DOCSLIB.ORG

Systematics of the Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Systematics of the Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) Systematics of the Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) K.S. Bolstad A thesis submitted to the Earth & Oceanic Sciences Research Institute Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy supervised by Dr Steve O’Shea 2008 i TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables............................................................................................................... iii List of Figures..............................................................................................................iv Abstract....................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3 Foreword — Generic and Familial Nomenclature....................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 4 Materials & Methods ................................................................................................. 13 Checklist of Species.................................................................................................. 24 Quick Visual Reference to the Onychoteuthidae ...................................................... 25 Systematics............................................................................................................... 31 Onychoteuthis ....................................................................................................... 33 Onychoteuthis banksii ....................................................................................... 36 Onychoteuthis bergii ......................................................................................... 42 Onychoteuthis aequimanus............................................................................... 48 Onychoteuthis mollis (new comb.) .................................................................... 57 Onychoteuthis compacta................................................................................... 61 Onychoteuthis borealijaponica .......................................................................... 69 Onychoteuthis meridiopacifica .......................................................................... 78 Onychoteuthis lacrima....................................................................................... 84 Onychoteuthis prolata ....................................................................................... 90 Onykia ................................................................................................................... 96 Onykia (Onykia) carriboea ................................................................................ 99 Onykia (Onykia) robusta (new comb.)............................................................. 106 Onykia (Onykia) loennbergii (new comb.) ....................................................... 118 Onykia (Onykia) aequatorialis (new comb.) .................................................... 125 Onykia (Onykia) robsoni (new comb.)............................................................. 131 Onykia (Onykia) indica .................................................................................... 140 Onykia (Moroteuthopsis) ingens (new comb.)................................................. 145 Ancistroteuthis..................................................................................................... 159 Ancistroteuthis lichtensteinii ............................................................................ 161 Kondakovia ......................................................................................................... 170 Kondakovia longimana.................................................................................... 171 Notonykia ............................................................................................................ 178 Notonykia africanae ........................................................................................ 179 Notonykia nesisi .............................................................................................. 187 Gen. nov. 1.......................................................................................................... 193 Gen. nov. 1 knipovitchi (new comb.) ............................................................... 195 Gen. nov. 2.......................................................................................................... 200 Gen. nov. 2 rancureli (new comb.) .................................................................. 202 Gen. nov. 2 sp. 1............................................................................................. 206 Gen. nov. 2 sp. 2............................................................................................. 209 Gen. nov. 2 sp. 3............................................................................................. 212 Discussion............................................................................................................... 216 Conclusions............................................................................................................. 223 Acknowledgements................................................................................................. 225 References.............................................................................................................. 226 Appendices ............................................................................................................. 240 Appendix A — Translation, Lichtenstein 1818 .................................................... 240 Appendix B — Translation, Appellöf 1891 .......................................................... 