Maladie Fongique Et Profils De Vulnérabilité : Le Cas De La Rouille Des Myrtaceae (Austropuccinia Psidii) En Nouvelle-Calédonie

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Maladie Fongique Et Profils De Vulnérabilité : Le Cas De La Rouille Des Myrtaceae (Austropuccinia Psidii) En Nouvelle-Calédonie Doctorat Discipline : Biologie des populations et écologie Julia SOEWARTO Maladie fongique et profils de vulnérabilité : le cas de la rouille des Myrtaceae (Austropuccinia psidii) en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Thèse dirigée par Laurent MAGGIA Soutenue le 07 décembre 2017 Jury : Hamid AMIR Professeur des universités, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Président Valérie BURTET- Maître de conférences, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie Examinateur SARRAMEGNA Michel DRON Professeur émérite, Université de Paris Sud – Paris Saclay Examinateur Gaël LECELLIER Maître de conférences, HDR, Université de Versailles Rapporteur Chercheur, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Jonathan PLETT Rapporteur Sydney University, Australie Fabian CARRICONDE Chercheur, Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien Co-encadrant Laurent MAGGIA Chercheur HDR, CIRAD Directeur de thèse- À mes parents, Jules et Georgiane Soewarto, qui m’ont enseigné la persévérance, le courage et le respect d’autrui. 2 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier en premier lieu mes parents, Jules et Georgiane Soewarto. Merci d’avoir été à mes côtés tout au long de mes études, de m’avoir transmis votre force, de m’avoir soutenue aussi bien moralement que financièrement. Merci d’être des parents extraordinaires, capables de déployer tous les moyens possibles et inimaginables pour me protéger et me permettre de m’épanouir dans cette voie que j’ai choisie de suivre. Vous êtes et serez toujours mes piliers, mes héros au quotidien et mes modèles de réussite en tout point. Cette thèse est vôtre, elle est le fruit de notre travail, de nos sacrifices à tous les trois. Il n’existe pas de mots assez forts pour vous dire à quel point je vous suis reconnaissante et fière d’être votre fille. Merci à mon directeur de thèse Laurent Maggia pour m’avoir donné l’opportunité de faire une thèse dans mon pays et dans un domaine qui me tient tant à cœur. Vous avez été l’initiative de ce sujet de thèse, de son côté novateur et à nous deux, nous avons parcouru un long chemin. Merci de m’avoir poussée à toujours me mettre en avant, souvent malgré moi et ma timidité légendaire, cela a toujours été payant au final. Merci de m’avoir remise sur les rails quand je m’écartais du chemin, d’avoir pris le temps de réfléchir avec moi quand je me retrouvais coincée, merci d’avoir cru en moi et d’avoir tout mis en œuvre pour trouver les financements de ce projet. Merci à Stéphanie Sidibe-Bocs et Chantal Hamelin, mes encadrantes en bioinformatique. Merci pour tout le temps que vous m’avez accordé, pour votre investissement, votre gentillesse, votre patience à toute épreuve. Merci de vous être rendus disponibles chaque fois que j’en avais besoin, de m’avoir tant aidée et pour tous nos skypes réguliers. Sans vos précieuses connaissances, je doute que j’aurai pu arriver seule à tous nos résultats. Je suis partie de pratiquement zéro en bioinformatique et avec beaucoup d’appréhension. Il a fallu tout apprendre et vous avez réussi à m’y faire prendre goût. J’espère à l’avenir continuer à m’améliorer dans le domaine. Travailler avec vous a été l’une des plus belles expériences que j’ai vécues dans cette thèse et la plus enrichissante. Merci à mon co-encadrant Fabian Carriconde pour avoir cru en moi et pour m’avoir boostée sur la fin de la thèse avec des discours ultra-positifs. Merci pour les corrections (in english et en français) et pour les sages conseils sur la thèse et la vie en général. Je remercie celles qui ont ensoleillé chaque journée de travail. Elles sont mes collègues, mes poupoules, mes IACettes, je ne vous oublierai jamais. Kelly Letellier, ma Kellaii, tu as été là pour moi du début à la fin. Merci de m’avoir soutenue tout ce temps, d’avoir toujours cru en moi, de m’avoir fait rire chaque jour, de m’avoir gâtée en câlins et en bonbons. Anne Houlés, mon Anna Banana merci pour tes sourires, ta joie de vivre, tes bons conseils sur la thèse, la cuisine, la mode, et toutes nos joyeuses aventures. Mes plus beaux souvenirs de thèse, c’est à toi que je les dois. Géraldine Bidau-Ken, ma Gégé merci de m’avoir transmis ton savoir au labo, de m’avoir encouragée du début à la fin, et d’avoir toujours su trouver les paroles sages dans mes moments de fatigue et de rébellion. Sarah Gigante, ma princesse Sarah, merci pour ta douceur, ta gentillesse, ton soutien, tes sourires de chaque jour. Merci d’avoir toujours été là pour m’écouter, me conseiller, me donner du courage et pour tous nos moments passés ensemble. Laure Barrabé, ma