funded by South Asia Research Hub, Department for International Development, Government of UK. However, the views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the official policies of the UK Government. CONTENTS List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................. iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................... 1 Key findings.................................................................................................................. 1 Drivers of Citizen Engagement ................................................................................... 1 Barriers to Citizen Engagement .................................................................................. 2 Entry Points .................................................................................................................. 3 Making Citizen Engagement Transformative – lessons from programming .......... 3 Measuring Success in Citizen Engagement .............................................................. 4 Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 4 Research Needs ........................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 6 Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 6 Why Citizen Engagement Matters to DFID ................................................................. 6 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 7 Limitations .................................................................................................................... 8 DEFINITION OF TERMS .................................................................... 8 Citizen Engagement ..................................................................................................... 8 Mandated Engagement ................................................................................................ 9 Non-Mandated Engagement ........................................................................................ 9 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................. 9 Safeguarding .............................................................................................................. 10 CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN ............................................ 10 Pakistan Context ........................................................................................................ 10 Structural Factors Influencing Citizen Engagement in Pakistan ........................... 11 Political Factors Influencing Citizen Engagement in Pakistan .............................. 13 Local Government Reform ........................................................................................ 13 Emerging Factors ....................................................................................................... 14 How Citizen Engagement is Perceived and Understood ........................................ 15 Drivers of Citizen Engagement ................................................................................. 17 Barriers ....................................................................................................................... 20 ENTRY POINTS ................................................................................ 25 i CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN Mandated Citizen Engagement Mechanisms ........................................................... 26 Non-mandated Citizen Engagement Mechanisms .................................................. 29 MAKING CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT TRANSFORMATIVE – LESSONS FROM PROGRAMMES ..................................................................... 31 MEASURING SUCCESS IN CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT ........................ 33 RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................... 35 Overriding Recommendations .................................................................................. 35 Programming Principles ............................................................................................ 35 Safeguarding .............................................................................................................. 38 Research Needs ......................................................................................................... 38 ANNEX 1: KEY INFORMANT LIST - REDACTED ANNEX 2: LITERATURE REVIEW1 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of Field Research Interviews 7 Table 2 - Civil Society Groupings 30 ii CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN List of Abbreviations CE citizen engagement CFPM Citizen Feedback Monitoring Program CSO civil society organisations CNIC Computerized National Identity Card DC District Commissioner DFID Department for International Development DFID P DFID’s Pakistan country office DIK Dera Islameel Khan DRC Dispute Resolution Committees FATA Federal Administered Tribal Area FIA Federal Investigation Agency KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LGO Local Government Ordinance LSO local support organizations NC neighbourhood council NMD newly-merged district PAC Public Accounts Committee PCMC Primary Care Management Committees PCSW Provincial Commissions on the Status of Women PHC Punjab Health Councils PML-N Pakistani Muslim League PPMRP Punjab Public Management Reform Program PTI Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf PSPA Punjab Social Protection Authority PWD people with disabilities RtS Right to Services RtI Right to Information SEAH sexual exploitation, abuse and harassment UNDP United Nations Development Programme iii CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Department for International Development (DFID) Research and Evidence Division commissioned a research report on citizen engagement (CE) in Pakistan, to inform the programming of DFID’s Pakistan country office (DFID P). DFID is committed to enhancing CE in line with the ‘leave