242 Appendix C — Translation, Thiele 1920 ............................................................. 246 Appendix D — Translation, Adam 1962.............................................................. 249 Appendix E — Systematic Summary .................................................................. 256 i ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person (except where explicitly defined in the acknowledgements), nor material that, to a substantial extent, has been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma from a university or institute of higher learning. _________________________________________ Kathrin S. Bolstad ii LIST OF TABLES 1. Comparative table of onychoteuthid genera 2. Comparative table of species in the genus Onychoteuthis 3. Measurements and counts of Onychoteuthis banksii 4. Measurements and counts of Onychoteuthis bergii 5. Measurements and counts of Onychoteuthis aequimanus 6. Measurements and counts of Onychoteuthis compacta 7. Measurements and counts of Onychoteuthis borealijaponica 8. Measurements and counts of Onychoteuthis meridiopacifica 9. Measurements and counts of Onychoteuthis lacrima 10. Measurements and counts of Onychoteuthis prolata 11. Comparative table of species in the genus Onykia 12. Measurements and counts of Onykia (Onykia) carriboea 13. Measurements and counts of Onykia (Onykia) robusta 14. Measurements and counts of Onykia (Onykia) loennbergii 15. Measurements and counts of Onykia (Onykia) aequatorialis 16. Measurements and counts of Onykia (Onykia) robsoni 17. Measurements and counts of Onykia (Onykia) indica 18. Measurements and counts of Onykia (Moroteuthopsis) ingens 19. Sexually dimorphic characters in the lower beaks of Onykia (Moroteuthopsis) ingens 20. Measurements and counts of Ancistroteuthis lichtensteinii 21. Measurements and counts of Kondakovia longimana 22. Measurements and counts of Notonykia africanae 23. Measurements and counts of Notonykia nesisi 24. Measurements and counts of Gen. nov. 1 knipovitchi 25. Measurements and counts of Gen. nov. 2 rancureli and Gen. nov. 2 spp. 1–3 iii LIST OF FIGURES 1. Distribution of material examined in this study 2. Measures and counts used in text 3. Onychoteuthid hook morphology and terminology 4. Paralarval sucker morphology and terminology 5. Radular morphology and terminology 6, 7. Onychoteuthis banksii 8, 9. Onychoteuthis bergii 10–13. Onychoteuthis aequimanus 14. Onychoteuthis mollis 15, 16. Onychoteuthis compacta 17–19. Onychoteuthis borealijaponica 20, 21. Onychoteuthis meridiopacifica 22, 23. Onychoteuthis lacrima 24, 25. Onychoteuthis prolata 26–28. Onykia (Onykia) carriboea 29–33. Onykia (Onykia) robusta 34–36. Onykia (Onykia) loennbergii 37, 38. Onykia (Onykia) aequatorialis 39–41. Onykia (Onykia) robsoni 42, 43. Onykia (Onykia) indica 44–48. Onykia (Moroteuthopsis) ingens 49–52. Ancistroteuthis lichtensteinii 53–55. Kondakovia longimana 56–58. Notonykia africanae 59, 60. Notonykia nesisi 61, 62. Gen. nov. 1 knipovitchi 63. Walvisteuthis virilis 64–67. Gen. nov. 2 rancureli and Gen. nov. 2 spp. 1–3 iv ABSTRACT Squids in the family Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 have been reported from every ocean but the Arctic, are taken frequently in deep-sea fisheries bycatch, and are ecologically important in the diets of many marine predators including cetaceans, pinnipeds, sharks, and seabirds. However, the diversity and systematics of the family have remained poorly understood. Of the 60+ nominal species, 12–14 have generally been accepted in recent
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Review of Southern Ocean Squids Using Nets and Beaks
    Marine Biodiversity (2020) 50:98 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-020-01113-4 REVIEW A review of Southern Ocean squids using nets and beaks Yves Cherel1 Received: 31 May 2020 /Revised: 31 August 2020 /Accepted: 3 September 2020 # Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung 2020 Abstract This review presents an innovative approach to investigate the teuthofauna from the Southern Ocean by combining two com- plementary data sets, the literature on cephalopod taxonomy and biogeography, together with predator dietary investigations. Sixty squids were recorded south of the Subtropical Front, including one circumpolar Antarctic (Psychroteuthis glacialis Thiele, 1920), 13 circumpolar Southern Ocean, 20 circumpolar subantarctic, eight regional subantarctic, and 12 occasional subantarctic species. A critical evaluation removed five species from the list, and one species has an unknown taxonomic status. The 42 Southern Ocean squids belong to three large taxonomic units, bathyteuthoids (n = 1 species), myopsids (n =1),andoegopsids (n = 40). A high level of endemism (21 species, 50%, all oegopsids) characterizes the Southern Ocean teuthofauna. Seventeen families of oegopsids are represented, with three dominating families, onychoteuthids (seven species, five endemics), ommastrephids (six species, three endemics), and cranchiids (five species, three endemics). Recent improvements in beak identification and taxonomy allowed making new correspondence between beak and species names, such as Galiteuthis suhmi (Hoyle 1886), Liguriella podophtalma Issel, 1908, and the recently described Taonius notalia Evans, in prep. Gonatus phoebetriae beaks were synonymized with those of Gonatopsis octopedatus Sasaki, 1920, thus increasing significantly the number of records and detailing the circumpolar distribution of this rarely caught Southern Ocean squid. The review extends considerably the number of species, including endemics, recorded from the Southern Ocean, but it also highlights that the corresponding species to two well-described beaks (Moroteuthopsis sp.
