DOCSLIB.ORG

In the Court of Appeal of Alberta

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In the Court of Appeal of Alberta In the Court of Appeal of Alberta Citation: Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, 2020 ABCA 74 Date: 20200224 Docket: 1903-0157-AC Registry: Edmonton In the Matter of the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, SC 2018, c. 12 And in the Matter of a Reference by the Lieutenant Governor in Council to the Court of Appeal of Alberta under the Judicature Act, RSA 2000, c. J-2, s. 26 _______________________________________________________ The Court: The Honourable Chief Justice Catherine Fraser The Honourable Mr. Justice Jack Watson The Honourable Mr. Justice Thomas W. Wakeling The Honourable Madam Justice Elizabeth Hughes The Honourable Mr. Justice Kevin Feehan _______________________________________________________ Opinion of the Honourable Chief Justice Fraser, the Honourable Mr. Justice Watson and the Honourable Madam Justice Hughes Concurred in by the Honourable Mr. Justice Wakeling Dissenting Opinion of the Honourable Mr. Justice Feehan Reference by the Lieutenant Governor in Council Order in Council 112/2019 Dated/Filed the 20th day of June, 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 II. The Positions of the Parties ........................................................................................................ 6 III. Overview of the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act .......................................................... 7 IV. Relevant Provisions of the Constitution ................................................................................. 10 A. Constitution Act, 1867 ...........................................................................................10 1. Federal Legislative Powers ........................................................................10 2. Provincial Legislative Powers....................................................................10 B. Key Provisions of the Constitution Act, 1982 ........................................................11 1. Additional Provincial Powers ....................................................................11 2. Amendments to the Constitution ...............................................................11 V. History of Prairie Provinces’ Ownership of Natural Resources and Section 92A ................... 12 A. Prairie Provinces and Ownership of Their Natural Resources – A Long Time Coming ...............................................................................................................................12 B. Federal Government Interventions Led to Pressures for Constitutional Reform ..13 C. Constitutional Compromise – Resource Amendment and Opt Out Right .............16 VI. International and Interprovincial Efforts to Address Climate Change ................................... 17 A. International Efforts to Address Climate Change .....................................................17 B. Federal and Provincial Efforts to Address Climate Change ..................................19 C. Alberta’s Efforts to Address Climate Change .......................................................24 VII. References in Other Appellate Courts ................................................................................... 28 A. Saskatchewan Reference ........................................................................................28 B. Ontario Reference ..................................................................................................29 C. Section 92A and Provinces’ Proprietary Rights and the Other References ...........31 VIII. Foundational Constitutional Principles ................................................................................ 31 A. Federalism ..............................................................................................................32 B. Subsidiarity ............................................................................................................34 C. Conclusion .............................................................................................................35 IX. Division of Powers Framework .............................................................................................. 36 A. The Two Stages in a Division of Powers Analysis ................................................36 1. Characterization of the “Matter” of the Challenged Law ..........................36 2. Classification Under Head of Power..........................................................37 3. Importance of Keeping the Two Stages Separate ......................................38 4. The POGG Power ......................................................................................38 X. The National Concern Doctrine ............................................................................................... 39 A. Setting the Scene ....................................................................................................39 B. Clarifying the Scope of the National Concern Doctrine ........................................41 C. Crown Zellerbach and the Test Under the National Concern Doctrine .................45 D. Conclusion .............................................................................................................46 XI. Characterization of the “Matter” of the Act ............................................................................ 48 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................48 B. Characterization of the Matter Prior to this Reference ..........................................48 C. Courts Cannot Pre-Limit Federal Powers if the Act Is Found Constitutional ........49 D. What Is the “Matter” of this Act? ...........................................................................51 1. Introduction ................................................................................................51 2. Purpose of the Act ..................................................................................................52 3. Effects of the Act ........................................................................................55 a. Legal Effects of the Act ..................................................................56 b. Practical Effects of the Act .............................................................62 4. The “Matter” of the Act Is the Regulation of GHG Emissions ..................63 XII. Classification of the Subject Matter of the Act...................................................................... 64 A. Federal Jurisdiction ................................................................................................64 B. Provincial Jurisdiction ...........................................................................................65 C. Conclusions on Classification ................................................................................70 XIII. Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 ............................................................................. 71 XIV. Why the National Concern Doctrine Does Not Apply to the Act ........................................ 71 A. Why the “Matter” Fails the Singleness, Distinctiveness and Indivisibility Criteria ...................................................................................................................72 B. Provincial Inability.................................................................................................75 C. Why the Proposed New Head of Power Is Not Reconcilable with the Division of Powers ...............................................................................................................81 1. Introduction ................................................................................................81 2. Impact of the Regulation of GHG Emissions on Division of Powers .......81 3. Conclusion .................................................................................................84 D. Conclusion on National Concern Doctrine ............................................................85 XV. Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 85 _______________________________________________________ Opinion _______________________________________________________ I. Introduction [1] Calls to action to save the planet we all share evoke strong emotions. And properly so. The dangers of climate change are undoubted as are the risks flowing from failure to meet the essential challenge. Equally, it is undisputed that greenhouse gas emissions caused by people (GHG emissions) are a cause of climate change. None of these forces have passed judges by. The question the Lieutenant Governor in Council referred to this Court though – is the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, SC 2018, c 12 (Act) unconstitutional in whole or in part – is not a referendum on the phenomenon of climate change.1 Nor is it about the undisputed need for governments throughout the world to move quickly to reduce GHG emissions, including through changes in societal behaviour. The federal government is not the only government in this country committed to immediate action to meet this compelling need. Without exception, every provincial government is too.2 [2] Nor is this Reference about which level of government might be better suited to address climate change or GHG emissions. Or whether a uniform approach is desirable. Or who has the best
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mcgill Paper
    Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, Issue #80, August 19, 2008. © by CJEAP and the author(s). ONTARIO’S CHALLENGE: DENOMINATIONAL RIGHTS IN PUBLIC EDUCATION* Dawn Zinga Brock University Denominational rights in education have a long and controversial history within Canada. Ontario has struggled with denomination rights and continues to face the challenges posed by accommodating denominational rights. This paper examines those challenges and considers the future of denominational rights in Ontario, in light of John Tory‘s 2007 election campaign platform to extend funding to all faith-based schools or to none. It includes a consideration of the historical roots of denominational rights, their expression throughout Canada, the conflicts between denominational rights and the Charter, the media storm that surrounded the faith-based funding campaign, and proposed solutions to the question of denominational rights in Ontario. Introduction Denominational rights in education have been an issue of contention since the creation of Canada. The question of how education was to be established was one of the most difficult questions to address during the process of the formation of Canada (Brophy, 1894) and at the heart of the matter was the question of denominational rights (Bezeau, 2007). Denominational rights within education have continued to be contentious and have lead to some interesting developments within Canada. In particular, Ontario has struggled with the issue of denominational rights * I wish to thank Megan Davis and Angela Dziondziak for their assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. I also wish to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on an earlier version of this article.
    [Show full text]
  • Brief by Professor François Larocque Research Chair In
    BRIEF BY PROFESSOR FRANÇOIS LAROCQUE RESEARCH CHAIR IN LANGUAGE RIGHTS UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA PRESENTED TO THE SENATE STANDING COMMITTEE ON OFFICIAL LANGUAGES AS PART OF ITS STUDY OF THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES REFORM PROPOSAL UNVEILED ON FEBRUARY 19, 2021, BY THE MINISTER OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND OFFICIAL LANGUAGES, ENGLISH AND FRENCH: TOWARDS A SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY OF OFFICIAL LANGUAGES IN CANADA MAY 31, 2021 Professor François Larocque Faculty of Law, Common Law Section University of Ottawa 57 Louis Pasteur Ottawa, ON K1J 6N5 Telephone: 613-562-5800, ext. 3283 Email: [email protected] 1. Thank you very much to the honourable members of the Senate Standing Committee on Official Languages (the “Committee”) for inviting me to testify and submit a brief as part of the study of the official languages reform proposal entitled French and English: Towards a Substantive Equality of Official Languages in Canada (“the reform proposal”). A) The reform proposal includes ambitious and essential measures 2. First, I would like to congratulate the Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages for her leadership and vision. It is, in my opinion, the most ambitious official languages reform proposal since the enactment of the Constitution Act, 1982 (“CA1982”)1 and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (“Charter”),2 which enshrined the main provisions of the Official Languages Act (“OLA”)3 of 1969 in the Canadian Constitution. The last reform of the OLA was in 1988 and it is past time to modernize it to adapt it to Canada’s linguistic realities and challenges in the 21st century. 3. The Charter and the OLA proclaim that “English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and government of Canada.”4 In reality, however, as reported by Statistics Canada,5 English is dominant everywhere, while French is declining, including in Quebec.
