DOCSLIB.ORG

Validation of Cyanobacteriazes Stanier in Gibbons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Validation of Cyanobacteriazes Stanier in Gibbons INTERNATIONAL JOCJRNALOF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY, Apr. 1978, p. 332-333 Vol. 28, No. 2 ~20-7713/78/0028-0332$02.00/0 Copyright 0 1978 International Association of Microbiological Societies Printed in U.S. A. Validation of CyanobacteriaZes Stanier in Gibbons and Murray 1978 as a New Order of the Kingdom Procaryotae Murray 1968, and of the Use of Neuter Plural Endings for Photobacteria and Scotobacteria classes nov. Gibbons and Murray 1978 Request for an Opinion N. E. GIBBONS? AND R. G. E. MURRAY Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario The blue-green bacteria have been called by the vernacular name cyanobacteria for some time, and an order Cyanobacteriales Stanier in Gibbons and Murray 1978 seems the most appropriate name for them. Validation of this name is requested even though there is no corresponding genus in the order. As the- International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, 1976 revision, does not specify specific endings for taxa above the rank of order, validation of the neuter plural nouns Photo bacteria and Scoto bacteria for the new classes proposed by Murray and Gibbons 1978 is requested. Recently, Gibbons and Murray (2) proposed times, and a genus “Cyanobacterium” is un- a classification for the higher taxa of bacteria. known, although there are several with the pre- The kingdom Proearyotae Murray 1968 (7) was fix “cyano,” e.g., Cyanococcus Hansgirg 1905, divided into three divisions on the basis of cell 521 (3). Names such as Cyanophyta Steinecke wall staining reaction and biochemistry: namely, 1931 (12) and Cyanophyceae Sachs 1874 (9) are Gracilicutes and Firmacutes Gibbons and Mur- well known but are used for the rank of phylum ray 1978 and Mollicutes Edward and Freundt and class, respectively. With the proposed clas- 1967 (1). Gracilicutes comprises organisms with sification, these become synonyms of the order gram-negative cell walls and contains two new Cyanobacteriales as used by Gibbons and Mur- classes: Photobacteria and Scotobacteria. The ray (2). The only genus of cyanobacteria with class Photobacteria is divided into two sub- the suffix implying bacterium is the recently classes: Oxyphotobacteriae and Anoxyphoto- described Gloeo bacter Rippka, Waterbury, and bacteriae. The subclass Oxyphoto bacteriae Cohen-Bazire 1974, 435. However, this genus is would comprise two orders: Cyano bacteriales not representative of the blue-green bacteria as (ordo nov.) and Prochlorales Lewin 1977 (6). a whole as it does not contain thylakoids. Fur- According to Rule 15 of the 1976 revision of thermore, the prefix “glois” (gelatinous, viscid) the International Code of Nomenclature of does not describe the whole order as effectively Bacteria (4), “For each named taxon of the as does the prefix “cyano.” various taxonomic categories (listed below), Other current names of blue-green bacteria there shall be designated a nomenclatural type.” are also inappropriate to construct a new ordinal The taxa listed in Table 2 (p. 18 of reference 4) name because the existing botanical class in- range from species to class. The types proposed cludes orders that might cause nomenclatural are as follows: division Gracilicutes, class Pho- confusion with the present proposal to rank the tobacteria, subclass Oxyphoto bacteria, and or- cyanobacteria as an order rather than a higher der Cyanobacteriales. taxon. Two nomenclatural problems arise from the R. Y. Stanier was one of the first to use the proposals outlined above, and opinions are re- term cyanobacteria and stress the relation of quested to resolve them. These are as follows. these organisms to other bacteria (10, 11). Al- (i) The type of an order is the “genus on though Lewin (5) has made objections to such a whose name the higher taxon is based” (see p. change and would prefer to retain the name 18 of reference 4). But the cyanobacteria (10,ll) Cyanophyceae on the basis of priority, it would have been considered as plants until recent seem that this would only continue the confu- sion. A name is needed that parallels this time- t Deceased, 10 December 1977. honored designation, that is readily understood, 332 VOL. 28, 1978 REQUEST FOR AN OPINION 333 and that is expressive. We therefore request that the Order Mycoplasmatales. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol, the name Cyanobacteriales Stanier in Gibbons 17:267-268. 2. Gibbons, N. E., and R. G. E. Murray. 1978. Proposals and Murray 1978 be made a correct, validly concerning the higher taxa of bacteria. Int. J. Syst. published, and legitimate name. Bacteriol. 28: 1-6. (ii) A second problem concerns the proper 3. Hansgirg, A. 1905. Grundziige der Algenflora von Nieder ending for taxa above the rank of order. Rule 7 osterreich. Beih. Botan. Zbl. Abt. 2. 18:417-522. 4. Lapage, S. P., P. H. A. Sneath, E. F. Lessel, V. B. D. (4) indicates that the names of taxa above the Skerman, H. P. R. Seeliger, and W. A. Clark (ed.). rank of genus are of the feminine gender. Rule 1975. International code of nomenclature of bacteria, 8, which deals with taxa above the rank of order, 1976 revision. American Society for Microbiology, does not indicate that the feminine gender is a Washington, D.C. 5. Lewin, R. A. 1976. Naming the blue-greens. Nature (Lon- requirement. In fact, one of the examples given, don) 259:360. Schizomycetes, is masculine. Considering the va- 6. Lewin, R. A. 1977. Prochloron, type genus of the Pro- riety of endings already required for the lower chlorophyta. Phycologia 16: 2 17. taxa and in the interest of simplicity, it is re- 7. Murray, R. G. E. 1968. Microbial structure as an aid to microbial classification and taxonomy. Spisy Priro- quested that the neuter plural endings, as pro- doved. Fak. Univ. J. E. Purkyne Brne 43:245-252. posed by Gibbons and Murray (2)for Photobac- 8. Rippka, R., J. Waterbury, and G. Cohen-Bazire. 1974. teria and Scotobacteria, be accepted as valid A cyanobacterium which lacks thylakoids. Arch. Micro- and legitimate endings for the rank of class. biol. 100:419-436. 9. Sachs, J. 1874. Lehrbuch der Botanik, 4th ed. W. Engel- mann, Leipzig. REPRINT REQUESTS 10. Stanier, R. Y. 1974. Division I. The Cyanobacteria, p. 22. Address reprint requests to: Dr. R. G. E. Murray, Depart- In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons (ed.), Bergey’s ment of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Western manual of determinative bacteriology. The Williams & Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5Cl. Wilkins Co., Baltimore. 11. Stanier, R. Y., and G. Cohen-Bazire. 1977. Photo- LITERATURE CITED trophic procaryotes: the cyanobacteria. Annu. Rev. Mi- crobiol. 31:225-274. 1. Edward, D. G. ff., and E. A. Freundt. 1967. Proposal 12. Steinecke, F. 1931. Die Phylogenie der Algen. Schr. for Mollicutes as the name of the class established for Konigb. Gelehrt. Gesamte Naturw. K1. 8: 127-297. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Microbiology Unit- 1 1. According to Bergey's Manual of Systematic
    Microbiology Unit- 1 1. According to Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, prokaryotes that lack a cell wall belong to the group? a) Gracilicutes b) Firmicutes c) Tenericutes d) Mendosicutes 2.Which among the following kingdoms were proposed by Whittaker? a) Monera b) Protista,Fungi c) Plantae,Animalia d) Monera,Protista,Fungi,Plantae,Animalia 3. Lipopolysaccharide in cell walls is characteristic of? a) Gram-positive bacteria b) Gram-negative bacteria c) Fungi d) Algae 4. Which of the following symmetry is exhibited by rod-shaped viruses? a) icosahedral b) helical c) complex d) circular 5. Fungi are ______________ a) prokaryotic b) eukaryotic c) prokaryotic and lack chlorophyll d) eukaryotic and lack chlorophyll 6. Which microorganism(s) among the following perform photosynthesis by utilizing light? a) Cyanobacteria b) Fungi c) Viruses d) Cyanobacteria, Fungi and Viruses 7. Adenoviruses exhibit which of the following symmetry? a) helical symmetry b) circular symmetry c) icosahedral symmetry d) complex structure symmetry 8. The transfer of genes from one cell to another by a bacteriophage is known as __________________ a) Recombination b) Conjugation c) Transduction d) Transformation 9. The cell in which the F factor carries along with it some chromosomal genes are known as ____________ a) F+ cell b) F— cell c) F’ cell d) F’’’ cell 10. The xanthophyte walls are typically of _____________________ a) chitin b) cellulose c) cellulose and pectin d) starch 11. Vaucheria is a single-celled organism. a) True b) False 12. In Chlamydomonas the most common method of sexual reproduction is ________________ a) isogamy b) heterogamy c) oogamy d) spore formation 13.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 11: Bacteria Bacterial Groups