no-one behind’ agenda and the imperative to tackle inequalities. The report is to make recommendations that will improve both the efficiency of the citizen engagement components of programmes and the programmes overall. The research consisted of a rigorous literature review (conducted by Verso Consulting) of citizen engagement in Pakistan and globally; qualitative enquiry through key informant interviews in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) provinces; an assessment of recent project-based interventions for improved citizen engagement and a political economy analysis of CE in Pakistan. The report covers both mandated mechanisms (formal, where the state engages directly with citizens) and non- mandated mechanisms (informal, non-state means by which citizens seek to influence the state directly or through intermediaries) for CE. Key findings: » Mandated mechanisms for CE in Pakistan are mostly for citizens to make complaints about service-delivery. There is little by way of mandated avenues for consultation, co-design or accountability for policy, budgeting or planning. » Those most marginalised - who stand to gain most from CE – are least likely to have access and face the greatest barriers to engagement with the state, through mandated or non-mandated mechanisms. » The most significant barrier to CE across both provinces is a ‘trust deficit’ whereby citizens (particularly marginalised groups) have little faith that the state is interested in their views or experiences and does not consider itself accountable to citizens. » Digital mechanisms for CE, while demonstrating government commitment to hearing from citizens about service delivery, risk amplifying inequalities, gaps in service delivery and the trust deficit. Women, the very poor, rural populations and people with disabilities (PWD) are particularly excluded from digital CE mechanisms. » In a time of political change, economic constraint, shrinking space for civil society and urbanisation, CE is all the more important yet less likely to be prioritised by government institutions struggling under a series of burdens. » CE in the newly-merged districts (NMDs) in KP pose a particular challenge as most citizens more used to relying on traditional structures. » Non-mandated mechanisms face a challenge of sustainability. Tending to be ‘projectised’ and lacking self- sustaining means, civil society organisations (CSOs) face constraints in identifying entry points for CE that result in sustained change. » There is a dearth of provision or even attention to the safeguarding issues that can prevent effective (or any) citizen engagement. The literature, also, is largely silent on this issue, while both civil society and government are yet to address these concerns. Drivers of Citizen Engagement » Right to Services (RtS) and Right to Information (RtI) legislation: Civil society has used this body of legislation in conjunction with other mechanisms to hold government to account at both provincial and Federal level, with concrete results. The legislation positions both services and information as rights, breaking with the tradition of benevolent state. Mechanisms established under the legislation have recently become more accessible, although most
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan
    Working Paper Series on Rural-Urban Interactions and Livelihood Strategies WORKING PAPER 15 Migration and small towns in Pakistan Arif Hasan with Mansoor Raza June 2009 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Arif Hasan is an architect/planner in private practice in Karachi, dealing with urban planning and development issues in general, and in Asia and Pakistan in particular. He has been involved with the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) since 1982 and is a founding member of the Urban Resource Centre (URC) in Karachi, whose chairman he has been since its inception in 1989. He is currently on the board of several international journals and research organizations, including the Bangkok-based Asian Coalition for Housing Rights, and is a visiting fellow at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), UK. He is also a member of the India Committee of Honour for the International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism. He has been a consultant and advisor to many local and foreign CBOs, national and international NGOs, and bilateral and multilateral donor agencies. He has taught at Pakistani and European universities, served on juries of international architectural and development competitions, and is the author of a number of books on development and planning in Asian cities in general and Karachi in particular. He has also received a number of awards for his work, which spans many countries. Address: Hasan & Associates, Architects and Planning Consultants, 37-D, Mohammad Ali Society, Karachi – 75350, Pakistan; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]. Mansoor Raza is Deputy Director Disaster Management for the Church World Service – Pakistan/Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • ISI in Pakistan's Domestic Politics
    ISI in Pakistan’s Domestic Politics: An Assessment Jyoti M. Pathania D WA LAN RFA OR RE F S E T Abstract R U T D The articleN showcases a larger-than-life image of Pakistan’s IntelligenceIE agencies Ehighlighting their role in the domestic politics of Pakistan,S C by understanding the Inter-Service Agencies (ISI), objectives and machinations as well as their domestic political role play. This is primarily carried out by subverting the political system through various means, with the larger aim of ensuring an unchallenged Army rule. In the present times, meddling, muddling and messing in, the domestic affairs of the Pakistani Government falls in their charter of duties, under the rubric of maintenance of national security. Its extra constitutional and extraordinary powers have undoubtedlyCLAWS made it the potent symbol of the ‘Deep State’. V IC ON TO ISI RY H V Introduction THROUG The incessant role of the Pakistan’s intelligence agencies, especially the Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI), in domestic politics is a well-known fact and it continues to increase day by day with regime after regime. An in- depth understanding of the subject entails studying the objectives and machinations, and their role play in the domestic politics. Dr. Jyoti M. Pathania is Senior Fellow at the Centre for Land Warfare Studies, New Delhi. She is also the Chairman of CLAWS Outreach Programme. 154 CLAWS Journal l Winter 2020 ISI IN PAKISTAN’S DOMESTIC POLITICS ISI is the main branch of the Intelligence agencies, charged with coordinating intelligence among the
