Thoracic Limb 1

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Thoracic Limb 1 Anatomie Pferd E_001-031.qxp 08.10.2008 16:11 Uhr Seite I Klaus-Dieter Budras · W.O. Sack · Sabine Röck Anatomy of the Horse Anatomie Pferd E_001-031.qxp 07.10.2008 16:29 Uhr Seite III Anatomy of the Horse Fifth, revised Edition Professor em. Klaus-Dieter Budras Institute of Veterinary Anatomy Free University of Berlin Professor em. W. O. Sack † Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Dr Sabine Röck Institute of Veterinary Anatomy Free University of Berlin Professor Aaron Horowitz Professor Rolf Berg Dept. of Structure and Function School of Veterinary Medicine Ross University, St. Kitts, West Indies Science Illustrator Gisela Jahrmärker, Diemut Starke, Renate Richter Contributors Anita Wünsche, Christine Aurich, Jörg Aurich, Silke Buda, Peter S. Glatzel, Hartmut Gerhards, Arthur Grabner, Ekkehard Henschel †, Bianca Patan, Astrid Rijkenhuizen, Harald Sieme, Bettina Wollanke Anatomie Pferd E_001-031.qxp 07.10.2008 16:29 Uhr Seite IV Co-workers on the Atlas of the Anatomy of the Horse Fifth Edition Cover drawing Renate Richter German Editions Budras/Röck 1991; 1994; 1997; 2000; 2004; 2008 English Editions Budras/Sack/Röck 1994; 2001; 2003; 2008 Japanese Editions Budras/Röck/Hashimoto 1997; 2001; 2004 Spanish Edition 2005 Dutch Edition 2005 Contributions A. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Christine Aurich, Besamungsstation, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien O. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jörg Aurich, Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie, Klinisches Department für Tierzucht und Reproduktion, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien PD Dr. Hermann Bragulla, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Lousiana State Universiy, Baton Rouge Dr. Silke Buda, ehem. Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Freie Universität Berlin Prof. Dr. Hartmut Gerhards, Klinik für Pferde, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Prof. Dr. Peter S. Glatzel, ehem. Tierklinik für Fortpflanzung, Freie Universität Berlin Prof. Dr. Arthur Grabner, Klinik für Pferde, Freie Universität Berlin Prof. Dr. Ekkehard Henschel †, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Freie Universität Berlin Dr. Ruth Hirschberg, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Freie Universität Berlin Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Horst E. König, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Hans-Georg Liebich, Institut für Tieranatomie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Prof. Dr. Christoph K. W. Mülling, Dept. of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada Dr. Claudia Nöller, Klinik für Kleintiere, Universität Leipzig Dr. Bianca Patan, Klinik für Orthopädie bei Huf- und Klauentieren, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien Ass. Prof. Astrid B. M. Rijkenhuizen, Department of Equine Sciences. Surgery Faculteit Diergenesskunde Universiteit Utrecht Prof. Dr. Harald Sieme, Reproduktionsmedizinische Einheit der Kliniken, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover Prof. Dr. Paul Simoens, Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Universiteit Gent PD Dr. Bettina Wollanke, Klinik für Pferde, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München © 2009 Schlütersche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG., Hans-Böckler-Alle 7, 30173 Hannover Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-89993-044-3 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt — Germany. All rights reserved. The contents of this book both photographic and textual, may not be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, phototransparency, microfilm, video, video disc, microfiche, or any other means, nor may it be included in any computer retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and vicil claims for damages. Anatomie Pferd E_001-031.qxp 08.10.2008 16:13 Uhr Seite V Contents Preface . 1 Chapter 1: Skin 1. The external Skin (common integument) . 2 Chapter 2: Thoracic Limb 1. The Skeleton of the Thoracic Limb . 4 2. Topography of the Thoracic Limb (Nerves and Muscles) . 6 3. Cutaneous Innervation, Blood Vessels, and Lymphatic Structures of the Thoracic Limb . 8 4. Vessels, Nerves, and Deep Fascia of Carpus, Metacarpus, and Digit . 10 5 The passive Stay-apparatus of the Thoracic Limb . 12 6. Synovial Structures of the Thoracic Limb . 