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Some Aspects of the Hamitic Problem in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Author(S): C

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Some Aspects of the Hamitic Problem in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Author(S): C Some Aspects of the Hamitic Problem in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Author(s): C. G. Seligmann Source: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 43 (Jul. - Dec., 1913), pp. 593-705 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843546 . Accessed: 28/06/2014 16:02 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 91.238.114.41 on Sat, 28 Jun 2014 16:02:39 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 593 SOME ASPECTS OF THE HAMITIC PROBLEM IN THE ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN. BY C. G. SELIGMANN,M.D. [WITH PLATESXXV-XXXVIII.] PAGE PAGE Introduction ... 593 Cultural-continued Customs connected with Milk and Physical Cattle ... ... ... ... 654 Beja ... ... ... 595 The Placenta ... ... ... 658 Barabra 610 Otiose High Gods and the Cult of Nomad Arabs ... 625 the Dead ... ... ... 660 Nilotes and Half-Hamites ... 632 Divine Kings .. ... ... 664 Mutilation ... 639 Burial... ... ... .. 674 Face Scars ... ... ... 646 Appendix I.-Description of skulls Cultural and physical measurements ... 684 Social Organization ... 649 Appendix II. -Dr. Bowley's note on Totemism and Animal Cults ... 653 Dinka measurements ... ... 703 IN the followingpaper I have attemptedto weave to6gethera number of strands of evidencethat have only one featurein common,viz., theyapply to people whom we regardas Hamites,or at least as having Hamitic blood in theirveins. The firstportion of the paper dealing with the anatomical'evidence was, in an abbreviatedform, the stubjectof an Arris and Gale lectureat the Royal College of Surgeons during the spring of 1913. It was my intentionat firstto deal with the physicalside of the problemonly, but as I came to examinethe material collectedby Mrs. Seligmannand myselfduring two expeditionson behalf of the Sudan Governmentin the wintersof 1909-10 and 1911-12, the beliefunderlying much of my recentwork, that many of the customs and ideas which exist in the Sudan are not Negro,Arab or even Islamic as theyappear at firstsight, became strengthened,and I then decided to collect and publish as much as possible of the cultural evidencebearing upon the subject. In doing this I have made use in the firstplace of the materialrecorded in my own and Mrs. Seligmann'snotebooks, and have supplementedthis withan examinationof a considerablenumber of modern authors,of ancientEgyptian recordsand media3valArabic writers. Comparison of this materialleads me to believe that ainong the culture strata lying buried beneaththe present day culturesof North-Easternand Eastern Africa there are remainsof one whichpresents such substantialaffinities with that of ancientEgypt that therecan be no legitimateobjection to speaking of it as Hamitic. There is indeed some reason to believe that this stratumgoes back to the times of all undifferentiatedHamito-Semitic culture, but whetherthis be so or iiot the idea of an underlyingHamitic culture layer is not only entirelyconsistent with the physicalevidence but is supportedin a remarkableway by Westermann'srecent researcheson the Shilluk and otherNilotic languages. This content downloaded from 91.238.114.41 on Sat, 28 Jun 2014 16:02:39 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 594 C. G. SELIGMANN.-SOme Aspectsof the In view of the wide area fromwhich the facts recordedin this paper have been gathered,I have been led to consult a nuLmberof friendsand colleagues, to whomI am greatlyindebted for ungrudgingassistance. Foremostamong them I would number Miss M. A. Murray and ProfessorT. W. Arnold, both of whom have given me informationof the greatest value. Mr. C. M. Doughty has given me the benefitof his unique experienceof Arabia. To ProfessorWestermarck, as also to Major A. J. Tremearne,I am indebted for informationconcerning the Berbers and West African Arabs,whlich, although not quoted here, has been of considerableassistance. On the physicalside I have been guided by the methods elaborated by ProfessorElliot Smith, and applied by him and his assistants, Drs. D. E. Derry and F. Wood Jones,to the anatomicalmaterial excavated by the ArchwologicalSurvey of Nubia. I am furtherindebted to all these gentlemenfor advice on special points, while the comparativematerial in the Reportsof the Survey has been of constant assistance. ProfessorWaterston