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Mishaal Afteb University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected]
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Honors Scholar Theses Honors Scholar Program Spring 5-2-2019 Decentralization and the Provision of Public Services: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Mishaal Afteb University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Other International and Area Studies Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Afteb, Mishaal, "Decentralization and the Provision of Public Services: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan" (2019). Honors Scholar Theses. 608. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses/608 Decentralization and the Provision of Public Services: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Abstract: The effective provision of public services is integral to a functioning democracy as it connects the public to the government and grants it legitimacy. Public services are ones that are provided by the federal and local governments and paid for with constituent taxes. Public services provided by the state are education, health, water/sanitation, environmental measures, security, policing, labor and legal guidelines and so on. Whether the structure of the government is centralized or decentralized is an important factor which impacts the provision of services. Decentralized governments are state or local governments which receive monetary and institutional resources from the federal government. Previous research has shown that decentralized services are more effectively delivered than centralized services. My study examines the impact of decentralization on the provision of two services, health and education, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from 2008-2018. There are two parts to the study. First, I will use process tracing to portray the historical context of decentralization in conjunction with sociopolitical factors of the region of KP.
    [Show full text]
  • Roulette Strategy 618 Players' Favorite Online Casinos
    RRoouulleettttee SSttrraatteeggyy 661188 PPllaayyeerrss’’ FFaavvoorriittee OOnnlliinnee CCaassiinnooss Russell Hunter Publishing Roulette Strategy 618 Players’ Favorite Online Casinos COPYRIGHT © 2016 by Russell Hunter Publishing All rights reserved. Except for brief passages used in legitimate reviews, no parts of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. Address all inquiries to the publisher: Russell Hunter Publishing Inc. 848 N. Rainbow Blvd., Suite 601 Las Vegas, Nevada 89107 United States of America Web Sites: www.GamblersBookcase.com www.KillerGamblingStrategies.com www.KnockoutSystems.com YouTube: Channel: Gamblers Bookcase Published in the United States of America The material contained in this book is intended to inform and educate the reader and in no way represents an inducement to gamble legally or illegally. Roulette Strategy 618 Players’ Favorite Online Casinos © 2016 Russell Hunter Publishing All Rights Reserved. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS How We Picked the Best Online Casinos 4 How to Win at Online Gambling 5 The Best Online Bonuses in Our Selected Group of Casinos 19 The Best Online Roulette Casinos 20 Roulette Strategy 618 Players’ Favorite Online Casinos © 2016 Russell Hunter Publishing All Rights Reserved 3 How We Picked the Best Online RouletteCasinos We found what we believe are the best online casinos. First, we checked to see if the casino was still accepting U.S. players. Only casinos still open to U.S. players made our list. We also considered the bonuses paid by the casinos, the software offered, the casino's reputation and the casino's payback percentages into consideration in coming up with this list.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan, Country Information
    Pakistan, Country Information PAKISTAN ASSESSMENT April 2003 Country Information and Policy Unit I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III ECONOMY IV HISTORY V STATE STRUCTURES VI HUMAN RIGHTS VIA. HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES VIB. HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS VIC. HUMAN RIGHTS - OTHER ISSUES ANNEX A: CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS ANNEX B: POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS AND OTHER GROUPS ANNEX C: PROMINENT PEOPLE ANNEX D: REFERENCES TO SOURCE MATERIAL 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a wide variety of recognised sources. The document does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum / human rights determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum / human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. These sources have been checked for currency, and as far as can be ascertained, remained relevant and up to date at the time the document was issued. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum-seeker producing countries in the United Kingdom. 2. GEOGRAPHY file:///V|/vll/country/uk_cntry_assess/apr2003/0403_Pakistan.htm[10/21/2014 9:56:32 AM] Pakistan, Country Information General 2.1 The Islamic Republic of Pakistan lies in southern Asia, bordered by India to the east and Afghanistan and Iran to the west.