    [Show full text]
  • The Limits to Influence: the Club of Rome and Canada
    THE LIMITS TO INFLUENCE: THE CLUB OF ROME AND CANADA, 1968 TO 1988 by JASON LEMOINE CHURCHILL A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2006 © Jason Lemoine Churchill, 2006 Declaration AUTHOR'S DECLARATION FOR ELECTRONIC SUBMISSION OF A THESIS I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract This dissertation is about influence which is defined as the ability to move ideas forward within, and in some cases across, organizations. More specifically it is about an extraordinary organization called the Club of Rome (COR), who became advocates of the idea of greater use of systems analysis in the development of policy. The systems approach to policy required rational, holistic and long-range thinking. It was an approach that attracted the attention of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Commonality of interests and concerns united the disparate members of the COR and allowed that organization to develop an influential presence within Canada during Trudeau’s time in office from 1968 to 1984. The story of the COR in Canada is extended beyond the end of the Trudeau era to explain how the key elements that had allowed the organization and its Canadian Association (CACOR) to develop an influential presence quickly dissipated in the post- 1984 era. The key reasons for decline were time and circumstance as the COR/CACOR membership aged, contacts were lost, and there was a political paradigm shift that was antithetical to COR/CACOR ideas.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Option Laws in Ontario Sacred Boundaries: Local Opi'ion Laws in Ontario
    SACRED BOUNDARIES: LOCAL OPTION LAWS IN ONTARIO SACRED BOUNDARIES: LOCAL OPI'ION LAWS IN ONTARIO By. KATHY LENORE BROCK, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University September 1982 MASTER OF ARTS (1982) MCMASTER UNIVERSITY (Political Science) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Sacred Boundaries: Local Option Laws in Ontario AUTHOR: Kathy Lenore Brock, B.A. (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Professor T.J. Lewis NUMBER OF PAGES: vii, 162 ii Abstract The laws of Ontario operate on the principle that indivi­ duals should govern their own conduct unless it affects others adversely. The laws are created to protect individuals and their property and to ensure that citizens respect the rights of others. However, laws are protected and entrenched which defy this principle by permitting and fostering intolerance. This thesis addresses the local option laws of Ontario's liquor legislation which protect and legitimize invasion of personal liberty. These laws permit municipalities to prohi­ bit or restrict retail sale of liquor within their boundaries by vote or by COQ~cil decision. Local option has persisted t:b.roughout Ontario's history and is unlikely to be abolished despite the growing acceptance of liquor in society. To explain the longevity of these la.... ·ts, J.R. Gusfield' s approach to understanding moral crusades is used. Local option laws have become symbols of the status and influence of the so­ ber, industrious middleclass of the 1800's who founded Ontario. The right to control drinking reassures people vlho adhere to the traditional values that their views are respected in society.