    [Show full text]
  • CEPHALOPODS 688 Cephalopods
    click for previous page CEPHALOPODS 688 Cephalopods Introduction and GeneralINTRODUCTION Remarks AND GENERAL REMARKS by M.C. Dunning, M.D. Norman, and A.L. Reid iving cephalopods include nautiluses, bobtail and bottle squids, pygmy cuttlefishes, cuttlefishes, Lsquids, and octopuses. While they may not be as diverse a group as other molluscs or as the bony fishes in terms of number of species (about 600 cephalopod species described worldwide), they are very abundant and some reach large sizes. Hence they are of considerable ecological and commercial fisheries importance globally and in the Western Central Pacific. Remarks on MajorREMARKS Groups of CommercialON MAJOR Importance GROUPS OF COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE Nautiluses (Family Nautilidae) Nautiluses are the only living cephalopods with an external shell throughout their life cycle. This shell is divided into chambers by a large number of septae and provides buoyancy to the animal. The animal is housed in the newest chamber. A muscular hood on the dorsal side helps close the aperture when the animal is withdrawn into the shell. Nautiluses have primitive eyes filled with seawater and without lenses. They have arms that are whip-like tentacles arranged in a double crown surrounding the mouth. Although they have no suckers on these arms, mucus associated with them is adherent. Nautiluses are restricted to deeper continental shelf and slope waters of the Indo-West Pacific and are caught by artisanal fishers using baited traps set on the bottom. The flesh is used for food and the shell for the souvenir trade. Specimens are also caught for live export for use in home aquaria and for research purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Forage Fish Management Plan
    Oregon Forage Fish Management Plan November 19, 2016 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Marine Resources Program 2040 SE Marine Science Drive Newport, OR 97365 (541) 867-4741 http://www.dfw.state.or.us/MRP/ Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Purpose and Need ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Federal action to protect Forage Fish (2016)............................................................................................ 7 The Oregon Marine Fisheries Management Plan Framework .................................................................. 7 Relationship to Other State Policies ......................................................................................................... 7 Public Process Developing this Plan .......................................................................................................... 8 How this Document is Organized .............................................................................................................. 8 A. Resource Analysis ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Onychoteuthis</I> Lichtenstein, 1818
    BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 83(3): 481–529, 2008 NEW TAXA PAPER TWO NEW SPECIES AND A REVIEW OF THE SQUID GENUS ONYCHOTEUTHIS LICHTENSTEIN, 1818 (OEGOPSIDA: ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE) FROM THE PACIFIC OCEAN K. S. Bolstad ABSTRACT The onychoteuthid genusOnychoteuthis Lichtenstein, 1818 is in systematic disarray. The oldest species, Onychoteuthis banksii (Leach, 1817), is widely recognized as a species complex, with which two of the other commonly recognized three species—Onychoteuthis compacta (Berry, 1913) and Onychoteuthis borealijaponica Okada, 1927—and some 20 additional names have been all synonymized at one time. This study, a partial revision of the genus, redescribes O. banksii from the Atlantic Ocean; from the Pacific, O. compacta, O. borealijaponica, and Onychoteuthis meridiopacificaRancurel and Okutani, 1990, are redescribed, the name Onychoteuthis aequimanus Gabb, 1868, is resurrected, and two additional species are described: Onychoteuthis lacrima sp. nov., and Onychoteuthis prolata sp. nov. Several new species-level characters are examined in detail, compared, and reported for each species, including buccal morphology, tentacular club and hook morphology, chromatophore patterns on the mantle and tentacles, and photophore shape and size. The cosmopolitan tropical/temperate genus Onychoteuthis has long been recog- nized for its systematic instability (Kubodera et al., 1998; Vecchione et al., 2003). Onychoteuthis banksii (Leach, 1817) has been a catch-all name for many morpho- logically similar taxa since its description nearly 200 yrs ago (Vecchione et al., 2003), including: two of the additional three species generally recognized by recent authors—Onychoteuthis compacta (Berry, 1913) and Onychoteuthis borealijaponica Okada, 1927, at various times—and about 20 additional nominal species (see e.g., Pfeffer, 1912; Adam, 1952).