    [Show full text]
  • Bi-Weekly Bulletin 5-18 March 2019
    INTEGRITY IN SPORT Bi-weekly Bulletin 5-18 March 2019 Photos International Olympic Committee INTERPOL is not responsible for the content of these articles. The opinions expressed in these articles are those of the authors and do not represent the views of INTERPOL or its employees. INTERPOL Integrity in Sport Bi-Weekly Bulletin 5-18 March 2019 SENTENCES/SANCTIONS Chile Mauricio Alvarez-Guzman banned for life for tennis match-fixing and associated corruption offences Chilean tennis player Mauricio Alvarez-Guzman has been handed a lifetime ban from professional tennis after being found guilty of match-fixing and associated corruption offences, which breach the sport’s Tennis Anti-Corruption Program (TACP). The 31-year old was found to have attempted to contrive the outcome of an August 2016 ATP Challenger match in Meerbusch, Germany by offering a player €1,000 to lose a set. In addition he was found guilty of contriving the singles draw of the ITF F27 Futures tournament played in July 2016 in Antalya, Turkey by purchasing a wild card for entry into the singles competition. An intention to purchase a wild card for the doubles competition of the same tournament did not come to fruition, but still stands as a corruption offence. The disciplinary case against Mr Alvarez-Guzman was considered by independent Anti-Corruption Hearing Officer Charles Hollander QC at a Hearing held in London on 11 March 2019. Having found him guilty of all charges, the lifetime ban imposed by Mr Hollander means that with effect from 14 March 2019 the player is permanently excluded from competing in or attending any tournament or event organised or sanctioned by the governing bodies of the sport.
    [Show full text]
  • The Military, Isi and 'Hybrid' Governments in Pakistan
    THE MILITARY, ISI AND ‘HYBRID’ GOVERNMENTS IN PAKISTAN: FROM INDEPENDENCE TO MUSHARRAF KUNAL MUKHERJEE ABSTRACT While most analysts have tended to view Pakistan’s domestic politics and political system as authoritarian and label it as a military dictatorship, this article highlights the concept of political ‘hybridity’. Emphasising the potential for more democratic elements from within Pakistani society in relation to politics, the article traces interactions that have taken place in the interface between democratic forces and authoritarian/military elements. Using the concept of political hybridity and ‘hybrid government’ brings to light the inherent complexities and potential contradictions of interactions between democratic forces and authoritarian elements in Pakistan, from the Ayub era soon after independence to the more recent times of Musharraf. KEYWORDS: Afghanistan, Democracy, Governance, Hybridity, Kashmir, Military, Pakistan, Political Islam, SAARC, ISI/Inter-Services-Intelligence Introduction Ever since 9/11, the Afghanistan-Pakistan region, AF-PAK,1 has been at the centre of international affairs and remains today one of the focal areas of international media attention. Most of the debates currently revolve around the rise of Political Islam/Islamism in the region. They concern questions about the extent to which the rise of Islamism has been and still is adversely impacting on regional as well as 1 global security. However, another important feature in the politics and governance of this region is the role played by the military backed by the ISI/Inter-Services- Intelligence since Pakistan became independent in 1947. It is well-known that Pakistan’s military along with the ISI has been a key feature of the political system,2 in contrast to neighbouring India.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom of Religion & Religious Minorities in Pakistan: a Study Of