    Bacterial Groups u Most widely accepted taxonomic classification for bacteria is Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. u 5000 bacterial species identified, 3100 classified. Chapter 11: Bacteria u Bacteria are divided into four divisions (phyla) according to the characteristics of their cell walls. u Each division is divided into sections according to: u Gram stain reaction u Cell shape u Cell arrangements u Oxygen requirements u Motility u Nutritional and metabolic properties u Each section contains several genera. Four Divisions of Bacteria Classification of Bacteria Procaryotes Gram-Negative Division II Wall-Less Archaea Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria (Gracilicutes) (Firmicutes) (Tenericutes) (Mendosicutes) Thin Cell Walls Thick cell Walls Lack cell walls Unusual cell walls Division I. Gram-Negative Bacteria Gram Negative Bacteria Spirochetes 1. Spirochetes u Helical shape. Flexible. u Contain two or more axial filaments (endoflagella). u Move in corkscrew pattern. u Medically important members: F Treponema pallidum: Syphilis F Borrelia spp.: Lyme disease, relapsing fever F Leptospira: Leptospirosis 1 Syphilis is Caused by a Spirochete Lyme Disease is Caused by a Spirochete Primary syphilitic chancre and secondary rash. Source: Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 1997 Lyme Disease early lesion at tick bite site. Source: Medical Microbiology, 1998 2. Aerobic, Motile, Helical/Vibroid Gram- Negative Bacteria Gram Negative Bacteria u Rigid helical shape or curved rods. Aerobic, Motile, Helical/Vibroid u Lack axial filaments (endoflagella); have polar Gram-Negative Bacteria flagella instead. u Most are harmless aquatic organisms. u Genus Azospirillum fixes nitrogen in soil. u Genus Bdellovibrio attacks other bacteria. u Important pathogens include: F Campylobacter jejuni: Most common bacterial food- borne intestinal disease in the United States (2 million cases/year).
    [Show full text]
  • Sepf Is the Ftsz Anchor in Archaea, with Features of an Ancestral Cell Division System
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23099-8 OPEN SepF is the FtsZ anchor in archaea, with features of an ancestral cell division system Nika Pende1,8, Adrià Sogues2,8, Daniela Megrian1,3, Anna Sartori-Rupp4, Patrick England 5, Hayk Palabikyan6, ✉ Simon K.-M. R. Rittmann 6, Martín Graña 7, Anne Marie Wehenkel 2 , Pedro M. Alzari 2 & ✉ Simonetta Gribaldo 1 Most archaea divide by binary fission using an FtsZ-based system similar to that of bacteria, 1234567890():,; but they lack many of the divisome components described in model bacterial organisms. Notably, among the multiple factors that tether FtsZ to the membrane during bacterial cell constriction, archaea only possess SepF-like homologs. Here, we combine structural, cellular, and evolutionary analyses to demonstrate that SepF is the FtsZ anchor in the human-associated archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii. 3D super-resolution microscopy and quantitative analysis of immunolabeled cells show that SepF transiently co-localizes with FtsZ at the septum and possibly primes the future division plane. M. smithii SepF binds to membranes and to FtsZ, inducing filament bundling. High-resolution crystal structures of archaeal SepF alone and in complex with the FtsZ C-terminal domain (FtsZCTD) reveal that SepF forms a dimer with a homodimerization interface driving a binding mode that is different from that previously reported in bacteria. Phylogenetic analyses of SepF and FtsZ from bacteria and archaea indicate that the two proteins may date back to the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA), and we speculate that the archaeal mode of SepF/FtsZ interaction might reflect an ancestral feature. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms of archaeal cell division and pave the way for a better understanding of the processes underlying the divide between the two prokaryotic domains.