14 Chapter 3: Pelvic Limb 1. The Skeleton of the Pelvic Limb . 16 2. Topography of the Pelvic Limb (Nerves and Muscles) . 18 3. Skin Innervation, Blood, Vessels, and Lymphatics of the Pelvic Limb . 20 4. Vessels, Nerves, and deep Fascia of Tarsus, Metatarsus, and Digit . 22 5. Passive Stay-Apparatus of the Hindlimb, also Hoof and Contents . 24 6. The Hoof (Ungula) . 26 7. Suspensory Apparatus of the Coffin Bone (Distal Phalanx), Vessels and Nerves of the Hoof . 28 8. Synovial Structures of the Pelvic Limb . 30 Chapter 4: Head 1. Skull and Dentition . 32 2. Skull with Teeth and Paranasal Sinuses . 34 3. Supf. Veins of the Head, Facial nerve (VII) and Muscles supplied by the Facial Nerve . 36 4. Trigeminal Nerve (V-3 and V-2), Muscles of Mastication, Salivary Glands, and Lymphatic Structures . 38 5. Adnexa of the Eye . 40 6. The Eye . 42 7. Nose and Nasal Cavity, Mouth and Tongue . 44 8. Pharynx, Guttural Pouch and Larynx . 46 9. Larynx and Laryngeal Muscles . 48 10. Head-Neck Junction and Ear . 50 Chapter 5: The Central Nervous System 1. The Brain . 52 2. The Spinal Cord . 54 Chapter 6: Axial Skeleton and Neck 1. Vertebral Column with Thorax and Nuchal Ligament . 56 2. Neck and Thoracic Wall . 58 3. Deep Shoulder-Girdle Muscles, the Muscles of the ventral Part of the Neck and the visceral Space they enclose . 58 Chapter 7: Thoracic Cavity 1. Thoracic Wall, Respiratory Muscles, Lungs, and Lymphatic Structures . 60 2. Heart and Thymus . 62 Chapter 8: Abdominal Wall and Cavity 1. The Abdominal Wall . 64 2. Topography of the Abdominal Organs and Their Relation to the Abdominal Wall . 66 3. Spleen, Liver and Bile Duct, Pancreas, and Stomach with Omenta . 68 4. Intestines . 70 Chapter 9: Pelvis, Inguinal Region, and Urogenital Organs 1. Bony Pelvis with Sacrosciatic Ligament, Supf. Inguinal Structures . 72 2. Inguinal Area . 74 3. Prepubic Tendon, Inguinal Canal of the Mare, Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus, Hypaxial Lumbar Muscles, and Udder . 76 4. Lymphatics, Adrenal Glands, and Urinary Organs . 78 5. Arteries, Veins, and Nerves of the Pelvic Cavity . 80 6. Female Reproductive Organs . 82 7. Male Reproductive Organs . 84 8. Perineum, Pelvic Diaphragm, and Tail . ..
Recommended publications
  • HPA DQP Training Test
    DQP Name: ______________________________ HIO Name: ______________________________ DQP Training Assessment Please review each question carefully and circle the answer that corresponds to the best answer. 1. The definition of “Horse Show” is: A public display of any horses, in competition, except events where speed is the prime factor, rodeo events, parades, or trail rides. True False 2. All beads, bangles, rollers, and similar devices, with the exception of rollers made of lignum vitae (hard-wood), aluminum, or stainless steel, with individual rollers of uniform size, weight, and configuration, provided each device may not weigh more than 8 ounces, including the weight of the fastener is allowed. True False 3. Any horse found noncompliant with the Scar Rule is considered to be “sore”. True False 4. Each horse owner, exhibitor, trainer or other person having custody of, or responsibility for, any horse at any horse show, horse exhibition, or horse sale or auction, shall allow any APHIS representative to reasonably inspect such horse at all reasonable times and places the APHIS representative may designate. Such inspections may be required of any horse which is stabled, loaded on a trailer, being prepared for show, exhibition, or sale or auction, being exercised or otherwise on the ground of, or present at, any horse show, horse exhibition, or horse sale or auction, whether or not such horse has or has not been shown, exhibited, or sold or auctioned, or has or has not been entered for the purpose of being shown or exhibited or offered for sale or auction at any such horse show, horse exhibition, or horse sale or auction.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014 Podiatry Program Proceedings