    [Show full text]
  • 591 Charters of Incorporation.—The Number of Companies Incor
    HOMESTEAD ENTRIES 591 9.—Receipts of Patents and Homestead Entries in the fiscal years 1914-1918. Sources of Receipts. "1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. $ $ $ $ Homestead fees 317,412 238,295 170,350 112,110 83,180 Cash sales 1,279,224 691,123 1,073,970 2,707,204 3,046,092 Scrip sales 240 80 333 131 Timber dues 378,365 310,934 378,961 429,403 482,006 Hay permits, mining, stone quarries, etc., cash 889,863 1,600,455 493,281 600,934 630,473 All other receipts 448,716 335,964 327,078 340,254 315,928 Gross revenue 3,313,820 3,176,851 2,443,640 4,190,238 4,557,810 Refunds 277,309 317,765 143,943 134,243 113,680 Net revenue 3,036,511 2,859,086 2,299,697 4,055,995 4,444,130 Total revenue, 1872-1918 45,619,673 48,478,759 50,778,457 54,834,452 59,278,582 Letters patent for Dominion lands NO 31,053 24,260 18,989 18,774 23,227 Homestead entries " 31,829 24,088 17,030 11,199 8,319 DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE. Charters of Incorporation.—The number of companies incor­ porated under The Companies Act during the fiscal year 1917-18 was 574, with a total capitalization of $335,982,400, and the number of existing companies to which supplementary letters patent were issued was 77, of which 41 increased their capital stock by $69,321,400 and 4 decreased their capital stock by $1,884,300.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature-Based Solutions: Policy Options for Climate and Biodiversity
    NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS: POLICY OPTIONS FOR CLIMATE AND BIODIVERSITY FEBRUARY 2020 About Smart Prosperity Institute Smart Prosperity Institute (formerly Sustainable Prosperity) is a national research network and policy think tank based at the University of Ottawa. We deliver world-class research and work with public and private partners – all to advance practical policies and market solutions for a stronger, cleaner economy. institute.smartprosperity.ca Written by Katherine Monahan, Ben Filewod, John McNally and Shabnam Khalaj February 2020 CONTENTS Key Messages 1 Infographic: Policymaker’s Guide to Integrating Biodiversity into Climate Policy 2 Introduction: The Biggest Bang for the Buck 3 Outline 5 Section 1: Policy Options for Nature-Based Climate Solutions: Integrating Biodiversity 7 Chapter 1 – Public Funding 7 1.1 Establishing Guiding Principles for Project and Policy Selection 9 1.2 Reverse Auctions – A Market-Based Solution to Minimize Costs 12 1.2.1 Challenges and Design Options for Reverse Auctions 13 Chapter 2 – Achieving Multiple Objectives through Carbon Offsets 15 2.1 Integrating Biodiversity into Carbon Offset Protocols 15 Option A - Regulatory Compliance 15 Option B - Top Up Funding for Biodiversity Benefits (Hybrid: Public-Private Approach) 17 2.2 Biodiversity, Conservation and Carbon Offset Credit Stacking 17 Barriers to Credit Stacking in Canada 18 Chapter 3 – Carbon Pricing & Regulations 19 Section 1 Key Points 21 Infographic: The Multiple Benefits of Canada’s Nature 22 Section 2: Evidence-Based Criteria for Project Selection 23 1. Comparing Projects 25 2. Collapsing Dimensions: How Can we Compare Co-Benefits in a Common Unit? 25 The Options for Monetary Valuation 25 • Direct Valuation 25 • Indirect Valuation 25 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Campaign 2019
    www.policymagazine.ca September—October 2019 Canadian Politics and Public Policy Campaign 2019 $6.95 Volume 7 – Issue 5 On On June 6, 1919, CN was created by an act of the Parliament of Canada. This year, we celebrate 100 years on the move. It took the best employees, retirees, customers, partners Track and neighbouring communities to make us a world leader in transportation. For our first 100 years and the next 100, we say thank you. for 100 cn.ca Years CNC_191045_CN100_Policy_Magazine.indd 1 19-06-14 10:45 dossier : CNC-191045 client : CN date/modif. rédaction relecture D.A. épreuve à description : EN ad Juin 100% titre : CN & Aboriginal Communities 1 sc/client infographe production couleur(s) publication : On Track for 100 Years 14/06/19 format : 8,5" x 11" infographe : CM 4c 358, rue Beaubien Ouest, bureau 500 Montréal (Québec) H2V 4S6 t 514 285-1414 PDF/X-1a:2003 Love moving Canada in the right direction Together, we’re leading Canadians towards a more sustainable future We’re always We’re committed We help grow We’re connecting connected to the environment the economy communities With free Wi-Fi, phone charging Where next is up to all of us. Maximizing taxpayer We are connecting more than outlets and roomy seats, Making smart choices today value is good for 400 communities across the you’re in for a comfy ride will contribute to a greener your bottom line country by bringing some (and a productive one, too). tomorrow. (and Canada’s too). 