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0 OCEANIC NEGROIDS ~ AUSTRALOIDS M INTER T-11;\E'd Ne:GRITIC PYGHOI DS

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0 OCEANIC NEGROIDS ~ AUSTRALOIDS M INTER T-11;\E'd Ne:GRITIC PYGHOI DS ASIA INDIA .. KNOWN NEGRITO oR PYGHOID TYPES 0 OCEANIC NEGROIDS ~ AUSTRALOIDS m INTER t-11;\E'D Ne:GRITIC PYGHOI DS Ethnological distribution map of South Asi:J :;howing locations of I'ygrnoid, Negroid and Austr;tl.,id ral'ial t) I""'· ....... 8 '' "'' THE SOUTIII<:AST ASIAN NEGIHTO Further Notes on the Ncgrito of South Thailand by /John r::n. q; ramlt Professur Carleton S. Coon wrote in his recent publication ·• The Origin of Races", "One of the most controversial subjects in human taxonomy is the classification of Pygmies, including principally those of Africa, the Anclaman Islands, the Semang of the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippine Negrito." In his reclassification of the races he has placed the Asiatic Negri to in a grouping with the Austra­ loid proper, including as an additional race within the Australiod subspecies of man, the Tasmanian and Papuan-Melanesian. Negroids however, in the more traditional racial classifications, arc usually divided into African Negroids and Oceanic Negroids, which include the J>apuan-Melanesiun and the South East Asian Negroids. Among the Asian Negroids arc the pygmoid Aetas of the Philippines, the various tribal groups ol' the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal and the Semang Ncgrito uf' the Malay Peninsula. Although a pygmoid type of' being, the Tapiro and the Aiome Pygmy of Central New Guinea, the Bismark Mountains and the upper Jimmi River, related by physical appearance and blood relationships lo the Papuan has cvol ved, only the African Negro and the Negroids o[' Asia ha vc produced true pygmo id versions of themselves. The J'ormcr in the Bambuti Pygmies or the fturi Forest in the Congo and other pygmoid groups extending into the forests or West Africa com­ prising some five known groups. The Asian Ncgrito are today represented by surviving members or some twelve tribal divisions consisting of approximately 2,000 in­ dividuals of the Andaman Islands where several tribes have already ceased to exist or have been reduced to such low numbers that their ~urvival as a cultural entity is doubtful. The Andamancse Negrito is probably one of the only pure examples of this subracc surviving to­ day since the Andnmans till very recent times have been completely isulatccl from contact \\'ith the Asiatic Mainland. In the Philippine~. roughly 25,000 Negrito li\·e on several pf the larger islands ll(' the ;trchipelago. Some 3,000 Scmang Negrito, divided into seven known bands, today inhabit the junglcd intcrinr of Northern Malaya and northward on the Peninsula of Thailand as far as~)' N. Latitude. (Sec Brandt 1962 ). Currently dwelling only in remote junglcd mountains, the Negri to seem tu han: in the past also been lowland and coa~;tal dwellers who were pushed into the interior by encroaching Malays or Thai. The surviving tribes or the Andamans :-.till arc adept fisherman and usc canoes in coastal waters. At times the pygmoid bushman or the Kalahari desert of South Africa is also classified among true pygmies. The now extinct inhabitants or Tasmania have been described as Ncgrito of medium stature with broad noses, thick lips, medium racial protrusion, frizzly black hair and brachycephalic skulls in con­ trast to the present lnng headed, dolicocephalic, Australnid. h>r Negritos to have reached Tasmania from the Australian continent, a crossing or water at the Bass Straits would have been required by bual, assuming a late migration southward from Asia proper. Even here islands or the htrneaux, Curtis ami Kents would have facilitated such a passage. Earlier migration from Asia could have been accomplished by a short boat trip acrnss the straits scperating the Sunda and Sahul shelves of present Indonesia which joined Horne(), Malaya, Sumatra and Java in the former and Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania in the latter, for some million years during the Pleistocene. An alternate theory of Tasmanian origins by simple craft from the New I fcbrides exists. However, more reasonable speculation is that Australia itself was originally inhabited by Negrito people later replaced by Austra­ loids pushing south f'rum the Asian Mainland. Further support is given this proposition by the facl that the Australian aborigine of today, arc themselves divided into what appear to be three sub-types. One a southern type with profuse body hair; a sparse haired dark northern variety and a frizzly haired negroid stock from the rain forests of Queensland, which intermixed and was largely replaced by the two others. This Ncgritic element, it is suggested, is the remaining rem~ nant of the original inhabitants. The• thidc wooly hair of tht.