    2014 Podiatry Program Proceedings 1 Mission Statement The mission of the NEAEP is to improve the health and welfare of horses by providing state- of-the-art professional education and supporting the economic security of the equine industry by complementing established local associations and giving equine veterinarians, farriers, technicians, veterinary students and horse owners a unified voice at the state and regional levels. The American Association of Veterinary State Board, RACE Committee, has reviewed and approved the program referenced as meeting the Standards adopted by the AAVSB. Additionally, the Podiatry Program has been approved for 24 American & Canadian Association of Professional Farriers (AAPF/CAPF) Continuing Education Credits. 2 Table of Contents Shoeing for Soundness: Sport Horse Lameness and Biomechanics of the Distal Limb ...... 4 Shoeing for Soundness: Coffin Joint Function, Pathology, and Treatment ........................... 9 Applied Anatomy of the Equine Foot ........................................................................................ 16 Biomechanics of the Stance ...................................................................................................... 21 Trimming Fundamentals and Foot Pathology .......................................................................... 22 Physiologic vs. Pathologic I – Functional Implications for the Farrier .................................. 24 Physiologic vs. Pathlogic II – Adaptive Shoeing Concepts ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Original Article a Technique for Computed Tomography (CT) of the Foot in the Standing Horse F
    EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION / AE / FEBRUAry 2008 93 Original Article A technique for computed tomography (CT) of the foot in the standing horse F. G. D ESBROSSE, J.-M. E. F. VANDEWEERD*, R. A. R. PERRIN, P. D. CLEGG†, M. T. LAUNOIS, L. BROGNIEZ AND S. P. GEHIN Clinique Equine Desbrosse, 18, rue des Champs, La Brosse, 78470, St Lambert des Bois, France; and †Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK. Keywords: horse; computed tomography; standing; foot Summary fracture lines within the bone (Rose et al. 1997; Martens et al. 1999). Computed tomography has proved to be valuable in Computed tomography (CT) in equine orthopaedics is the diagnosis of lameness associated with distal limb currently limited because of the price, availability, pathology in the horse (Whitton et al. 1998; Tucker and Sande impossibility to transport the scanner into surgical 2001; Nowak 2002; Puchalski et al. 2007). Though CT has theatre, and the contraindications of general anaesthesia traditionally been perceived as an inferior soft tissue imaging in some patients. A pQCT (peripheral quantitative modality compared to MRI, a recent abstract indicated that it computerised tomography) scanner was designed by the may be a useful modality for soft tissue injury of the equine authors to image the limbs of the horse, both in standing foot (Eliashar et al. 2006). or recumbent position. Standing computed tomography However, the use of CT in equine orthopaedics is currently of the foot with a pQCT scanner is feasible and well limited because of the expense, availability and logistic tolerated by the horse.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of the Size and Shape of Chestnuts on the Identification of Horses
    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS Volume LX 3 Number 6, 2012 THE EFFECT OF THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF CHESTNUTS ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF HORSES I. Bihuncová, E. Sobotková, T. Petlachová, M. Píšová, M. Kosťuková, H. Černohorská Received: July 10, 2012 Abstract BIHUNCOVÁ, I., SOBOTKOVÁ, E., PETLACHOVÁ, T., PÍŠOVÁ, M., KOSŤUKOVÁ, M., ČERNOHORSKÁ, H.: The eff ect of the size and shape of chestnuts on the identifi cation of horses. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2012, LX, No. 6, pp. 21–32 A study was carried out on 11 horse breeds comprising of the Akhal Teke (n = 23); English Thoroughbred (n = 23); Arabian Thoroughbred (n = 18); Czech Warm-Blood (n = 21); Old Kladrubian horse (n = 20); Hucul horse (n = 20); Czech – Moravian Belgian horse (n = 20); Noriker horse (n = 7); Silesian Noriker (n = 14); Hafl inger (n = 20); Shetland pony (n = 20) to determine the shape and size of chestnuts. Chestnuts of 206 horses classifi ed in three phylogeny classes were measured and drawn. The necessary data (breed; sex; name; sire; dam; sire of dam; age of horse; colour of horse; colour of the chestnut; bone) were entered into a special form. In the form the outlines of the shapes of the chestnuts were drawn; using a calliper we measured the protrusion of the chestnut at its highest point and the width at the widest part of the chestnut. We found no identical or similar shapes of the chestnuts within the breed or phylogeny class. We confi rmed that the outlines of the chestnuts can be used as identifying marks because they are unique for each horse.
