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BUNGA RAMPAI PEMBANGUNAN Problema BUNGA RAMPAI PEMBANGUNAN Problema Editor : Asima Yanty Siahaan, M.A., Ph.D BUNGA RAMPAI Problema PEMBANGUNAN Editor : Asima Yanty Siahaan, M.A., Ph.D 2016 USU Press Art Design, Publishing & Printing Gedung F, Pusat Sistem Informasi (PSI) Kampus USU Jl. Universitas No. 9 Medan 20155, Indonesia Telp. 061-8213737; Fax 061-8213737 usupress.usu.ac.id © USU Press 2016 Hak cipta dilindungi oleh undang-undang; dilarang memperbanyak menyalin, merekam sebagian atau seluruh bagian buku ini dalam bahasa atau bentuk apapun tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit. ISBN 979 458 882 2 Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Bunga Rampai Problema Pembangunan / editor: Asima Yanty Siahaan – Medan: USU Press, 2016. v, 141 p.; 24 cm Bibliografi ISBN : 979-458-882-2 Desain Sampul: Annisya Pratiwi Saragih 1. Problema Pembangunan I. Judul . Dicetak di Medan, Indonesia KATA PENGANTAR Seperti halnya pembangunan yang merupakan suatu proses perubahan untuk menjadi lebih baik, buku ini juga merupakan bagian dari proses pendidikan yang ditujukan bukan hanya untuk memenuhi kewajiban dalam mata kuliah Problema Pembangunan tetapi sekaligus untuk mengasah sensitivitas, kekritisan dan kemandirian mahasiswa dalam memahami dan menganalisis berbagai aspek pembangunan dan akar permasalahan pembangunan yang sedang berlangsung khususnya di Sumatera Utara. Mahasiswa diminta untuk berkolaborasi dalam kelompok untuk mengidentifikasi problema-problema pembangunan yang menarik minat mereka dan juga penting untuk dieksplorasi. Pembangunan tidak dapat hanya sekedar dibicarakan dalam ruang kelas. Melalui pengalaman di lapangan dan interaksi langsung dengan subyek atau pelaku pembangunan, mahasiswa dapat secara lebih mendalam menangkap realita kontekstual dari berbagai fenomena sosial, politik, dan ekonomi serta interaksinya dalam mengkonstruksi, merekonstruksi ataupun mendekonstruksi pembangunan. Diskusi dalam pembahasan proses dan hasil studi lapangan telah mendorong mahasiswa untuk berani mengungkapkan pendapat dan melontarkan pertanyaan sebagai refleksi dari kemerdekaan mereka dalam beropini dan toleransi dalam menerima berbagai perbedaan pandangan. Sebagai dosen pengampu mata kuliah Problema Pembangunan saya merasa bangga dan berterimakasih untuk komitmen dan kolaboras imahasiswa dalam menyelesaikan penulisan artikel-artikel dalam buku ini. Semoga ini menjadi titik awal pengembangan kecintaan mahasiswa sebagai calon intelektual dan generasi penerus bangsa dalam mencari, mengembangkan dan mengamalkan ilmu pengetahuan untuk peningkatan kualitas pembangunan manusia yang berkeadilan, berkesetaraan dan berkelanjutan. Ucapan terimakasih juga disampaikan kepada Dr.Tunggul Sihombing atas sumbangan tulisannya yang mempertajam argumentasi pentingnya peran pemerintah dan badan publik dalam menggerakkan dan merevitalisasi pembangunan. Medan, Juni 2016 Asima Yanty Siahaan, M.A., Ph.D iii DAFTAR ISI Kata Pengantar ........................................................................................ iii Daftar Isi ................................................................................................... iv PENDAHULUAN: Problema Pembangunan .......................................... 