    Fordham International Law Journal Volume 19, Issue 1 1995 Article 5 Freedom of Religion & Religious Minorities in Pakistan: A Study of Judicial Practice Tayyab Mahmud∗ ∗ Copyright c 1995 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj Freedom of Religion & Religious Minorities in Pakistan: A Study of Judicial Practice Tayyab Mahmud Abstract Pakistan’s successive constitutions, which enumerate guaranteed fundamental rights and pro- vide for the separation of state power and judicial review, contemplate judicial protection of vul- nerable sections of society against unlawful executive and legislative actions. This Article focuses upon the remarkably divergent pronouncements of Pakistan’s judiciary regarding the religious status and freedom of religion of one particular religious minority, the Ahmadis. The superior judiciary of Pakistan has visited the issue of religious freedom for the Ahmadis repeatedly since the establishment of the State, each time with a different result. The point of departure for this ex- amination is furnished by the recent pronouncement of the Supreme Court of Pakistan (”Supreme Court” or “Court”) in Zaheeruddin v. State,’ wherein the Court decided that Ordinance XX of 1984 (”Ordinance XX” or ”Ordinance”), which amended Pakistan’s Penal Code to make the public prac- tice by the Ahmadis of their religion a crime, does not violate freedom of religion as mandated by the Pakistan Constitution. This Article argues that Zaheeruddin is at an impermissible variance with the implied covenant of freedom of religion between religious minorities and the Founding Fathers of Pakistan, the foundational constitutional jurisprudence of the country, and the dictates of international human rights law.
    [Show full text]
  • SUHAIL-THESIS.Pdf (347.6Kb)
    Copyright by Adeem Suhail 2010 The Thesis committee for Adeem Suhail Certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: The Pakistan National Alliance of 1977 APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: ________________________________________ (Syed Akbar Hyder) __________________________________________ (Kamran Asdar Ali) The Pakistan National Alliance of 1977 by Adeem Suhail, BA; BSEE Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2011 The Pakistan National Alliance of 1977 by Adeem Suhail, MA The University of Texas at Austin, 2011 SUPERVISOR: Syed Akbar Hyder Abstract This study focuses on the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) and the movement associated with that party, in the aftermath of the 1977 elections in Pakistan. Through this study, the author addresses the issue of regionalism and its effects on politics at a National level. A study of the course of the movement also allows one to look at the problems in representation and how ideological stances merge with material conditions and needs of the country’s citizenry to articulate the desire for, what is basically, an equitable form of democracy that is peculiar to Pakistan. The form of such a democratic system of governance can be gauged through the frustrations and desires of the variety of Pakistan’s oppressed classes. Moreover, the fissures within the discourses that appear through the PNA, as well as their reassessment and analysis helps one formulate a fresh conception of resistance along different matrices of society within the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Strengthening Women's Political Participation in Pakistan
    StrengtHening Women’s Political Participation in Pakistan The Strengthening Women’s Political participation initiative built on a long struggle for women’s rights in Pakistan. Raising Her Voice (RHV) was one of the first global campaigns to address both invisible and visible structural causes of gender injustice. It sought to challenge social norms, empower women, increase their political participation and change government policy. In its early stages RHV benefitted over 187,000 women in Pakistan and globally reached an estimated 700,000 women in 17 countries. The initiative has contributed to transformative change at scale (a) nationally, via leadership training and mobilization of local women and influencing of government policy and (b) globally, via the coordination of diverse, locally relevant projects with a common theme of gender and governance and the influencing of intergovernmental policies and processes. This work continues today in Pakistan with subsequent initiatives building on and expanding the approach. www.oxfam.org OXFAM CASE STUDY – NOVEMBER 2020 OXFAM’S INSPIRING BETTER FUTURES CASE STUDY SERIES Oxfam’s Inspiring Better Futures case study series seeks to inspire inform, and catalyse action to build a fairer, more inclusive and sustainable future. The stories show what is possible when people dare to hope, dream and create better futures against the odds. All the cases have achieved transformative change at scale by tackling structural causes of poverty or injustice, ranging from inspiring to aspira- tional journeys with strong promise. The cases focus on the economic, gender and climate crises and are all based in challenging contexts in predominantly lower income countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Justice Qayyum's Report