Laurette à mes yeux une véritable divinité de la botanique et une source d’inspiration, merci pour toute l’aide que tu m’as apportée dans cette thèse. Mélanie Lelièvre, ma Mélanie jolie, tes bons conseils et ta sagesse ont littéralement changé ma vie…ce n’est pas une erreur, c’est de l’expérience ! Sylvie Russet, ma compatriote de v délires ! Merci pour nos moments de rigolade intense et nos conversations philosophiques du soir. J’aimerais remercier le GDS-V pour toute leur aide et plus particulièrement Nicolas Hugot pour sa gentillesse, sa disponibilité et ses précieux conseils sur la reconnaissance de la rouille. Je souhaiterais également exprimer ma gratitude à Carmela Gonzales et Philippe Rinck, propriétaires de la pépinière des Hauts de Farino. Merci à tous les deux de m’avoir laissée effectuer le suivi de la rouille au sein de votre pépinière. Merci d’avoir toujours été à l’écoute et merci également à Valériane pour sa gentillesse et l’entretien des plants au quotidien. Je remercie chaleureusement le service SIVAP de la DAVAR pour toute leur aide et pour avoir été à l’initiative de la base de données rouille en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Je remercie en particulier Elodie Nakamura et Aurélie Chan pour leur gentillesse et leur aide. Merci à Clarisse Majorel pour avoir partagé avec moi son précieux savoir sur l’extraction d’ARN et tous ses bons conseils ! Merci à Angélique Berger et Hélène Vignes pour m’avoir encadrée à Montpellier sur la banque d’ADNc et à Pierre Mournet pour tous ses bons conseils et pour avoir pris en charge l’envoi au séquençage. A l’ensemble de l’équipe Intégration des Données du CIRAD de Montpellier, et en particulier à Alexis Dereeper, Gauthier Sarah, Alix Armero, Bertrand Pitollat, Gaetan Droc, Dominique This… Merci à tous(tes) de m’avoir accueillie dans votre équipe, pour votre gentillesse et pour toute l’aide que vous m’avez apportée durant cette thèse. Je tiens à remercier Guillaume Martin de l’équipe Structure et Evolution des Génomes pour m’avoir permis d’utiliser ses scripts et pour toute l’aide précieuse qu’il m’a apportée pour les adapter à mes données. Merci à Luc Baudouin pour ses conseils sur les FST et sur l’analyse des SNPs. J’adresse également mes remerciements à Frédéric Breton pour ses conseils en phytopathologie. Un grand merci à toutes les personnes qui m’ont accompagnée sur le terrain et qui m’ont aidée à traquer la rouille, Guillaume Lanuzel, Alexandre Bouarat, Anthony Pain, René Guiglion, Jean-Paul Latai et en particulier l’aide précieuse des déesses de la forêt, les botanistes aussi passionnantes que passionnées, Marion Anquez, Céline Chambrey, et Thais Vasconcelos. Un grand merci à Vanessa Hequet, véritable gourou de la botanique, pour l’identification des espèces au niveau de l’herbier. Merci à tous les contributeurs de la base de données de la rouille en Nouvelle-Calédonie, et ceux qui m’ont apportée des échantillons de très loin, en particulier Sophie Tronc pour Ouvéa et Julien Drouin pour Maré. Merci à la société GLENCORE pour m’avoir aidée financièrement dans ce travail de thèse et en particulier merci à Sylvain Capo pour sa gentillesse et pour avoir cru en ce projet. vi Merci à la Province Sud pour le prix d’encouragement à la recherche qu’ils m’ont attribué. Merci à l’ensemble du personnel de l’Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien pour leur aide, leur gentillesse et pour m’avoir soutenue tout au long de cette thèse. Merci à Estelle Bonnet-Vidal qui m’a coachée pour le concours MT180 et auprès de qui j’ai beaucoup appris. Merci à Armelle Tardivel pour sa gentillesse et son œil d’experte sur la mise en page. Merci à Laurent Millet, maître jedi incontesté de la galaxie Plateforme du Vivant ! Merci pour ton aide précieuse au labo et pour tes conseils (toujours avisés). Et merci aussi à ta famille, Mylène, Norah et Timothée pour votre amitié, et votre soutien. Merci à tous(tes) les copains et copines, compatriotes de thèse ou déjà docteurs, pour leurs conseils avisés et les joyeux moments de partage qu’on a passé ensemble. En particulier un grand merci à Julien Demenois, Bryan Vincent, Nicolas Folcher, Marine Toussirot, Simon Gensous, Laura Lagourgue, Patrick Houssard, Elefterios Chalkiadakis, Laurent Bordez. Merci à Claire Billot et ses enfants pour m’avoir si gentiment accueillie durant toutes mes missions à Montpellier et pour m’avoir gâtée en confiture de fraise faite maison ! A ma grand-mère Aline Clavel, merci pour tout ton amour et ton soutien. Merci de me protéger depuis toujours, de me gâter de ton affection et de tes bons petits plats. Je t’aime par- dessus tout et j’espère te rendre fière. A mon parrain et poète Jean-Yves Meuric, merci pour ton optimisme légendaire et ton soutien indéfectible. Merci d’avoir toujours été présent dans ma vie et de m’avoir autant encouragée dans mes études.
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