1 Asima Yanty Siahaan BAB I : Peran Gabungan Kelompok Tani (GAPOKTAN) dalam Mewujudkan Kedaulatan Pangan : Studi Kasus Desa Wonosari Kecamatan Tanjung Morawa Kabupaten Deli Serdang Anwar Fuad A. Lubis, Riski Rahmawati, Laila Rahmi, Sofia Ranti Hasibuan, WidyaUlfa, Elsa Yulisari Harahap, UlfaKhairiah, Wydia Putri, Rahmat Fajri, Ave Afrian, M. Reza Sembiring, Febri Gunawan .... 10 BAB II : Kedaulatan Pangan Sumatera Utara : Studi Kasus Desa Baru Pancur Batu, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Provinsi Sumatera Utara Desi Trinita, Herlinda Ewiseba, Tari Fachreza, Devina Yolanda, Ribka Oktaviani ......................................................................................... 25 BAB III : Hak Lesbian, Gay, Biseksual, dan Transgender (LGBT) dalam Pembangunan Hak Asasi Manusia : Studi Kasus Kota Medan, Provinsi Sumatera Utara M. Iqbal, Putri Nur Hasanah, Widya Wahid, Anggi Utama, M. Rifki........ 35 BAB IV : Kemiskinan dan Pembangunan: Marjinalisasi Anak Jalanan di Kota Medan Putri Sani Tanjung, Guntur Joyo Kusworo, Lia Sabrina, Istiqomah Nurul Lestari, Andika Aziz Lubis ............................................................... 50 BAB V : Implementasi Kartu Indonesia Pintar : Studi Kasus di Daerah Starban Kecamatan Polonia, Kota Medan, Provinsi Sumatera Utara Rina Susanti Sianipar, Yasimta S Pasaribu, Diana Batubara, Eria Erika, Darmawanti, Cici, Icha Nabila, Devi Jesica, Erlin, Indra Mahadi, Anwar Syahban, Yus Amri, Yuyun Dwi Paramitha...................... 60 BAB VI : Daerah Tertinggal Sebagai Gerbang dan Fokus Utama Pemerataan Pembangunan : Studi Kasus Kampung Nelayan Seberang Kabupaten Deli Serdang Indra Simamora, Suriani, Siti Sarah Hasibuan, M. Susatyo Ghafur, Khairul Amar, Fitri Dewi Nazari, Annisya Pratiwi Saragih ..................... 68 iv BAB VII : Kesenjangan Desa Kota : Studi Kasus Desa Buluh Awar dengan Kota Kecamatan Pancur Batu Evelin Simanjuntak, Samotan Rajaguguk, Rio Christian Silaen, Sri Wahyu Hutami Nst, Rico Bastanta Tarigan, Swindari, Santa Monica Situmorang, Ema Kartika Sinulingga, Rahmat Aulia, Daniel Gurusinga, Mathius Simorangkir .............................................................. 78 BAB VIII : Pembangunan dan Penggusuran : Studi Kasus Pembebasan Lahan oleh PT. KAI Mandala By Pass Medan Wilona Bareta Zalukhu, Kristina Anggelina, Naomi Elisabeth, Vivi Adilla Ramadhani, Taufik Bewaomasi Laowo, Yenny Jelita...................... 89 BAB IX : Pembangunan Jalan Tol Medan – Tebing Tinggi Septriany P, Deyendi Molore Manalu, Budi Brendan Simamora, Iga Belinda Larasati, Gita Engeline, Ayu Wahyuni Rangkuti, Mella Fitria, Madina Yuli A. Pulungan, Peselia Yenita Sagala ...................................... 97 BAB X : Pembangunan Danau Toba Menjadi Monaco of Asia Maria D L Ndraha, Putri Royan Sari, Junita Syahputri, Mariati Sibuea, Elysa Apriliyani, Glori Simbolon, Deminar Doloksaribu, Novita Sari, Yuli Santri Isma, Annysa Pratiwi ........................................ 104 BAB XI : Peran The Body Shop dalam Mewujudkan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Melalui Penerapan Prinsip Green Marketing Hani Syahida Harahap, Rana Kamila, Dinda Oktavia Harahap, Dinda Fadhila, Amira Fatin, Reynaldi Fadhil, M. Imanuddin Kandias, Abdul Aziz Siregar, Akbar Halim ............................................................ 