    [Show full text]
  • The Horse in Health, Accident & Disease
    wsmm //- k JUA THE HORSE IN HEALTH ACCIDENT & DISEASB Darley matheson" M.R.G.V.S. •muKmm THE HORSE IN HEALTH, ACCIDENT AND DISEASE - O C -^ S' .k "5^ "^ cT O in A g'cib h-it-. 60 ,• C 2 c> .C/2 M *» .CI, .« ^ to c ..s <L' O ^.S en *^ ffi ^ .? a « JO O ,- 1 THE HORSE IN HEALTH, ACCIDENT & DISEASE A THOROUGHLY PRACTICAL GUIDE FOR EVERY HORSE OWNER BY "DARLEY MATHESON," M.R.C.V.S. AUTHOR OF " CATTLE AND SHEEP," AND NUMEROUS OTHER VVOKKS ON LIVE STOCK, ETC. ILLUSTRATED London C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd Henrietta Street 192 — CONTENTS CHAPTER I STABLE AND STABLE CONSTRUCTION, HYGIENE OF THE STABLE Housing—Sanitation—Flooring—Situation—Construction—Stable »age fittings—Water supply—Bedding . .11 CHAPTER II GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF HORSES Grooming—Feeding—Clipping—^Washing—Clothing and band- ages—Watering—Wintering and Summering horses—Agist- ment of horses—Forage—Bedding . .15 CHAPTER III HEAVY DRAUGHT HORSES The Shire and Clydesdale—Percheron and Suffolk—The Packing- ton BUnd horse and Weisman's Honest Tom—The Suffolk —^The farmer's horse—The vanner and the tradesman's . horse ' 35 \, ......... CHAPTER IV HEAVY DRAUGHT HORSES—AGE, SEX, COLOUR, SELECTION, SOUNDNESS, ETC. Selection—^Mating—Conformation—Value of the heavy draught horse—Soundness—Colour—Age—Vice—Buying a horse Feet—Sight and wind—Various diseases .... 47 CHAPTER V BREEDING HEAVY HORSES AND THE SELECTION OF THE SIRE AND THE DAM FOR THIS PURPOSE Breeding heavy horses—Selection—Pedigree .... 56 CHAPTER VI THE CARE OF MARE AND FOAL THEIR MANAGEMENT FROM SPRING TO WINTER Period of gestation—Selection—Age at which to breed from Registration of brood mares—Disease—FoaUng season Weather—Weaning—Septic laminitis .
    [Show full text]
  • Gypsy Vanner Horse Society Conformation and Performance Evaluation Program
    Gypsy Vanner Horse Society Conformation and Performance Evaluation Program Gypsy Vanner Horse Society P.O. Box 219 Morriston, FL 32668 www.vanners.org [email protected] © Gypsy Vanner Horse Society, 2018 Gypsy Vanner Horse Society Conformation and Performance Evaluation Program TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction to the Gypsy Vanner Horse Society II. Introduction to the Evaluation Program III. Gypsy Vanner Breed Standard IV. Evaluation Rules V. Conformation- Movement Evaluation VI. Performance Evaluations VII. Awards & Recognition © Gypsy Vanner Horse Society, 2018 I. Introduction to the Gypsy Vanner Horse Society - The history, goals and beliefs of the GVHS - Founded November 24, 1996, the Gypsy Vanner Horse Society is the world’s first Registry to recognize a breed of horse developed by the Gypsies of Great Britain and the only such Registry founded on an in-depth study of British and their horses. Soon after World War II, a vision was born by the Gypsies of Great Britain to create the perfect caravan horse; “a small Shire, with more feather, more color and a sweeter head” was the goal. Selective breeding by the Gypsies continued virtually unknown to the outside world for over half a century until two Americans, Dennis and Cindy Thompson, noticed a magical looking horse standing in a field while traveling through the English countryside. That very horse became #GV000001F in the Gypsy Vanner Horse Society. His name is Cushti Bok, a name that means “good luck” in Romany, a language of the Gypsies. The logo of the Gypsy Vanner Horse Society is an image of Cushti Bok, the letters GVHS with an emphasized “V” for Vanner.