    [Show full text]
  • General Microbiology Appliance
    • Ministry of Health, Republic of Belarus Institution of Education “Grodno State Medical University” Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology named after S.I.Gelberg GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY Training appliance for students of the Department for International Students The Subject of Microbiology Microscopic Method of Investigation and Staining Techniques Theme No1 DEFINITION OF THE TERMS “MICROBIOLOGY” AND “MICROORGANISM” • Science studying microorganisms. • Organisms, invisible by the unaided eye (microscopic object = microbe) CLASSIFICATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES • According to the topic (object) of research - General microbiology - Individual microbiological sciences • bacteriology (prokaryotes) • mycology (eukaryotes-fungi) • protozoology (eukaryotes - multicellular parasites) • virology (viruses) • According to their application • medical • sanitary • veterinary • industrial • soil • sea • space CLASSIFICATION OF MICROBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES According to the topic According to their (object) of research application General microbiology • medical • sanitary Individual microbiological sciences: • veterinary • bacteriology • industrial (prokaryotes) • soil • mycology (eukaryotes- fungi) • sea • protozoology • space (eukaryotes - multicellular parasites) • virology (viruses) TASKS OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY • Study of structure and biological properties of microorganisms • Study of cointeraction of microorganism with human organism (i.e. infection), namely: - pathogenesis - diagnostics - treatment - preventive maintenance MICROBIOLOGICAL
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomic Hierarchy of the Phylum Proteobacteria and Korean Indigenous Novel Proteobacteria Species
    Journal of Species Research 8(2):197-214, 2019 Taxonomic hierarchy of the phylum Proteobacteria and Korean indigenous novel Proteobacteria species Chi Nam Seong1,*, Mi Sun Kim1, Joo Won Kang1 and Hee-Moon Park2 1Department of Biology, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea 2Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea *Correspondent: [email protected] The taxonomic hierarchy of the phylum Proteobacteria was assessed, after which the isolation and classification state of Proteobacteria species with valid names for Korean indigenous isolates were studied. The hierarchical taxonomic system of the phylum Proteobacteria began in 1809 when the genus Polyangium was first reported and has been generally adopted from 2001 based on the road map of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Until February 2018, the phylum Proteobacteria consisted of eight classes, 44 orders, 120 families, and more than 1,000 genera. Proteobacteria species isolated from various environments in Korea have been reported since 1999, and 644 species have been approved as of February 2018. In this study, all novel Proteobacteria species from Korean environments were affiliated with four classes, 25 orders, 65 families, and 261 genera. A total of 304 species belonged to the class Alphaproteobacteria, 257 species to the class Gammaproteobacteria, 82 species to the class Betaproteobacteria, and one species to the class Epsilonproteobacteria. The predominant orders were Rhodobacterales, Sphingomonadales, Burkholderiales, Lysobacterales and Alteromonadales. The most diverse and greatest number of novel Proteobacteria species were isolated from marine environments. Proteobacteria species were isolated from the whole territory of Korea, with especially large numbers from the regions of Chungnam/Daejeon, Gyeonggi/Seoul/Incheon, and Jeonnam/Gwangju.