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of the Natural History of Pelagic Cephalopods of the Hawaiian Mesopelagic-Boundary Region 1
    Pacific Science (1995), vol. 49, no. 2: 143-155 © 1995 by University of Hawai'i Press. All rights reserved Aspects of the Natural History of Pelagic Cephalopods of the Hawaiian Mesopelagic-Boundary Region 1 RICHARD EDWARD YOUNG 2 ABSTRACT: Pelagic cephalopods of the mesopelagic-boundary region in Hawai'i have proven difficult to sample but seem to occupy a variety ofhabitats within this zone. Abralia trigonura Berry inhabits the zone only as adults; A. astrosticta Berry may inhabit the inner boundary zone, and Pterygioteuthis giardi Fischer appears to be a facultative inhabitant. Three other mesopelagic species, Liocranchia reinhardti (Steenstrup), Chiroteuthis imperator Chun, and Iridoteuthis iris (Berry), are probable inhabitants; the latter two are suspected to be nonvertical migrants. The mesopelagic-boundary region also contains a variety of other pelagic cephalopods. Some are transients, common species of the mesopelagic zone in offshore waters such as Abraliopsis spp., neritic species such as Euprymna scolopes Berry, and oceanic epipelagic species such as Tremoctopus violaceus Chiaie and Argonauta argo Linnaeus. Others are appar­ ently permanent but either epipelagic (Onychoteuthis sp. C) or demersal (No­ totodarus hawaiiensis [Berry] and Haliphron atlanticus Steenstrup). Submersible observations show that Nototodarus hawaiiensis commonly "sits" on the bot­ tom and Haliphron atlanticus broods its young in the manner of some pelagic octopods. THE CONCEPT OF the mesopelagic-boundary over bottom depths of the same range. The region (m-b region) was first introduced by designation of an inner zone is based on Reid et al. (1991), although a general asso­ Reid'sfinding mesopelagic fishes resident there ciation of various mesopelagic animals with during both the day and night; mesopelagic land masses has been known for some time.
    [Show full text]
  • Albatross-Borne Loggers Show Feeding on Deep-Sea Squids: Implications for the Study of Squid Distributions
    Title Albatross-borne loggers show feeding on deep-sea squids: implications for the study of squid distributions Author(s) Nishizawa, Bungo; Sugawara, Takanori; Young, Lindsay C.; Vanderwerf, Eric A.; Yoda, Ken; Watanuki, Yutaka Marine ecology progress series, 592, 257-265 Citation https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12482 Issue Date 2018-03-29 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/73339 Type article (author version) File Information MEPS_v592_257-265.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP 1 Title: Albatross-borne loggers show feeding on deep-sea squids: implications for the 2 study of squid distributions 3 4 Running page head: Foraging behavior of Laysan albatrosses 5 6 Authors: 7 Bungo Nishizawa1, *, Takanori Sugawara2, Lindsay C. Young3, Eric A. Vanderwerf3, 8 Ken Yoda2, Yutaka Watanuki1 9 10 Author affiliations: 11 1Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato, Hakodate, 12 Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan 13 2Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 14 Japan 15 3Pacific Rim Conservation, 3038 Oahu Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA 16 17 *Corresponding author: [email protected] 18 19 ABSTRACT: How surface-feeding albatrosses feed on deep-sea squids has long been a 20 mystery. We investigated foraging behavior during daylight hours of 20 Laysan 21 albatrosses Phoebastria immutabilis breeding in Hawaii using GPS and camera-loggers. 22 The birds traveled to the North Pacific Transition Zone up to 600 km north of their 23 breeding site. The camera images showed that Laysan albatrosses fed on large (~1 m 24 body length), intact floating dead squids (6 events) and floating fragmented squids (10 1 25 events) over deep oceanic water (> 2000 m) while they flew in a straight path without 26 sinuous searching.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylum MOLLUSCA Chitons, Bivalves, Sea Snails, Sea Slugs, Octopus, Squid, Tusk Shell
    Phylum MOLLUSCA Chitons, bivalves, sea snails, sea slugs, octopus, squid, tusk shell Bruce Marshall, Steve O’Shea with additional input for squid from Neil Bagley, Peter McMillan, Reyn Naylor, Darren Stevens, Di Tracey Phylum Aplacophora In New Zealand, these are worm-like molluscs found in sandy mud. There is no shell. The tiny MOLLUSCA solenogasters have bristle-like spicules over Chitons, bivalves, sea snails, sea almost the whole body, a groove on the underside of the body, and no gills. The more worm-like slugs, octopus, squid, tusk shells caudofoveates have a groove and fewer spicules but have gills. There are 10 species, 8 undescribed. The mollusca is the second most speciose animal Bivalvia phylum in the sea after Arthropoda. The phylum Clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, etc. The shell is name is taken from the Latin (molluscus, soft), in two halves (valves) connected by a ligament and referring to the soft bodies of these creatures, but hinge and anterior and posterior adductor muscles. most species have some kind of protective shell Gills are well-developed and there is no radula. and hence are called shellfish. Some, like sea There are 680 species, 231 undescribed. slugs, have no shell at all. Most molluscs also have a strap-like ribbon of minute teeth — the Scaphopoda radula — inside the mouth, but this characteristic Tusk shells. The body and head are reduced but Molluscan feature is lacking in clams (bivalves) and there is a foot that is used for burrowing in soft some deep-sea finned octopuses. A significant part sediments. The shell is open at both ends, with of the body is muscular, like the adductor muscles the narrow tip just above the sediment surface for and foot of clams and scallops, the head-foot of respiration.
