69-11671 MARTINELLI, Fred Marion, 1929
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This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 69-11,671 MARTINELLI, Fred Marion, 1929- A BRIEF HISTORY OF SUBSIDIZATION AND A FOLLOW-UP STUDY COMPARING GRANT-IN-AID AND NON-GRANT-IN-AID ATHLETES AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 1957-1962. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1968 Education, physical University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan A BRIEF HISTORY OF SUBSIDIZATION AND A FOLLOW-UP STUDY COMPARING GRANT-IN-AID AND NON-GRANT-IN-AID ATHLETES AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 1957-1962 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University .0 ° By Fred M. Martinelli, B.A.# M.A. The Ohio State University 1968 Approved by Adviser Department of Physical Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Dr. Bruce L. Bennett for his constant encouragement* enthusiastic guidance and valuable assistance not only during the course of this study but throughout the entire graduate school program. Sincere gratitude is extended to Dr. Simon Dinitx* Dr. Lewis Hess and Mr. Richard Larkins for their patient guidance* valuable assistance and sincere friendship in assisting with this study. Appreciation is also extended to the Ohio State University athletes who made this study possible. ii VITA February 15, 1929 .... Born - Columbus, Ohio 1947 ................. High School Diploma, Westerville High School, Westerville, Ohio 1951 ................. B.A. in Physical Education and History, Otterbein College, Westerville, Ohio 1951-1956 ............. Teacher-Football Coach, Bellville High School, Bellville, Ohio 1956-1959 . ........... Teacher-Football Coach, Bryan High School, Bryan, Ohio 1959-19 1 ............. Assistant Professor of Physical Education, Head Football Coach, Ashland College, Ashland, Ohio 1960 ................. M. A. in Physical Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1964 ................. Associate Professor of Physical Education, Head Football Coach, Ashland College, Ashland, Ohio 1968 ................. Chairman, Division of Health, Physical Education, Athletics and Intramurals, Ashland College, Ashland, Ohio iii CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................... ii VITA ..................................................... iii TABLES ................................................... vii Chapter I. NATURE* PURPOSE AND DESIGN OF STUDY ............... 1 Introduction .................................. 1 Purpose of the S t u d y ........................... 6 Design of the S t u d y ........................... 8 Definition of Terms ........................... 15 II. SPORTS IN AMERICA PRIOR TO 1906 ................... 17 American Attitude Toward Winning ................. 17 British Influence .............................. 19 Influence of the Protestant Ethic ............... 19 Growth of Intercollegiate Sports ................. 20 Subsidization in the Late 1800's................... 21 Early Control of Athletics......................... 22 III. THE ORIGINATION OF THE N.C.A.A. AS AN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION AND ITS EFFECT ON SUBSIDIZATION 1906 - 1940 ...................................... 27 Formation of the N.C.A.A......................... 27 Subsidization in the First Constitution ......... 32 The Baseball Problem ........................... 34 Amateurism Defined ............................ 35 Subsidization 1906-1920 ............. 36 Pseudo-Rhodes Scholarship ..................... 37 World War I .................................... 38 Constitution Revision in 1922 ................... 39 iv CONTENTS (Contd.) Chapter Page Subsidization in the 1920* s ........................ 39 Carnegie Foundation Studies of College Athletics....................................... 41 Following the Carnegie Reports ................... 44 The N.C.A.A. Code of 1934 ......................... 45 Increase in subsidization ......................... 46 Adoption of the Term* Grant-in-Aid ............... 48 Pressures for Enforcement ......................... 49 IV. THE N.C.A.A. AS A REGULATORY ORGANIZATION AND ITS EFFECT ON SUBSIDIZATION* 1940-1966 Constitutional Revision in 1940 ................... 54 Additions to the Revision* 1 9 4 1 .................... 56 Effects of the W a r ................................. 57 Post War B o o m ..................................... 57 The Sanity Code....................................59 Reaction to the Sanity C o d e ........................ 64 Sanity Code on T r i a l .............................. 65 Death of the Sanity C o d e .......................... 67 Constitutional Revision 1952 67 Basic Constitution Revision ..................... 6 8 Infractions Since 1954 71 Regulations Since 1952 72 Recent Developments Affecting Subsidization ........ 