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ENDONEZYA'da DİNÎ ÇOĞULCULUK (Abdurrahman Wahid Örneği)

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ENDONEZYA'da DİNÎ ÇOĞULCULUK (Abdurrahman Wahid Örneği) T.C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI ENDONEZYA’DA DİNÎ ÇOĞULCULUK (Abdurrahman Wahid Örneği) YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Taufiq İSMAİL BURSA 2017 T.C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI DİNLER TARİHİ BİLİM DALI ENDONEZYA’DA DİNÎ ÇOĞULCULUK (Abdurrahman Wahid Örneği) YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Taufiq İSMAİL Danışman Yrd. Doç. Dr. Süleyman SAYAR BURSA 2017 ÖZET Yazar : Taufiq İSMAİL Üniversite : Uludağ Üniversitesi Anabilim Dalı : Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Bilim Dalı : Dinler Tarihi Tezin Niteliği : Yüksek Lisans Sayfa Sayısı : vii+119 Mezuniyet Tarihi :…./…./.2017 Tez Danışmanı : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Süleyman SAYAR ENDONEZYA’DA DİNÎ ÇOĞULCULUK (Abdurrahman Wahid Örneği) Bu çalışma Endonezya’da dinî çoğulculuk hakkındadır. Dinî çoğulculuk kavramı Endonezya Cumhuriyeti’nin Eski Cumhurbaşkanı Abdurrahman Wahid tarafından ortaya konulmuş ve geliştirilmiştir. Abdurrahman Wahid, devlet adamlığı yanında tanınmış bir Müslüman dinî lider olarak bilinmektedir. Çalışma, konuyu iki başlık altında incelemektedir. İlk bölümde özetle dinî çoğulculuk tanımlanmış, daha sonra dinî çoğulculuk çeşitleri ve temsilcileri incelemiştir. İkinci bölümde Abdurrahman Wahid’in biyografisi, dinî düşüncesi ve dinî çoğulculuk yaklaşımı üzerine odaklanılmıştır. A. Wahid’in dinî çoğulculuk kavramı ile Endonezya’daki dinlerarası uyumluluk etkileşimi karşılaştırılmıştır. Devlet’in tanıdığı altı resmi din, bu dinler arasındaki ilişkiler ve dinî çoğulculuk anlayışına yönelik eleştiriler araştırılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Endonezya, Abdurrahman Wahid, Çoğulculuk, Dinî Coğulculuk iii ABSTRACT Name and Surname : Taufiq İSMAİL University : Uludağ University Institution : Social Science Institution Field : Philosophy and Religious Studies Branch : History of Religious Degree Awarded : Master / Ph.D Page Number : vii+119 Degree Date :…../…./2017 Supervisor (s) : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Süleyman SAYAR RELIGIOUS PLURALISM IN INDONESIA (The Case of Abdurrahman Wahid) This thesis particularly determine the theme of religious pluralism in Indonesia. Through the Former of Indonesian President named Abdurrahman Wahid, he was settled the concept and practice of religious pluralism in Indonesia. Furthermore, at that time Abdurrahman Wahid also counted as the religious Leader. By deep reviewing, this thesis eager to divide its explanation into two main chapters. In the first chapter, the definition and determination of Religious Pluralism is broadly explained, then the focus also concerned to various types of Religious Pluralism and its representative applications. What is more, in the second chapter Abdurrahman Wahid’s biography, his perspective tied to religion and religious pluralism are also focused more clearly. In order to get the comprehensive understanding, this thesis is also vividly connecting the concept of religious pluralism with the real practice of harmonization among religions in Indonesia—which is legally has six formal religions stated by the government. Completing the whole concept of religious pluralism, at the end of this chapter the research is also exploring and analyzing the critics and support to religious pluralism in Indonesia. Keywords : iv Indonesia, Abdurrahman Wahid, Pluralism, Religious Pluralism. ÖNSÖZ Abdurrahman Wahid Endonezya’nın devlet adamlarından ve meşhûr dinî düşünce önderlerinden biridir. Din, demokrasi, insan hakları; sosyoloji ve diğer ilimlere/konulara dair onun birçok eserine rastlanabilir. Onun öğrencileri Endonezya’nın dört bir yanına dağılmıştır. O, din düşüncesi ve demokrasi dünyasında önemli bir yer tutan ve “demokrasyon forumu” olarak bilinen yapının kurucusudur. Ayrıca Endonezya’da dinî çoğulculuk kavramı onun tarafından ortaya konulmuş ve geliştirilmiştir. Araştırmamız giriş, iki bölüm ve sonuçtan oluşmaktadır. Giriş’te konunun önemi, kullanılan kaynaklar ve izlenen metod hakkında kısa bilgi verilmiştir. Birinci bölümde, dinî çoğulculuk tanımı, dinî çoğulculuk çeşitleri ve dinî çoğulculuk temsilcileri ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise Abdurrahman Wahid’in biyografisi, dinî düşüncesi ve yine ona göre dinî çoğulculuk kavramı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, Abdurrahman Wahid’in dinî düşüncesi ve dinî çoğulculuk kavramı ile Endonezya’daki dinlerarası uyumluluk etkileşimi ve dinî çoğulculuk anlayışına yönelik eleştiriler araştırılmıştır. Sonuç’ta genel bir değerlendirme ile çalışma tamamlanmıştır. Burada çalışmamızın tamamlanmasını mümkün kılan pek çok şahsa şükran duygularımı ifade etmem gerekmektedir. Bu vesile ile tezin konu seçiminden tamamlanmasına kadar benden desteğini esirgemeyen ve yanına her gittiğimde beni güler yüzle karşılayan danışman hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr. Süleyman SAYAR’a müteşekkir olduğumu öncelikle belirtmek istiyorum. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dinler Tarihi hocalarından Prof. Dr. Ahmet GÜÇ ve Doç. Dr. Muhammet TARAKÇI’nın entelektüel katkılarına; ayrıca, kendilerinden yararlandığım diğer hocalarıma teşekkür ediyorum. Taufiq İSMAİL Bursa, 2017 v İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ ONAY SAYFASI .............................................................................................. ii ÖZET ........................ ................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... vi ÖNSÖZ ....................................................................................................................... v İÇİNDEKİLER ......................................................................................................... vi KISALTMALAR ...................................................................................................... vii GİRİŞ ......................................................................................................................... 1 1. Tezin Konusu ......................................................................................................... 1 2. Tezin Sınırları ....................................................................................................... 5 3. Tezin Amacı ve Önemi ......................................................................................... 6 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM ÇOĞULCULUK DÜŞÜNCESİ VE DİNÎ ÇOĞULCULUK A. TANIMLAR ....................................................................................................... 9 1. Çoğulculuk ...................................................................................................... 9 2. Dinî Çoğulculuk ............................................................................................. 11 B. DİNÎ ÇOĞULCULUK ÇEŞİTLERİ ............................................................... 14 Küresel Teoloji ................................................................................................... 15 Senkretizm .......................................................................................................... 18 Ezeli Hikmet (Shophia Perennis) ...................................................................... 19 C. DİNÎ ÇOĞULCULUK TEMSİLCİLERİ ........................................................ 21 1. Nurcholish Madjid ........................................................................................ 25 2. Quraish Shihab .............................................................................................. 31 3. Husein Muhammad ....................................................................................... 35 vi İKİNCİ BÖLÜM ABDURRAHMAN WAHİD’İN DÜŞÜNCESİNDE DİNÎ ÇOĞULCULUK A. ABDURRAHMAN WAHİD’İN BİYOGRAFİSİ ........................................... 41 1. Hayatı ............................................................................................................. 41 2. Öğrenimi ........................................................................................................ 44 3. Kariyeri .......................................................................................................... 49 4. Eserleri ........................................................................................................... 56 5. Ödülleri .......................................................................................................... 61 B. ABDURRAHMAN WAHİD’İN DİNÎ DÜŞÜNCESİ ...................................... 63 1. İman Kavramı ............................................................................................... 66 2. Din ve Devlet .................................................................................................. 69 3. İslâm’ın Yerelleştirilmesi .............................................................................. 73 C. ABDURRAHMAN WAHİD’E GÖRE DİNÎ ÇOĞULCULUK .................... 77 1. Demokrasi ve Adalet ...................................................................................... 78 2. İslâm’ın Evrenselliği ..................................................................................... 82 3. Pançasila ......................................................................................................... 87 D. ABDURRAHMAN WAHİD’İN DİNÎ ÇOĞULCULUK KAVRAMI İLE ENDONEZYA’DAKİ DİNLERARASI UYUMLULUK ETKİLEŞİMİ ......... 90 E. ABDURRAHMAN WAHİD’İN DİNÎ DÜŞÜNCESİNE VE DİNÎ ÇOĞULCULUK ANLAYIŞINA YÖNELİK ELEŞTİRİLER ........................ 103 ŞONUÇ ....................................................................................................................... 108 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................................
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