4,8 million Canadians closer to the people and places they love.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitutional Obligation of Alberta to Publish Laws in French: R V Caron and Boutet
    Constitutional Obligation of Alberta to Publish Laws in French: R v Caron and Boutet Margaret Unsworth, QC* Th is paper outlines the decisions of the Courts the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11), in the cases of Gilles Caron and Pierre Boutet that the said Languages Act of Alberta, [Caron]1 as well as the basic arguments advanced to the extent that it abolishes or reduces by the parties at the Supreme Court of Canada. the linguistic rights that were in force in Th e central issue in the case is whether there is Alberta before its adoption, pursuant to a constitutional obligation on the Province of section 110 of the North-West Territories Alberta to publish its laws in French. Act, 1875, as amended, is incompatible with the Constitution of Canada and is Th is is not intended to be an exhaustive anal- inoperative. ysis of the myriad of issues that were argued by Mr. Caron and Mr. Boutet in defence of their 2. An order pursuant to subsection 24(1) traffi c tickets. Rather, the objective is to give an of the Charter that the charge against the overview of the essentials of each of the deci- accused, Gilles Caron, be struck out. sions and the basic arguments advanced. Th is paper will also not address the matter of funding 3. A declaration pursuant to section 52 at trial, an issue in this case which also went to that the Legislature of the Province of the Supreme Court of Canada.2 Alberta must adopt in French and have all Acts and Regulations of the Province of Alberta assented to beginning with Background those required by Gilles Caron for this trial: Traffi c Safety Act; Use of Highways On the 4th of December 2003, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Sovereignty and Natural Resources-A Study of Canadian Petroleum Legislation
    Valparaiso University Law Review Volume 1 Number 2 Spring 1967 p.284 Spring 1967 Sovereignty and Natural Resources-A Study of Canadian Petroleum Legislation A. R. Thompson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation A. R. Thompson, Sovereignty and Natural Resources-A Study of Canadian Petroleum Legislation, 1 Val. U. L. Rev. 284 (1967). Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr/vol1/iss2/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Valparaiso University Law School at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Valparaiso University Law Review by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Thompson: Sovereignty and Natural Resources-A Study of Canadian Petroleum L SOVEREIGNTY AND NATURAL RESOURCES-A STUDY OF CANADIAN PETROLEUM LEGISLATION* A. R. THOMPSONI THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM Exploitation of natural resources is a major preoccupation of gov- ernments. Industrial nations seek to ensure a full flow of raw ma- terials; newly developing nations seek to provide the underpinnings of an industrial economy. In the United Nations, symposiums have focused attention on resource development.' These studies have sought to place the exercise of sovereignty over resources in proper perspective to foster a balance of interests between the developer and the country whose re- sources are exploited.2 In balancing these interests, sovereignty and se- curity of tenure are opposite sides of the scale. In the name of "sover- eignty,"' a country claims to control resource development as the national interest may dictate from time to time; in the name of "security of ten- ure," developers claim to exercise their acquired rights unimpeded and undiminished.