    [Show full text]
  • A Primitive Trait in Two Breeds of Equus Caballus Revealed by Comparative Anatomy of the Distal Limb
    animals Article A Primitive Trait in Two Breeds of Equus Caballus Revealed by Comparative Anatomy of the Distal Limb Sharon May-Davis 1,*, Zefanja Vermeulen 2 and Wendy Y. Brown 1 1 Canine and Equine Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; [email protected] 2 Equine Studies, 41157 LN Asch, The Netherlands; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 April 2019; Accepted: 4 June 2019; Published: 14 June 2019 Simple Summary: Understanding the complexities and evolutionary links between extinct and extant equids has been vital to genetic conservation and preservation of primitive traits. As domestication of the equid expanded, the loss of primitive traits that ensured survival in a wild environment has not been documented. In this study, the presence of functional interosseous muscle II and IV in the distal limb has been reported, and yet its existence could only be confirmed in relatives and two closely bred descendants of the extinct Tarpan. The morphology described was ligamentous in structure displaying clear longitudinal fibres with a skeletal origin and soft tissue insertion into the medial and lateral branches of the interosseous muscle III (suspensory ligament) dorsal to the sesamoids, similar in orientation to the flexor digitorum profundus ligamentum accessorium (inferior check ligament). Hence, providing a functional medial and lateral stability to the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock joint), which equates to one of the functions of the medial and lateral digits in the Mesohippus and Merychippus. The comparable anatomic links between species of the same family that experienced geographical isolation yet display structural conformity appears to be in response to a specific environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Horse Care and Safety Handbook
    More Than Just Horsing Around: Learning the Basics of Equine Care and Safety By Zoe Johnson, a Girl Scout Senior, Troop 43107 Go to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGYYs2av5C4&t=1s f or a video description of this project as well as a demonstration of some important equine care and safety concepts. 1 Table of Contents Basic Horse Handling Safety_____________________________________________________2 Horse and Hoof Anatomy________________________________________________________4 Dieting and Weight Management__________________________________________________5 Hoof Trimming________________________________________________________________7 Tack Fit______________________________________________________________________8 Winter Horse Care____________________________________________________________11 Measuring Vitals______________________________________________________________12 Common Equine Illnesses_______________________________________________________14 Common Equine Injuries_______________________________________________________17 When to Call a Vet____________________________________________________________19 Resources___________________________________________________________________20 2 Basic Horse Handling Safety Handler Safety It is important to remember that no matter how well trained the horse, or how experienced the handler, horses are large animals with minds of their own, so care must always be taken to avoid accidents. Even for old, or very relaxed horses, one should never assume that they will always act predictably. Especially
    [Show full text]
  • Module 1: Introduction to the Horse Protection Act and Regulations Introduction
    HORSE PROTECTION PROGRAM RESOURCE MANUAL Module 1: Introduction to the Horse Protection Act and Regulations Introduction Horses are inspected for compliance with the Horse Protection Act (HPA or Act) at horse shows, exhibitions, sale, and auctions by USDA Veterinary Medical Officers (VMOs) and by Designated Qualified Persons (DQPs) that are licensed by Horse Industry Organizations or Associations (HIOs) with a USDA-certified DQP training and licensing program. This informational module is intended to familiarize VMOs and DQPs with the HPA, the regulations issued thereunder, and their interpretation. The material in this module is derived from the HPA and regulations. Nothing in this module is intended to replace or supersede any provisions contained in those documents. 2 Topics • Overview of the HPA • What is a Sore Horse? • Prohibitions • Management Responsibilities • DQP Responsibilities • VMO Responsibilities 3 Horse Protection OVERVIEW OF THE HPA 4 Background In 1970, Congress enacted the HPA to end the practice of soring horses. The practice of soring is intended to improve the performance of a horse at horse shows and exhibitions by altering its gait through the use of a device, substance, or other physical practice that causes the horse to suffer, or reasonably be expected to suffer, pain, inflammation, or lameness while walking, trotting, or moving. This practice can produce a high-stepping gait that has been prized in certain competitions involving Tennessee Walking Horses and other breeds. This practice is inhumane and results in unfair competition that may damage the integrity of the breed. 5 Background The HPA is codified in the United States Code (U.S.C.), Title 15, Chapter 44 (“Protection of Horses”), Sections 1821-1831.