    PART I BACKGROUND TO INQUIRY 1. Cricket has always put itself forth as a gentleman’s game. However, this aspect of the game has come under strain time and again, sadly with increasing regularity. From BodyLine to Trevor Chappel bowling under-arm, from sledging to ball tampering, instances of gamesmanship have been on the rise. Instances of sportsmanship like Courtney Walsh refusing to run out a Pakistani batsman for backing up too soon in a crucial match of the 1987 World Cup; Imran Khan, as Captain calling back his counterpart Kris Srikanth to bat again after the latter was annoyed with the decision of the umpire; batsmen like Majid Khan walking if they knew they were out; are becoming rarer yet. Now, with the massive influx of money and sheer increase in number of matches played, cricket has become big business. Now like other sports before it (Baseball (the Chicago ‘Black-Sox’ against the Cincinnati Reds in the 1919 World Series), Football (allegations against Bruce Grobelar; lights going out at the Valley, home of Charlton Football club)) Cricket Inquiry Report Page 1 Cricket faces the threat of match-fixing, the most serious threat the game has faced in its life. 2. Match-fixing is an international threat. It is quite possibly an international reality too. Donald Topley, a former county cricketer, wrote in the Sunday Mirror in 1994 that in a county match between Essex and Lancashire in 1991 Season, both the teams were heavily paid to fix the match. Time and again, former and present cricketers (e.g. Manoj Prabhakar going into pre-mature retirement and alleging match-fixing against the Indian team; the Indian Team refusing to play against Pakistan at Sharjah after their loss in the Wills Trophy 1991 claiming matches there were fixed) accused different teams of match-fixing.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle Eastern Politics & Culture
    Middle Eastern Politics & Culture: TODAY & YESTERDAY By Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective origins.osu.edu Table of Contents Page Chapter 1: Middle Eastern Politics 1 The Secular Roots of a Religious Divide in Contemporary Iraq 2 A New View on the Israeli-Palestine Conflict: From Needs to Narrative to Negotiation 15 Erdoğan’s Presidential Dreams, Turkey’s Constitutional Politics 28 Clampdown and Blowback: How State Repression Has Radicalized Islamist Groups in Egypt 40 A Fresh Start for Pakistan? 51 Alawites and the Fate of Syria 63 Syria's Islamic Movement and the 2011-12 Uprising 75 From Gaza to Jerusalem: Is the Two State Solution under Siege? 88 The Long, Long Struggle for Women's Rights in Afghanistan 101 Egypt Once Again Bans the Muslim Brotherhood, Sixty Years Later 112 Understanding the Middle East 115 Afghanistan: Past and Prospects 116 Ataturk: An Intellectual Biography 117 A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind 120 Chapter 2: Water and the Middle East 123 Baptized in the Jordan: Restoring a Holy River 124 Who Owns the Nile? Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia’s History-Changing Dam 139 Outdoing Panama: Turkey’s ‘Crazy’ Plan to Build an Istanbul Canal 150 Chapter 3: Islam, Christianity, and Culture in the Middle East 163 Two Popes and a Primate: The Changing Face of Global Christianity 164 What's in a Name?: The Meaning of “Muslim Fundamentalist” 177 Tradition vs Charisma: The Sunni-Shi'i Divide in the Muslim World 185 The Dangers of Being a Humorist: Charlie Hebdo Is Not Alone 192 Civilizations of Ancient Iraq 196 Chapter 4: Maps and Charts 200 About Origins 222 Chapter 1 Middle Eastern Politics (Image: Siria Bosra by Jose Javier Martin Esparto, Flickr.com (CC BY-NC- SA 2.0)) Section 1 The Secular Roots of a Religious Divide in Contemporary Iraq EDITOR’S NOTE: By STACY E.
    [Show full text]