    [Show full text]
  • DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS of the 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project
    DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS OF THE 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project March 2018 DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS OF THE 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project Citation: Aguilar, R., García, S., Perry, A.L., Alvarez, H., Blanco, J., Bitar, G. 2018. 2016 Deep-sea Lebanon Expedition: Exploring Submarine Canyons. Oceana, Madrid. 94 p. DOI: 10.31230/osf.io/34cb9 Based on an official request from Lebanon’s Ministry of Environment back in 2013, Oceana has planned and carried out an expedition to survey Lebanese deep-sea canyons and escarpments. Cover: Cerianthus membranaceus © OCEANA All photos are © OCEANA Index 06 Introduction 11 Methods 16 Results 44 Areas 12 Rov surveys 16 Habitat types 44 Tarablus/Batroun 14 Infaunal surveys 16 Coralligenous habitat 44 Jounieh 14 Oceanographic and rhodolith/maërl 45 St. George beds measurements 46 Beirut 19 Sandy bottoms 15 Data analyses 46 Sayniq 15 Collaborations 20 Sandy-muddy bottoms 20 Rocky bottoms 22 Canyon heads 22 Bathyal muds 24 Species 27 Fishes 29 Crustaceans 30 Echinoderms 31 Cnidarians 36 Sponges 38 Molluscs 40 Bryozoans 40 Brachiopods 42 Tunicates 42 Annelids 42 Foraminifera 42 Algae | Deep sea Lebanon OCEANA 47 Human 50 Discussion and 68 Annex 1 85 Annex 2 impacts conclusions 68 Table A1. List of 85 Methodology for 47 Marine litter 51 Main expedition species identified assesing relative 49 Fisheries findings 84 Table A2. List conservation interest of 49 Other observations 52 Key community of threatened types and their species identified survey areas ecological importanc 84 Figure A1.
    [Show full text]
  • Finding of Uncommon Cephalopods
    Cah. Biol. Mar. (1994),35: 339-345 Roscoff Finding of uncommon cephalopods (Ancistroteuthis lichtensteinii, Histioteuthis bonnellii, Histioteuthis reversa) and first record of Chiroteuthis veranyi in the Ionian Sea. A. Tursi, G. D'Onghia, A. Matarrese, P. Panetta, P. Maiorano Institute of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy - University - Via Orabona, 4 - 70125 Bari (ltaly) Abstract : Finding of some uncommon cephalopods. AnCÎslrolelilhis lichtensteinii, Histiotellthis bonne/Iii, H. rCl'ersa and the first record of Chirotellthis Feranyi in the Ionian Sea are reported here. Data were collected during a trawl survey carried out on red shrimp grounds during August 1993. Résumé : Dans ce travail, les auteurs analysent des espèces de Céphalopodes peu communes ou rares en Méditerranée, Ancislrotellthis Iichlensteinii, Histiotellthis bonnellii, H. reversa et ils signalent pour la première t"ois la présence de Chirotellthis l'eranyi en mer Ionienne. Les exemplaires ont été capturés au cours d'une campagne de chalutage expérimentale, sur des fonds ù crevettes rouges, au mois d'Août 1993. INTRODUCTION The SCal"CÎty of ecological knowledge on many species of cephalopods is certainly due to the technical problems of field observation and sampling. Information on distribution and abundance come mainly from CUITent research of biologi­ cal oceanography, fishing activities, analysis on stomach contents of mmine mammals and pelagic fishes. Recently, observations from submersibles have provided very interesting data about several aspects of the biology and ecology of cephalopods (Vecchione & Roper, 1991). Cephalopods are captured commercialy and for research purposes using a valiety of gears, primarily jigging machines, trawls and drift nets (Roper, 1991). While jigging, pela­ gic seining and potting are less destructive techniques that target specific sizes and species, trawling and drift netting are non-selective methods as far as size and specieS' are concer­ ned.