    [Show full text]
  • Jurisdictional Dilemmas in Resource Industries I
    1979) JURISDICTIONALDILEMMAS 91 JURISDICTIONALDILEMMAS IN RESOURCEINDUSTRIES WILLIAM M. ELLIOTT• This paper highlights constitutional dilemmas posed by the Canadian constitution in matters of resource regulation., marketing and taxation., with particular em­ phasis on Saskatchewan. The background to and impact of the CIGOL case is examined, including a discussion of the issues of direct tazation and the trade and commerce power. Ancillary matters such as recovery of payments under invalid laws and techniques of interim relief also receive scndiny. Similar problems in the potash and uranium industries are analyzed. I. INTRODUCTION The dilemmas posed by constitutional limitations on the powers of provincial governments and the federal government are not confined to oil and gas, but include all resources. Oil and gas are merely part of a larger question. Furthermore, the problems vary from region to region and province to province, and the approaches and solutions vary with the political philosophy of governments of the day. The struggle is not new and will not go away even in the event of constitutional change. Corporations, whether private or publicly owned, will always be faced with the discipline of the bottom line and governments with the real or fancied "need" of politicians and tax gatherers. The words "fair", "reasonable," "just' and "unconstitu­ tional" will continue to be heard. One should not expect any so-called solutions to be more than a te.mporary lull before another storm. In a huge country divided by regions, and governed by a federal system with divided constitutional powers, the possibilities of disagreement are endless. II. HISTORY Sections 91 and 92 of the British North America Act 1 give rise to most of the jurisdictional questions.
    [Show full text]
  • 1St Session 19Th Legislature
    JOURNALS of the LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY of the Province of Saskatchewan From the 22nd day of February. 1979 to the 3rd day of May. 1979 In the Twenty-eighth Year of the Reign of Our Sovereign Lady, Queen Elizabeth II BEING THE FIRST SESSION OF THE NINETEENTH LEGISLATURE OF THE PROVINCE OF SASKATCHEWAN Session, 1979 REGINA: R. S. REID. QUEEN'S PRINTER 1979 VOLUME LXXXV CONTENTS Session, 1979 JOURNALS of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan including QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Pages 1 to 197 JOURNALS of the Leg1slat1ve Assembly of Saskatchewan Pages 1 to 194 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Appendix Pages 195 to 197 MEETING OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY CAMERON IRWIN MclNTOSH. Lieutenant Governor, (L.S.) CANADA PROVINCE OF SASKATCHEWAN ELIZABETHTHE SECOND. by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom. Canada and Her other Realms and Territories QUEEN. Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. TO OUR FAITHFUL the MEMBERS elected to serve in the Legislative Assembly of Our Province of Saskatchewan. and to every one of you. GREETING: A PROCLAMATION DR. R. GOSSE. WHEREAS. it is expedient for causes Deputy and considerations to convene the Attorney General Legislative Assembly of Our Prov- ince of Saskatchewan. WE DO WILL that you and each of you and all others in this behalf interested on THURSDAY. the TWENTY-SECOND day of FEBRUARY. 1979, at Our City of Regina. personally be and appear for the despatch of Business. there to take into consideration the state and welfare of Our said Province of Saskatchewan and thereby do as may seem necessary. HEREIN FAIL NOT. IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF we have caused Our Letters to be made Patent and the Great Seal of Our said Province of Saskatchewan to be hereunto affixed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of the Temperance Movement in London and the Surrounding Area
    Western University Scholarship@Western Psychology Publications Psychology Department 2014 A Brief History of the Temperance Movement in London and the Surrounding Area Marvin L. Simner Western University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/psychologypub Part of the Canadian History Commons Citation of this paper: Simner, Marvin L., "A Brief History of the Temperance Movement in London and the Surrounding Area" (2014). Psychology Publications. 118. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/psychologypub/118 The London and Middlesex Historian Volume 23, Autumn 2014 A Brief History of the Temperance Movement in London and the Surrounding Area Marvin L. Simner The Need for Temperance t one time in the mid-to-late 1800s, there were as many as 11 temp- Organizations A In the early 1830s, London, with a erance lodges in London, Ontario along with a local chapter of the Woman's Christian population of around 1,300, already had Temperance Union (WCTU). The majority seven taverns. By 1864, and now with a population of around 14,000, the number of of the lodges, which typically met on a 1 weekly basis, represented three of the major licenced taverns had grown to 58. Then, in national temperance organizations in North the year of Confederation, the London Board America: Sons of Temperance, Independent of Police issued four more licences which meant that by 1867 there was one tavern for Order of Good Templars, and the British 2 American Order of Good Templars which every 225 citizens. was founded here in London. The aim of Since many of these establishments this report is to outline the nature and were clustered in the downtown area around accomplishments of these lodges and their King Street, this street soon became known national affiliates along with the WCTU.
    [Show full text]