~ Negrito has Parned him the name " Khon Ngo" in Thai whieh likens his hair to the curly spinc•s on the outside of tlw fruit 1\ambutan. TIW ~OIITIIE.\ST .\SI\N NEI:lll"rO Further cast, the Sahul shelf continued on to include several or the larger Melanesian islands of the western Pacific. In tracing the migrations or the Pulyncsians across the Pacific, Dr. Robert C. Suggs, points out that there is reason to believe that some or the islands reached by the Polynesians as early as P.OO BC were already occupied by Negri to Pygmy or Negroid gruups. The place or '' Menuhenes ", or small black forest dwarf's, armed with long bows dwelling in the mountained interior of the islands is a living part or Polynesian and Micronesian mythology and folk lore. The Negrito in all likelihood moved into the island area on fool during the Pleistocene crossing short distance of water with primitive craft where necessary. During this early period, much or southeast Asia was occupied by Negroids and primitive Paleo-Caucasoicl people. Which of' the principle world races developed first is an unanswered question but many authorities lean towards the Pygmy or Negrito as being one of the earliest examples of primitive man although this is still not too well documented by fossil remains. Contemporaneous development or a perhaps slightly later origin is well ~;uppurted for the Australoid who has been described by Prof. E.A. Hooton a~;" an archaic form uf' modern white man", or Puleo-Caucasoid. Mongoloid intrusion into Southeast Asia is of a rather recent vintage and the area seems to have been largely inhabited by a primitive caucasoid who derived wooly hair and dark pigmentation !"rom whatever Negroid clements, probably Negrito, that existed in the area at that time. Evidence of an Auslraloid existence on the Asiatic Mainland bas been purported by many physical relationships bet ween these people and the remaining Veddalts of Ceylon as well as umnng several hill tribes or southern India. It would he reasonable to include in the Australoid classification all autochthonous Dravidian people of south India. The Senoi ( Temiar and Semai) of' Central Malaya have suggestions of certain primitive Australoicl characteristics as do the Mokcn or Selung Sea Gypsies of Thailand's west coast centering in the Mergui Archipelago of south Burma. Farther north such physical types are found in the Hairy Ainu of Hokkaido, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands of Japan and in certain bearded Ainoid tribes of the Amur River in Siberia. All of these are marginal people who seem to have hn~ll l'li'•IWd h\ :Ill llllt:!llal pre•;'.\!l't: [,, !ill' oltl!\:r Pl'llpiK'lY ut' !ltc :\~ian land ttLt,: .. :Ill rt~maining individual<. jlr the lvpt· di·.;ipJH.'arin;~ :1! the "''!'It:.: t.'\L't. .'Jll f,,r i•.<dated t'\:lll!JdL·:·. I lte ·.outltern Aw.tr:!ltdd \ariant. \lith l'•llhidcr;~hk ~egroid hllllld. quite prt,hahl;. dnl'l•tped intn lhL: pre•.ent Papuan. Tht:·>t: ph;. sit.:al t~ pc··· r(lu;•hly da····t.·d a <keanio.· \;t::~n,id arL' cltaral'leri;ed h;. d n:ry dtdic•Jcepllalic "ktdl, ''· ith a eeph:di~.· indn v. ell ht.:lu\'. 75, a deeply dt~prc:.:;ed 11as~d t'PIIt, Pl''!·!nathi:.m am! ;1 :.kull \', iih ~•traight 'itk'·· Skulh ~.imilar in ~.hape han: been f'nund in :\mt.•rica :1nd the c<~ntention t~:tininr in l'a\'l>r i:; that the fir:;! prirniti 1;L: hunter~ 1t1 enter '\urth America\ ia tilt.: Bering Strait:; were pf this mi\ed :\ustralnid­ '\let•roid typl'. 1 he~c were replaced at a tntH:h !at~r datt~ hy the .\1onJ!tlltlitl ract· v. hen it had den·! oped It' it':' later :.tal!\: 111' Asian dominance. Btil.h .ft,,,. lmh~lltlfli ;l!ld llaruld (il:tdwin in their writifl)!' un tilt· Jll'jllllatin:' .. r the :\meriL~an l'<•ntint·nt ··.ugt~l·~•t the pll:;:-ihility uf P:.t~lllic:·. h;l\ inv l'll!Cn~d the Ill'\\' \',ttl'ld. Thl: jli'C'>l'lll'l' or pygrnnid t'ilaritcll:ri:.ti•.:·, in ·"me SPuth American Indian vr!IIIJ"' vaguely indi­ e~dcd pu·.:.ihk· carl:. P~Tillllid vi~.itation. While tilt: rcmainill)' Auslra­ l(lid-0k!'l'•>id · V.Clc nradllally being pu:,hcd inl11 l ht: 11\llt:r Cd)!e:; of the t'tllltinent. 111 ;th·.~~~ hed. till: much later Mnllf'Ploith replal:ed them not ''nly in A'>1;1 h11t llli)•rated on lP bccnrnc the Amerit.·an lndiatt~; \ll' tlttLt\'. 1 1 <~t:kt:t rt:lnnam·. ,,ftlw early mixed Au•.,fralt•id-I'h:gwid remains ;m.: in e•; id..:tKc ''ll .. ,;vera I nf' t hL: 1ndun~::;ian I:· .. lands :.uch as among the Tuala in till'< 'debe:; and alsP in Java. Nc1~ritic traces arc evident in ',t:veral rc1rtainirw. lnd,mc·;ian jungk people nn cast Sumatra and lJ<ll'!lCI I <l'• \\ 1.!J I. ( ln the i~laud ul' 1:1nn.:s in Indonesia, Dutch antllrupul11gists 111 l'J:\5 &;~.:un:rcd several l'll~silized ~,kclctons identified a!; N!.!grito and gave undocumented evidence of llll estimated age ul' 30,000 tu 40,000 years.
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