    [Show full text]
  • A Metagenomics Roadmap to the Uncultured Genome Diversity in Hypersaline Soda Lake Sediments Charlotte D
    Vavourakis et al. Microbiome (2018) 6:168 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018-0548-7 RESEARCH Open Access A metagenomics roadmap to the uncultured genome diversity in hypersaline soda lake sediments Charlotte D. Vavourakis1 , Adrian-Stefan Andrei2†, Maliheh Mehrshad2†, Rohit Ghai2, Dimitry Y. Sorokin3,4 and Gerard Muyzer1* Abstract Background: Hypersaline soda lakes are characterized by extreme high soluble carbonate alkalinity. Despite the high pH and salt content, highly diverse microbial communities are known to be present in soda lake brines but the microbiome of soda lake sediments received much less attention of microbiologists. Here, we performed metagenomic sequencing on soda lake sediments to give the first extensive overview of the taxonomic diversity found in these complex, extreme environments and to gain novel physiological insights into the most abundant, uncultured prokaryote lineages. Results: We sequenced five metagenomes obtained from four surface sediments of Siberian soda lakes with a pH 10 and a salt content between 70 and 400 g L−1. The recovered 16S rRNA gene sequences were mostly from Bacteria,evenin the salt-saturated lakes. Most OTUs were assigned to uncultured families. We reconstructed 871 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) spanning more than 45 phyla and discovered the first extremophilic members of the Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR). Five new species of CPR were among the most dominant community members. Novel dominant lineages were found within previously well-characterized functional groups involved in carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen cycling. Moreover, key enzymes of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway were encoded within at least four bacterial phyla never previously associated with this ancient anaerobic pathway for carbon fixation and dissimilation, including the Actinobacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibacterial Activity of Thin Films Tio Doped with Ag And
    BioDiscovery 20: e15076 doi: 10.3897/biodiscovery.20.e15076 Conference Abstract Antibacterial activity of thin films TiO2 doped with Ag and Cu on Gracilicutes and Firmicutes bacteria Dragomira S. Stoyanova‡, Iliana A. Ivanova‡§, Orlin I. Angelov , Todorka G. Vladkova| ‡ Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria § Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria | University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria Corresponding author: Dragomira S. Stoyanova ([email protected]) Received: 14 Jul 2017 | Published: 17 Jul 2017 Citation: Stoyanova D, Ivanova I, Angelov O, Vladkova T (2017) Antibacterial activity of thin films TiO2 doped with Ag and Cu on Gracilicutes and Firmicutes bacteria. BioDiscovery 20: e15076. https://doi.org/10.3897/biodiscovery.20.e15076 Abstract This research aims to study the antibacterial activity of thin films nanostructured TiO 2 doped with Ag and Cu on Gracilicutes and Firmicutes bacteria with clinical significance. The thin films were deposited on glass substrates without heating during the deposition by radio frequency magnetron co-sputtering of TiO2 target and pieces of Ag and Cu. The total surface area of Ag was 60 mm2 and this one of Cu was 100 mm2 . The r.f. power was 50W and sputtering atmosphere was Ar (0,8 Pa). The thickness of the films was about 60 nm. The experiment was conducted under day light regime. The test strains Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp. were used. The bactericidal effect was established at different time point between 30 min - 90 min for Pseudomonas sp. and S. enterica. The Firmicutes bacteria B. cereus and S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Basic Structures of Bacteria Anatomy and Physiology
    The Basic Structures of Bacteria Anatomy and Physiology ASSIST. PROF. Dr. Abdulameer Abdullah University of Basra, College of Nursing 2017-2018 2 Anatomy and Physiology of Bacteria 3 Bacterial Cell Wall Four groups based on cell wall composition 1. Gram positive cells 2. Gram negative cells 3. Bacteria without cell walls 4. Bacteria with chemically unique cell walls 4 Peptidoglycan • unique macromolecule composed of a repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments • provides strong, flexible support to keep bacteria from bursting or collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure 5 Gram positive Gram negative 11 Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative cell wall Gram _____+_____ Gram _____-_____ Peptidoglycan is the thick, outermost layer of The cell walls of gram-negative bacteria are the cell wall. more chemically complex, thinner and less compact. About 90% of the Gram-positive cell wall is Peptidoglycan only 5 – 20% of the cell wall. made of peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan is not the outermost layer, but Consists of between the plasma membrane and the a thick, homogenous sheath of outer membrane. peptidoglycan 20-80 nm thick Not accessible to the action of antibiotics. tightly bound acidic polysaccharides, Outer membrane is similar to the plasma including teichoic acid and lipoteichoic membrane, but is less permeable and acid contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS). cell membrane Retain crystal violet and stain purple LPS is a harmful substance classified as an endotoxin. Consists of an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) thin shell of peptidoglycan periplasmic space inner membrane Lose crystal violet and stain red from safranin counterstain 7 Gram positive wall Gram negative cell wall 8w`1 9 Flagellum • Flagellum : Specialized appendage attached to the cell by a basal body that holds a long rotating filament.