117 BAB XII : Penerapan Kantong Plastik Berbayar : Perspektif Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (Studi pada Transmart dan Alfamart di Medan Sumatera Utara) Muhammad Fairuz A, Zarrisva Saputri Yanti, Susanna Maria, Elysa Minarni Pakpahan, Dessy, Aula Pambudi, Dedek Apriyanti, Rahmad Aulia, Dwi Patricia ................................................................................. 127 BAB XIII : Mengupayakan Penyelamatan Public Goods Dr. Tunggul Sihombing, MA ................................................................... 136 v PENDAHULUAN : Problema Pembangunan Kompleksitas pembangunan mengakibatkan munculnya berbagai pendefenisian mengenai arti, tujuan dan strategi pembangunan. Secara umum pendefenisian ini terdiri dari pengertian pembangunan sebagai pertumbuhan ekonomi atau pembangunan sebagai peningkatan kesejahteraan dan perbaikan kualitas hidup manusia dan alam. Pembangunan sebagai pertumbuhan ekonomi telah lama menjadi arusutama dalam diskursus pembangunan. Dalam perspektif ini pembangunan disamakan dengan modernisasi (Westernisasi) yaitu: pertumbuhan ekonomi, runtuhnya ikatan-ikatan tradisional dalam masyarakat, industrialisasi dan terbukanya pasar-pasar lokal (globalisasi). Teori Modernisasi dan teori Ketergantungan yang bersumber pada pemikiran Barat dan Amerika Latin ini memfokuskan pada pertumbuhan melalui perubahan struktural makroekonomi. Hegemoni ideology pembangunan yang mendefenisikan pembangunan semata sebagai pertumbuhan ekonomi ini telah mengaburkan hakekat dan tujuan pembangunan dan menimbulkan berbagai hambatan dan tantangan dalam mewujudkan pembangunan dengan wajah humanis yang berkadilan dan berkesetaraan. Dalam ideology pembangunan ini ketiadaan faktor-faktor ekonomi dan material dipandang sebagai problema utama dalam pembangunan sehingga kebijakan dan strategi dalam mengatasi problema dalam pembangunan difokuskan pada pendekatan-pendekatan berbasis ekonomi. Tidak dapat dipungkiri strategi pembangunan yang dipimpin oleh pasar bebas, liberalisasi dan privatisasi telah mempercepat pertumbuhan ekonomi global. Namun dipihak lain kemiskinan, kesenjangan dan kerusakan lingkungan juga mengiringi pertumbuhan ekonomi. World Development Report (2010) yang menekankan pada indikator kualitas hidup manusia secara gamblang mengungkapkan bahwa ¼ penduduk negara sedang berkembang hidup kurang dari US$1/hari, 1 milyar orang tidak mendapatkan air minum yang bersih, 1,6 milyar tidak mempunyai listrik, 3 milyar tidak memiliki sanitasi yang memadai dan ¼ penduduk negara sedang berkembang kekurangan gizi. Pertumbuhan ekonomi juga diikuti dengan krisis global yang mengancam pembangunan di Asia Pacific. Integrasi dalam perekonomian global mengakibatkan resesi Negara maju sangat mempengaruhi perekonomian Asia Pasifik. Krisis finansial di Negara-negara maju juga mengancam Negara-negara sedang berkembang yang tergantung pada ekspor ke Negara-negara maju. Hal ini mengakibatkan 24 juta orang 1 kehilangan pekerjaan yang terbanyak perempuan dan pemuda, kerawanan/ketidapastian harga minyak dan pangan. Kenaikan harga sampai 150% dalam 4 bulan seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah
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