www.diako.ir Who Was Steve Jobs? www.diako.ir Who Was Steve Jobs? By Pam Pollack and Meg Belviso Illustrated by John O’Brien Grosset & Dunlap An Imprint of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. www.diako.ir To Reo and Hiro, who light up my life—PDP To Olivia and Melissa, insanely great iNieces—MB For Linda—JO www.diako.ir GROSSET & DUNLAP Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M4P 2Y3, Canada (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd., 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Group Ireland, 25 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd.) Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty. Ltd.) Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd., 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi—110 017, India Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd.) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty.) Ltd., 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd., Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England If you purchased this book without a cover, you should be aware that this book is stolen property. It was reported as “unsold and destroyed” to the publisher, and neither the author nor the publisher has received any payment for this “stripped book.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, scanned, or distributed in any printed or electronic form without permission. Please do not participate in or encourage piracy of copyrighted materials in violation of the authors’ rights. Purchase only authorized editions. The publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party websites or their content. Text copyright © 2012 by Pam Pollack and Meg Belviso. Interior illustrations © 2012 by John O’Brien. Cover illustration © 2012 by Nancy Harrison. Published by Grosset & Dunlap, a division of Penguin Young Readers Group, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014. GROSSET & DUNLAP is a trademark of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. Printed in the U.S.A. Library of Congress Control Number: 2011049209 ISBN: 978-1-101-57790-5 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ALWAYS LEARNING PEARSON www.diako.ir Contents Who Was Steve Jobs? Growing Up in the Valley The Birth of Apple Up and Down—and Out What’s NeXT? To Infinity and Beyond Return to Apple Think Different Insanely Great Timelines Bibliography www.diako.ir Who Was Steve Jobs? Steve Jobs always loved machines. His father repaired machines for a living. As a child, Steve loved to watch his dad build and fix things. When Steve grew up, he started a company that built machines. Not just any machines, but a machine Steve was sure would soon become part of daily life, just like cars and TV sets. What was this machine? A personal computer. Today, millions of people own personal computers. But back in the 1970s nobody did. The first modern computer came out in 1938. A computer built in 1946 was as big as a room! When Steve was a kid, computers were still too big and complicated for the average person to use. The government used them to gather information. www.diako.ir Steve was going to change that. Steve and his friend Steve Wozniak started Apple Computers in the Jobses’ garage. Their computer, the Apple II, was the hit of a West Coast computer fair in 1977. Why? It looked fun to use. In 1979, Steve visited the research center of the tech company Xerox. It was in Palo Alto, California. He walked around, looking at the new computers the engineers were working on. “What’s that?” Steve asked one man. He pointed to a small gadget by a computer. When the engineer moved the gadget with his hand, an arrow on the computer screen moved, too. “This is a point-and-click graphical user interface,” the man explained. That sure was a complicated name for a gadget that did something very simple—and very amazing. Every time the man moved the pointer to a picture on the screen and clicked, it opened a program on the computer. Steve stared at the little gadget. In 1979, computers were operated by punching in keys on a keyboard. To work the computer, you had www.diako.ir to know the right keys to push. This little gadget made using the computer so much easier. Steve couldn’t believe it. He imagined having something similar for his computers. “When are you going to sell it?” he asked the engineer. “We’re not,” he said. “It’s fun, but there’s no market for it.” Steve Jobs knew differently. As he stared at the little gadget, he could see the future rolling out in front of him. Billions of people pointing and clicking on their home computers. He would have to improve the gadget. He would make it better. And he wouldn’t call it a “point-and-click graphical user interface.” He would call it by its friendlier nickname: the mouse. That day, Steve knew the world was going to change. And he, Steve Jobs, was going to make it happen. EARLY COMPUTERS www.diako.ir AS ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY AND COMPUTERS ADVANCE, THEY GET SMALLER AND SMALLER. A COMPUTER YOU HOLD IN YOUR HAND TODAY CAN DO MORE THAN A COMPUTER THAT SAT ON A DESK TEN YEARS AGO. THE FIRST COMMERCIAL COMPUTER PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES WAS THE UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER—OR UNIVAC—IN 1951. IT WEIGHED 29,000 POUNDS AND TOOK UP MORE THAN 42.5 SQUARE YARDS OF FLOOR SPACE. YET IT ONLY PERFORMED 1,905 OPERATIONS PER SECOND. TODAY, AN IPAD CAN PERFORM 1.65 BILLION OPERATIONS IN THE SAME SECOND. www.diako.ir Chapter 1 Growing Up in the Valley In 1954, Joanne Schieble was a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin. She fell in love with a teaching assistant. He was from Syria. And his name was Abdulfattah Jandali. They were young and had no money. So when Joanne learned she was going to have a baby, they decided to put the baby up for adoption. Paul and Clara Jobs wanted a child very much. They adopted the couple’s baby and named him Steven Paul Jobs. He was born on February 24, 1955. Three years after Steve was born, the Jobses adopted a little girl, Patti. Steve liked his little sister. But they didn’t have much in common. The family lived in Mountain View, California. It was a beautiful area full of fruit trees. People called it the Valley of Heart’s Delight. But Mountain View was changing. New companies were coming to the area. The companies were trying to develop new electronic equipment. Eventually, the area became known by a different name: Silicon Valley. www.diako.ir SILICON VALLEY SILICON VALLEY WAS GIVEN ITS NAME BY NEWSPAPERS REPORTING ABOUT THE NEW INDUSTRY SPRINGING UP IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. THIS NEW INDUSTRY MADE SEMICONDUCTOR CHIPS. THESE CHIPS COULD CHANNEL ELECTRICITY. THAT MADE THEM VERY IMPORTANT FOR COMPUTERS AND OTHER ELECTRONIC DEVICES. THEY USED SILICON, A VERY FINE SAND, AS A RAW MATERIAL TO MAKE THEM. www.diako.ir Steve loved to help his father work on cars. Paul even made him his own little workbench when Steve was five. He showed him how to use a hammer and saw. Paul was a mechanical whiz, and he passed on his love of gadgets to his son. A neighbor gave Steve his first Heathkit—Steve made radio transistors with it. In 1968, when he was thirteen, Steve discovered a part was missing from one of his kits. The kit was made by Hewlett-Packard, a big company in Silicon Valley that developed and made parts for computers. Steve got a phone book and looked up the number of Bill Hewlett. He was one of the founders of the company. Steve called him to complain. By the time they got off the phone, Hewlett had offered Steve a summer job and promised him a bagful of machine parts. What was Steve’s answer? Yes, of course! Steve also joined Hewlett-Packard’s Explorer Club. It offered lectures to kids interested in electronics. At one lecture, Steve saw a computer for the first time. At school, Steve hung around with other kids who loved electronics. He also had a girlfriend, Chrisann Brennan. Through the kids in his computer club, Steve met Steve Wozniak who was several years older. “Woz” had an amazing talent for making things. www.diako.irHe was going to a local college and designing computers as a hobby. When Steve graduated from high school in 1972, he enrolled at Reed College in Oregon. There was only one problem: Steve couldn’t pay for college. So Steve went to the dean of Reed. He asked if he could live in the dorms and sit in on classes for free. Steve wouldn’t ever get a degree, but he would learn about subjects he was interested in. Why would the dean agree to that? Like Bill Hewlett at Hewlett-Packard, the dean was impressed by Steve. And he did say yes. Within a week, Steve was attending classes. He studied eastern religions and calligraphy, which was the art of fine handwriting. It wasn’t an easy life. Steve slept on the floor of his friends’ rooms. He collected Coke bottles for spending money.