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal to Include the Rank of Phylum in the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes to Be Open for Discussion In
    Proposal to include the rank of phylum in the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes To be open for discussion in the period November 1, 2020 – January 31, 2021 and ICSP ballot – February 1-28, 2021. Background information: 1. The word ‘phylum’ is not found in the ICNP (2008 revision, Parker et al. 2019) or in earlier versions of the ICNB. The highest taxon covered by the code is the class (except for the word ‘kingdom’ mentioned once in Rule 8). 2. The Approved Lists of 1980 include two ‘divisions’: the Firmacutes (sic) and the Gracilicutes; both names were derived from Gibbons and Murray (1978) Proposals concerning the higher taxa of Bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28: 1-6. Note that in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the term ‘division’ is equivalent to ‘phylum’. 3. The word ‘phylum’ first occurs in the prokaryotic systematics literature in a paper by Woese et al. (1985) A phylogenetic definition of the major eubacterial taxa, Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 6: 143-151. Ten groupings were proposed that ‘are appropriately termed eubacterial Phyla or Divisions’. 4. Since then the term ‘phylum’ has become extensively used and more phylum- level taxa have been proposed. Currently, LPSN lists 39 phylum-level taxa with cultivated representatives (https://www.bacterio.net/domain). However, phylum names cannot be validly published as long as the rank of phylum is not included in the rules of the ICNP. 5. The Judicial Commission of the ICSB at its meetings in Sydney in 1999 discussed the issue of taxa of higher rank and felt that discussion on this subject must be postponed until an ad hoc committee on this matter made its report.
    [Show full text]
  • MICROBIOLOGY Course Structure – at a Glance
    MICROBIOLOGY Course Structure – at a Glance CODE COURSE TITLE CREDITS MICRO 501* PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY 3+1 MICRO 502* MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM 3+1 MICRO 503* MICROBIAL GENETICS 2+1 MICRO 504*# SOIL MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIAL 2+1 MICRO 505*@ BIOTECHNOLOGY FOOD AND 2+1 MICRO 506* DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY 2+1 MICRO 507 BACTERIOPHAGES 1+1 MICRO 508 ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 2+1 MICRO 509** PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS 3+0 MICRO 510 INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 2+1 MICRO 511 BIOFERTILIZER TECHNOLOGY 1+1 MICRO 512 CYANOBACTERIAL AND ALGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2+0 MICRO 591 MASTER’S SEMINAR 1+0 MICRO 599 MASTER’S RESEARCH ADVANCES IN 20 MICRO 601** 2+1 FERMENTATION ADVANCED MICRO 602** 2+0 MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY MICRO 603** 2+0 REGULATION OF MICROBIAL BIOSYNTHESIS 2+0 MICRO 604** CURRENT TOPICS IN SOIL MICROBIOLOGY 1+0 MICRO 691 DOCTORAL SEMINAR I 1+0 MICRO 692 DOCTORAL SEMINAR II 45 MICRO 699 DOCTORAL RESEARCH *Compulsory for Master’s programme; **Compulsory for Doctoral programme #Can be cross-listed with Soil Science; @Can be cross-listed with Biotechnology Minor Departments 9 Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Biochemistry Soil Science Plant Pathology Entomology Supporting Deparments 5 Statistics and Mathematics Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Biochemistry Soil Science Plant Pathology Entomology Non credit compulsory courses CODE COURSE TITLE CREDITS PGS 501 LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES 0+1 PGS 502 TECHNICAL WRITING AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS 0+1 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND ITS PGS 503 (e-course) MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE 1+0 PGS 504 BASIC CONCEPTS IN LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 0+1 PGS 505 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, RESEARCH (e-course) ETHICS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES 1+0 PGS 506 DISASTER MANAGEMENT 1+0 (e-course) MICRO 501 PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY 3+1 Objective To teach the students about basics in development of microbiology, differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotic cell and classification of prokaryotes.