    [Show full text]
  • The ABC of the Horse (1900)
    /7"-<r — DRANE'S WELL=KNOWN SHILLING A. O C> HANDBOOKS As easy as A B C Red Cloth White Foil Lettering A NEW series of small, attractively printed and bound volumes, which will go in the pocket. Written by Specialists, they will be found to contain all worth knowing about the different suljjects upon which they treat, and yet so clearly and plainly written that all who read will understand. 1.—The A B C of Bridge. ByE. A. Tennant. Description and Rules of the Game. How to Score. How to Play. What to Lead, etc. "We have not met a better guide." Saturday Review. 2—The A B C of Photography. By E. j. Wall, F.R.P.S. Containing instructions for making your own AppHances, and simple practical directions for every branch of Photo- graphic work. Illustrated and up-to-date. — or Character 3. The ABC of Palmistry ; and Fortune Revealed by the Reading of the Hand. By a well-known Palmist. With 12 full-page illustrations. 4.—The A B C of Physiognomy ; or How to Tell your Neighbour's Character by Reading His or Her Face. By Paul Bello. With 6 full- page illustrations. 5.—The A B C of Graphology. A Dictionary of Handwriting and Character. By Went- WORTH Bennett. With 170 illustrations. A [p.T.o. DRAKE'S ABC EA^DBOOKS-^oufmt^ed 6 —The A B C of Dancing. A Book of useful information and genuine Hints for Dancers and Learners. By Edward Scott. 7.—The ABC of Solo Whist. By Edwin Oliver.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Affecting Hoof Balance
    FACTORS AFFECTING HOOF BALANCE Doug Butler, PhD, CJF, AWCF 253 Grey Rock Laporte, CO 80535 USA A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the FWCF examination by The Worshipful Company of Farriers March 1992 ?/O ij'".._ 5 f;vt'-"'-:t"s ~ F17---c·,.,.H, oS, ftL:·efo-rd UJ~ ~I lJ-;1-ik~ , FACTORS AFFECTING HOOF BALANCE by Doug Butler The hoof covers the distal end of the limb of the horse. It is an equalizer· between the internal forces exerte.d by the horse and the external forces exer.ted from the ground. The hoof is like plastic and subject to compressive and twisting forces from an unsymmetrical stance or gait. A hoof is balanced when the forces acting upon it are in equilibrium. The Relationship of Sensitive Structures to Hoof Structures Between the unyielding bone of the skeleton and the rigid but pliable hoof is the sensitive tissu·e or corium commonly called the quick. The quick produces and nourishes the hoof. The hoof reflects the stresses placed upon the sensitive structures. The health of the quick determines the health of the hoof. The foot of the horse is defined as all of the structures encased within the hoof. Hoof horn is modified epidermis or skin. It is produced and nourished by the sensitive dermal structures or coriums beneath it. The stratum germinativum overlying the coriums produces the hoof. The corium of the hoof is divided into five parts, each corresponding to the horn structure produced and nourished by its sensitive counterpart. These are: the perioplic corium - the I .., .
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    2 Table of contents ___________________________________________________________________ Preface 5 Our mission 7 1. Research focus of OASIS 9 1.1. Diseases in man 11 1.1.1. Osteoarthritis 11 1.1.2. Intervertebral disc disease 12 1.1.3. Cardiovascular diseases 13 1.1.4. Miscellaneous 13 1.2. Diseases in animals 13 1.2.1. Horses 13 1.2.1.1. Back pain 13 1.2.1.2. Lameness 14 1.2.1.3. Orthopaedic surgery 14 1.2.1.4. Soft tissue surgery 15 1.2.2. Other species 15 1.3. Education to Evidence Based Practice and to Research 16 1.3.1. Postgraduates 16 1.3.2. Research students 17 2. Team 19 2.1. Faculty 20 2.2. Collaborators in private practice 25 2.3. Scientific and technical assistants 26 2.4. Research students 27 3. Techniques available 35 4. Scientific publications and presentations of OASIS 41 5. Diseases in man 57 5.1. Osteoarthritis 58 5.2. Intervertebral disc disease 80 5.3. Cardio-vascular diseases 88 5.4. Miscellaneous 90 6. Diseases in animals 95 6.1. Back pain in horses 96 6.2. Lameness in horses 100 6.3. Orthopaedic surgery in horses 106 6.4. Soft tissue surgery in horses 114 6.5. Other species 120 7. Evidence Based Practice (EBP) 127 8. Contact details 135 3 4 Preface It is in April 2010 that we decided to start collaboration between our institutions (University of Namur and University of Louvain-La-Neuve [CHU Dinant-Mont Godinne]) and develop research projects to investigate musculoskeletal diseases by using an ovine model and modern imaging and laboratory techniques.
    [Show full text]