75 Current Practices in Athletic Subsidization ........ 78 V. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Characteristics of the Study Population ........... 83 Socio-Economic Background of the Athletes' Parents......................................... 86 The Athletes* Academic Background and Achieve ment in Higher Education ....................... 89 Factors Which Led to the Athletes Decision to Attend The Ohio State University ............. 98 Nature of Financial Aid Received and Personal Opinions Relating to this Matter ............. 106 v CONTENTS (Contd.) Chapter Page Support of the University Through the Alumni Association and Related Activities ............... 112 Present Status in Society ......................... 116 Factors Related to the Athletic Experience ......... 125 Personal Impressions Regarding the Athletic Experience....................................... 140 VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................. 147 Summary4 Historical Development ofSubsidization . 148 Summary* Follow-up Study of Ohio State University Athletes ................................. 152 Conclusions ............................ ..... 160 APPENDIX................................................... 166 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................. 172 vi TABLES Table Page 1. Questionnaires Sent out, Returned and Usable .... 84 2. Questionnaires Sent Out and Returned According to Sports Participation ........................... 85 3. Socio-Economic Position of Respondents' Father According to the North-Hatt Scale ............... 87 4. Fathers' Educational Background .................. 88 5. Mothers* Educational Background ................... 89 6. Graduated From The Ohio State University ......... 91 7. Graduated from Some College or University Other Than The Ohio State University ................... 91 8. Major Field of S t u d y .............................. 92 9. Source for Selection of Major Field of S t u d y ........................................ 93 10. Received Tutorial Assistance Through the Athletic Department...................................... 94 11. College Degrees Received .......................... 96 12. Military Service .................................. 97 13. Offer of Financial Assistance .................... 99 14. Athletic Status of O.S.U.............................100 15. Influence of O.S.U. Coaching Staff ................. 101 16. Influence of A l u m n i .................................102 17. Influence of High School C o a c h ..................... 103 vii TABLES (Contd.) Table Page 18. Proximity to H o m e ................................... 104 19. Status as State University ....................... 105 20. Influence of P a r e n t s ................................105 21. Academic Status of O.S.U..............................106 22. Influence of Students on C ampus...................... 106 23. Sport in Which Grant-in-Aid Was Received ............ 108 24. Financial Assistance Through Sources Other Than the Grant-In-Aid.................................. 109 25. Would Grant Recipients Attend Ohio State Without Benefit of a Grant-In-Aid........................ 110 26. Did Respondents Develop Athletic Ability in High School with the Thought of Securing Financial Assistance for this Ability in College?............ Ill 27. Opinion Regarding the Extent of Financial Aid which Should Be Permitted to Athletes ............. 112 28. Alumni Association Membership ..................... 113 29. Financial Contributions to the University .......... 114 30. Contribution to the Development Fund on an Annual Basis .................................... 115 31. Other Contacts with the University................... 116 32. Present Socio-Economic Position of Respondents as Determined by the North-Hatt Scale and Divided Into Highv Middle and L o w ......................... 118 33. Socio-Economic Status of Fathers ..................... 119 viii TABLES (Contd.) Table Page 34. Comparison of Socio-Economic Status of Respondents and Fathers ......................... 120 35. Gross Income for 1966 ........................... 121 36. Conposite Response Regarding Membership in Various Organizations ....................... 123 37. Leadership in Various Organizations .............. 124 38. Annual Contributor to Political Party ............. 125 39. Served on Political Party Committee or Held Political Office ................................ 125 40. Intercollegiate Sports Participated in by Respondents....................................... 127 41. Number of Varsity Letters Received in Each S p o r t ............................... ‘............ 129 42. Professional Sports Participation ................. 130 43. Specific Sports Played on the Professional Level . 131 44. Years Participated in Professional