has courteously placed at my disposal his manuscriptrecord of the measurementsof Nilotes taken by the late Dr. Pirrie on the expeditionwhich cost him his life, and some of the measurementsprinted in this paper will serve as a supplementto those published by ProfessorWaterston in his account of Pirrie'swork.' I have also made use of a numberof measurementstaken by otherinvestigators and would speciallyrefer to the workof Drs. A. Mochi and C. S. Myers. On the linguisticside I am greatlyindebted to Mr. S. H. Ray; but forhis help and advice I shouldscarcely have venturedto use linguisticevidence as freelyas I have done,though he must not be held responsible for what I have written. Dr. B. Malinowskihas greatlyassisted me by the skill and care with which he has followedup a number of obscure references. I hope and believe that I have acknowledgedin the text my indebtednessto all other authoritiesupon whom I have drawn. But above all I would acknowledgethe assistanceI have received frommy wife, both by herconstant help in thefield while the observationswhich form the basis of this paper were being made and fromthe use of her notesand journal. To introducemy subject I cannotdo betterthan referto anymap whichshows the distributionof languages in Africa at the presentday.2 It will be seen that Hamiticlanuogages are spokenby peoples spread overperhaps one-fifth of Africa,and omittingHottentot, which contains a Hamitic element,Bernhard Struck has been able to classifythem into forty-seven stock languages and seventy-onedialects. The area inhabitedby people regardedas Hamitic is even larger,including, as it does, many tribes superficiallysemiticized under the influenceof Islam, for beforethe Arab expansionHamitic languagesmust have been spoken over by far the greater part of the northernhalf of the continent. I "Report upon the Physical Charactersof Some of the Nilotic Negroid Tribes," Third Reportof the WellcomeResearch Laboratories (1908). 2 Such,for instance, as that given by Meinhofin Die moderneSprachforschung in,Afrika. Berlin,1910. This content downloaded from 91.238.114.41 on Sat, 28 Jun 2014 16:02:39 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Hamitic Problemin the Anglo-EgyptianSudan. 595 Consideringthese factsit mightseem reasonableto expect thatno insuperable difficultyshould exist in tracingthe migrationsand definingthe home of the stock which has given rise to so manypeoples spread over so vast an area, but, in fact, the very reverse is the case, the cradle-land of the Hamites, thoughgenerally consideredto be Arabia, is unknown.' It cannot be said that a uniformphysical type exists; little is known of the migrationsof this widelycivilizing people, so little indeed,that anthropologistshave as yet scarcelysought to definethem. Yet lest it should be thoughtthat the Hamites are but a rude and insignificantfolk, concerning whom there is little to be discovered,let me once morerepeat what many othershave said, namely,that even nlow,after years of controversy,we. have no directknowledge of the home of the Aryansand that thereis everyreason to believe we shall never knowthe physicalcharacters of the primitive" Aryan" race. I do liot proposeto deal with such high matters,and shall be contentif I can throw some added light on the Hamites of the Anglo-EgyptianSudan and show that the least modifiedof these are physically identical with the predynastic Egyptians. I shall also indicate that just as the Zulu-Kaffirscontain a strong Hamitic element,so the Nilotic Negroids of the Sudan containa varying,and in some tribesconsiderable, amount of Hamitic blood. I shall also tryto demonstrate that among the Hamites of the Anglo-EgyptianSudan and those tribesof mixed Negro and Hamitic origin,the Nilotes and their congenersinhabiting British and GermanEast Africaand the neighbourhoodof the Great Lakes, there exist certain non-Negroand non-Semiticcustonis which, though possiblynot characteristicof all Harniites,may be regardedas characteristicof a greatgroup of Hamitic peoples and thereforediagnostic of Hamitic influence. It is usual to recognize two main divisions of the Hamitic stock which, followinigSergi, may be called (i) The NorthernHamites (or Mediterraneanrace); (ii) The Eastern Hamites or Ethiopians. These two groups shade into each other, and in many parts a Negro adinixturehas taken place, nevertheless,culturally if not always physically,either division stalnds apart fromits fellow. In this paper I deal with the membersof the easterndivision only, and with some of the
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