    [Show full text]
  • DIET of FREE-RANGING and STRANDED SPERM WHALES (Physeter
    DIET OF FREE-RANGING AND STRANDED SPERM WHALES (Physeter macrocephalus) FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE CONTRACT REPORT Submitted to: Dr. Keith D. Mullin National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science Center PO. Drawer 1207 Pascagoula, MS 39568-1207 Submitted by: Dr. Nelio B. Barros Mote Marine Laboratory Center for Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Research 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway Sarasota, FL 34236-1096 (941) 388-4441 x 443 (941) 388-4317 FAX May 2003 Mote Marine Laboratory Technical Report Number 895 ABSTRACT Sperm whales are common inhabitants of the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico. To date, no information is available on the diet of sperm whales in the Gulf. This study sheds light into the feeding habits ofthese whales by examining data collected from free-ranging and stranded animals. Prey species included a minimum of 13 species within 10 families of cephalopods, the only prey type observed. The most important prey was Histioteuthis, a midwater squid important in the diet of sperm whales worldwide. Most species of cephalopods consumed by Gulf sperm whales are meso to bathypelagic in distribution, being found in surface to waters 2,500 deep. Some of these prey are also vertical migrators. The diet of Gulf sperm whales does not include species targeted by the commercial fisheries. INTRODUCTION Until fairly recently, little was known about the species of whales and dolphins (cetaceans) inhabiting the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Most of the information available came from opportunistic sightings and occasional strandings. In the early 1990' s large-scale dedicated surveys were initiated to study the distribution and abundance of marine mammals in the deep Gulf.
    [Show full text]
  • An Illustrated Key to the Families of the Order
    CLYDE F. E. ROP An Illustrated RICHARD E. YOl and GILBERT L. VC Key to the Families of the Order Teuthoidea Cephalopoda) SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • 1969 NUMBER 13 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 13 Clyde F. E. Roper, An Illustrated Key 5K?Z" to the Families of the Order Teuthoidea (Cephalopoda) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON 1969 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge not strictly professional." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of professional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Defensive Behaviors of Deep-Sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy
    Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy by Stephanie Lynn Bush A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair Professor David R. Lindberg Professor George K. Roderick Dr. Bruce H. Robison Fall, 2009 Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy © 2009 by Stephanie Lynn Bush ABSTRACT Defensive Behaviors of Deep-sea Squids: Ink Release, Body Patterning, and Arm Autotomy by Stephanie Lynn Bush Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Roy L. Caldwell, Chair The deep sea is the largest habitat on Earth and holds the majority of its’ animal biomass. Due to the limitations of observing, capturing and studying these diverse and numerous organisms, little is known about them. The majority of deep-sea species are known only from net-caught specimens, therefore behavioral ecology and functional morphology were assumed. The advent of human operated vehicles (HOVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) have allowed scientists to make one-of-a-kind observations and test hypotheses about deep-sea organismal biology. Cephalopods are large, soft-bodied molluscs whose defenses center on crypsis. Individuals can rapidly change coloration (for background matching, mimicry, and disruptive coloration), skin texture, body postures, locomotion, and release ink to avoid recognition as prey or escape when camouflage fails. Squids, octopuses, and cuttlefishes rely on these visual defenses in shallow-water environments, but deep-sea cephalopods were thought to perform only a limited number of these behaviors because of their extremely low light surroundings.
    [Show full text]