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Marc Almodóvar La majoria de llibres de Virus editorial es troben sota llicències lliures i per la seva lliure descàrrega. Però els projectes autoges- tionaris i alternatius, com Virus editorial, necessiten un impor- tant suport econòmic. En la mesura que oferim bona part del nostre treball pel comú, creiem important crear també formes de col·laboració en la sostenibilitat del projecte. Subscriu-t’hi!! La mayoría de libros de Virus editorial se encuentran bajo li- cencias libres y para su libre descarga. Pero los proyectos au- togestionarios y alternativos, como Virus editorial, necesitan de un importante apoyo económico. En la medida en que ofrecemos buena parte de nuestro trabajo para lo común, creemos impor- tante crear también formas de colaboración en la sostenibilidad del proyecto. ¡Subscríbete! https://www.viruseditorial.net/es/editorial/socios Marc Almodóvar Egipte rere la barricada Revolució i contrarevolució més enllà de Tahrir Virus editorial Creative Commons LLICÈNCIA CREATIVE COMMONS - Aquesta llicència permet copiar, distribuir, exhibir i interpretar aquest text, sempre que es compleixin les següents condicions: Índex Autoria-atribució: s’haurà de respectar l’autoria del text i de la seva traducció. Sem- pre es farà constar el nom de l’autor/a i el del traductor/a. No comercial: no es pot utilitzar aquest treball amb finalitats comercials. No derivats: no es pot alterar, transformar, modificar o reconstruir aquest text. Els termes d’aquesta llicència hauran de constar d’una manera clara per qualsevol ús o distribució del text. Aquestes condicions es podran alterar només amb el permís Pròleg, per Santiago Alba Rico 9 explícit de l’autor/a. Aquest llibre té una llicència Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs-NonCommercial. Per a consultar les condicions d’aquesta llicència es pot visitar http://creativecommons. L’era Mubarak 19 org/licenses/by-nd-nc/1.0/ o enviar una carta a Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbot Way, Stanford, California 94305, EUA. • Antecedents i contextualització 21 © 2014 d’aquesta edició, Virus editorial © 2014 del text, Marc Almodóvar · Egipte vist des del Nile City 21 · El millor reformista del planeta 25 · El clan Gamal i el perill hereditari 31 Primera edició en català: gener 2014 · Els carrers parlen 34 · Neix Kifaia 40 Maquetació: Virus editorial · El període electoral de 2005 42 Coberta: Silvio García-Aguirre López Gay · Mubarak i els Germans Musulmans 48 · La lluita obrera 55 Imatge de la coberta cedida per: Manu Brabo (http://manubrabo.22slides.com) · La intifada del 6 d’abril 58 Revisions i correccions de l'edició en català: Núria Termes, Pere Comellas · La repressió encén la metxa 62 i Txell Freixinet · Un estat policial 66 · Armes blanques a les urnes 71 Lallevir SL / VIRUS editorial · S’apropa la insurrecció 76 C/ Aurora, 23 baixos, 08001 Barcelona T. / Fax: 93 441 38 14 • Divuit dies 79 C/e.: [email protected] · El 25 de gener 79 www.viruseditorial.net · El divendres de ràbia 83 Imprès a: · La república de Tahrir 88 Bookprint · La batalla del camell 91 Botánica 176-178 · La caiguda d’un faraó 93 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Tel.: 93 102 50 10 Fax.: 93 102 50 11 La revolució després de Mubarak 95 C/e.: [email protected] • Els militars: del poble i l’exèrcit units en 97 ISBN-13: 978-84-92559-49-7 una sola mà al Kazeboon Dipòsit legal: B-1146-2014 · La Junta Militar pren el poder 97 · La república dels generals 101 · Assimilant l’antic règim 228 · Victòria popular o cop d’estat silenciós? 107 · L’amnistia de l’antic règim 232 · El pacte de la transició 109 · L’FMI és la solució 239 · Khairat Shater: L’home de la transició 114 · L’amarga píndola de la reforma 245 · La roda de producció 120 · Doctrina del xoc 124 • Cop revolucionari o revolució colpista 253 · Es negocia el préstec 126 · Tamarrod 253 · La mà de ferro dels judicis militars 128 · S’apropa el 30 de juny 257 · Violència militar: bastó sense pastanaga 131 · Crònica d’una caiguda 260 · La tensió bull 134 · Fi de l’ultimàtum 265 · Eleccions sobre un toll de sang 138 · L’exèrcit trenca el pacte de transició 270 · Les urnes entre el caos 143 · Un nou executiu liberal 274 · Militars Kazeeboon 148 · Riad aplaudeix 279 · El nou parlament 151 · La Casa Blanca s’ofega 282 · Un nou balanç de poders 155 · El mubarakisme es refà 286 · Massacre al camp de futbol 157 · El mandat d’Al-Sisi 289 · Impunitat per damunt de tot 161 · Rabaa Adaweya i el trencament del fil 292 · Un règim que es defensa 165 · Cacera de bruixes 296 · El judici del segle 168 Epíleg 303 • El circ de les urnes presidencials 175 · Una lluna de mel en risc 175 Glossari 309 · Controvertits aïllaments 179 · Termes 309 · Una comissió que disposa 184 · Personalitats 310 · Una primera volta tacada pel dubte 187 · Institucions i organitzacions 312 · L’antic règim i la Germandat, cara a cara 190 · Cronologia bàsica 313 · Cop d’estat per la llei 193 Bibliografia 317 · Tensió a les urnes 195 · Una setmana vora el precipici 198 • Egipte sota els Germans Musulmans 205 · Un nou mapa 205 · Mursi jubila Tantawi 209 · L’atac a Gaza i el decret constitucional 214 · Una constitució que s’aprova de matinada 219 · La guerra per la constitució 222 A Hassan, Ebeid, Amr i Ezz, els meus companys de revolució. Però sobretot a Nagui, Semsem i les petites Marwa i Maríam, que des de la seva fràgil torre d’oblit i silenci, on les carreteres porten a llocs inimaginables i les lletres no són més que gargots indesxifrables, són les víctimes que alimenten aquesta muntanya d’avarícia, despotisme i esclavitud humana. Perquè, com deia Galeano, la seva fam ens alimenta i la seva nuesa ens vesteix. I vull agrair a l’Andreu els seus consells, a la Núria les seves llargues hores de correcció i a la Yolanda, tot això i les moltes estones de xerrada fumant una xixa sense les quals aquest llibre potser mai s’hauria arribat a maquinar. «Una revolució a mitges és la destrucció d’un poble» Pancarta a la plaça Tahrir Pròleg Santiago Alba Rico Al final de la segona guerra mundial, dos esdeveniments van marcar el destí del món àrab en el vesper geopolític interna­ cional del segle XX. El primer fet té a veure, naturalment, amb el petroli. El 14 de febrer de 1945, el president estatunidenc Franklin D. Roosevelt i el rei Abdelaziz ibn Saud, fundador de l’actual estat de l’Aràbia Saudita, van firmar el pacte del Quincey, anomenat així pel nom del creuer militar en què es van celebrar les converses, que van portar a un acord energètic, encara vigent, en virtut del qual es garantia als Estats Units d’Amèrica (EUA) l’accés privilegiat al combustible fòssil del golf Pèrsic. A canvi, la potència estatunidenca va permetre a l’Aràbia Saudita utilitzar aquesta formidable font de riquesa per difondre a tota la regió, no pas el benestar social i el desen­ volupament econòmic, sinó la versió més reaccionària, violenta i puritana de l’islam sunnita. El wahabisme, doctrina fundada per Mohammed Abdel Wahab a mitjans del segle XVIII, que fins aleshores només havia merescut el menyspreu i la condem­ na del món musulmà, es va convertir de mica en mica, després del pacte del Quincey, en una mena de «nova ortodòxia» o, si més no, de visió integrada, respectable i atractiva de l’islam. El 9 Egipte rere la barricada ·· Marc Almodóvar Pròleg petroli, que només ha deixat misèria i guerres a la zona, va avor­ que rra panarabista cap a la dreta panislamista. L’abjecte in va­ tar la renovació il·lustrada i progressista del pensament musul­ sió nord­americana de l’Iraq va completar paradoxalment mà (vinculada al moviment Nahda de les primeres dècades del aquest quadre, tot entregant un país destruït i dividit a l’enemic segle), i va imposar o va alimentar les formes d’organització i iranià. interpretació més retrògrades i antidemocràtiques. Atrapats en la pròpia importància abstracta com si fossin El segon esdeveniment és la fundació a Palestina de l’estat peces d’escacs, els pobles àrabs van ser sotmesos a les necessi­ d’Israel. El 1948, de fet, mentre el colonialisme retrocedia a tot tats d’un paradoxal equilibri, sempre acompanyat de matan­ el món com a resultat de l’empenta dels pobles i de la refunda­ ces, guer res, invasions i pobresa, plagues isolades en el parany ció de les Nacions Unides al servei d’un nou ordre internacio­ d’unes ferotges dictadures congelades en el temps. Si occiden­ nal, les potències vencedores de la segona guerra mundial van tals, islamistes i nacionalistes coincidien en alguna cosa de la donar suport a un anacrònic projecte colonial a Palestina, les mateixa manera era en el menyspreu per la democràcia i l’Estat conseqüències del qual arriben fins als nostres dies. Després de de Dret, incompatibles amb la «lluita antiterrorista» i amb la sis guerres, milers de morts i milions de desplaçats, l’ocupació «lluita antiimperialista». La tortura, la repressió, la llibertat sionista de Palestina s’ha convertit en el més gran catalitzador d’ex pressió emmordassada, junt amb la corrupció i el menys­ de solidaritat panàrab i d’inestabilitat mundial. preu per la gent, eren funcions indispensables del manteniment Tota la política occidental a la zona ha girat al voltant de l’statu quo. Aquesta era la situació que descrivia el famós d’aquests dos pilars: el petroli del Golf i l’estat colonialista informe encarregat l’abril de 2005 pel PNUD (Programa de les d’Israel. Enfront del wahabisme petrolier i el sionisme israelià, Nacions Unides per al Desenvolupament) a un grup d’in­ en els anys 50 i 60 van sorgir al món àrab projectes sobiranis ­ tel·lectuals àrabs: «D’acord amb els estàndards del segle XXI, tes que, alhora, impugnaven les divisions geogràfiques hereta­ els països àrabs no han resolt les aspiracions de desenvolu pa­ des dels acords Sykes­Picot.
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