    [Show full text]
  • A Rooted Phylogeny Resolves Early Bacterial Evolution (Supplementary Information)
    A rooted phylogeny resolves early bacterial evolution (Supplementary Information) All of the files referred to below are provided in the data supplement (extended data files) to our paper, available in the FigShare repository at DOI 10.6084/m9.figshare.12651074. Supplementary Data Extended Data Figures a Fusobacteriota b DST Fusobacteriota DST Cyanobacteria + Cyanobacteria + Margulisbacteria Margulisbacteria Armatimonadota + Armatimonadota + Eremiobacterota Eremiobacterota Terrabacteria Firmicutes/Actinobacteriota Chloroflexota+Dromibacterota/ CPR ACD ACD Armatimonadota/ Eremiobacterota Cyanobacteria/ Margulisbacteria Fusobacteriota DST 0.2 Gracilicutes Gracilicutes Terrabacteria Gracilicutes 0.2 Terrabacteria Spirochaetota Elusimicrobiota c d FCB/PVC Fusobacteriota ACD Fusobacteriota DST Armatimonadota + Eremiobacterota DST Acidobacteriota Cyanobacteria + Margulisbacteria Cyanobacteria + "Proteobacteria"/ Margulisbacteria Armatimonadota + Nitrospirota Eremiobacterota ACD >95% bootstrap support ACD ACD 90-95% bootstrap support <90% bootstrap support 0.2 0.2 Gracilicutes Terrabacteria Gracilicutes Terrabacteria Extended Data Figure 1: Maximum likelihood unrooted bacterial phylogeny under the best-fitting substitution model (LG+C60+R8+F) following removal of the 20%-80% most compositionally heterogeneous sites. Sites were identified and removed using Alignment Pruner. (a) 20% most compositionally heterogeneous removed, with 14580/18234 sites remaining following site stripping; (b) 40% most compositionally heterogeneous removed, with 10941/18234
    [Show full text]
  • The Neomuran Revolution and Phagotrophic Origin of Eukaryotes and Cilia in the Light of Intracellular Coevolution and a Revised Tree of Life
    Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on October 4, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press The Neomuran Revolution and Phagotrophic Origin of Eukaryotes and Cilia in the Light of Intracellular Coevolution and a Revised Tree of Life Thomas Cavalier-Smith Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom Correspondence: [email protected] Three kinds of cells exist with increasingly complex membrane-protein targeting: Uni- bacteria (Archaebacteria, Posibacteria) with one cytoplasmic membrane (CM); Negibacte- ria with a two-membrane envelope (inner CM; outer membrane [OM]); eukaryotes with a plasma membrane and topologically distinct endomembranes and peroxisomes. I combine evidence from multigene trees, palaeontology, and cell biology to show that eukaryotes and archaebacteria are sisters, forming the clade neomura that evolved 1.2 Gy ago from a posibacterium, whose DNA segregation and cell division were destabilized by murein wall loss and rescued by the evolving novel neomuran endoskeleton, histones, cytokinesis, and glycoproteins. Phagotrophy then induced coevolving serial major changes making eu- karyote cells, culminating in two dissimilar cilia via a novel gliding–fishing–swimming scenario. I transfer Chloroflexi to Posibacteria, root the universal tree between them and Heliobacteria, and argue that Negibacteria are a clade whose OM, evolving in a green posibacterium, was never lost. THE FIVE KINDS OF CELLS mechanisms of the radical transitions between them. Figure 1 highlights three fundamentally he eukaryotic cell originated by the most different kinds of prokaryote differing great- Tcomplex set of evolutionary changes since ly in membrane topology and membrane and life began: eukaryogenesis. Their complexity wall chemistry.
    [Show full text]