Comparative Study on the Nomenclature of the Nerves of the Forearm and Forefoot of the Domestic Animals N

Volume 29 | Issue 1 Article 7

1967 Comparative Study on the Nomenclature of the Nerves of the Forearm and Forefoot of the Domestic Animals N. G. Ghoshal Iowa State University

R. Getty Iowa State University

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Recommended Citation Ghoshal, N. G. and Getty, R. (1967) "Comparative Study on the Nomenclature of the Nerves of the Forearm and Forefoot of the Domestic Animals," Iowa State University Veterinarian: Vol. 29 : Iss. 1 , Article 7. Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian/vol29/iss1/7

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Iowa State University Veterinarian by an authorized editor of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Comparative Study on the Nomenclature of the Nerves of the Forearm and Forefoot of the Domestic Animals

N. G. Ghoshal, G.V.Sc., D.T.V.M., Dr.med.vet., Ph.D. R. Getty, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D.

A review of the textbooks of the anat palm of the hand or sole of the foot. In omy of domestic animals, applied anat most of the Veterinary Anatomy books, omy, operative surgery and various other especially in English literature, the term publications pertaining to these regions, "volaris" instead of "palmaris" is fre both in English and foreign literature, in quently used. As both the terms refer to dicate that a variety of terms which are the same anatomical area and for the sake often very confusing are used to designate of consistency with human anatomy, the nerves, especially in the digital region. term "palmaris" will be used in, this article, Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to wherever applicable. summarize and compare the various termi nologies of the nerves of the forearm (antebrachium) and forefoot (manus) in 1. THE ULNAR NERVE our domestic animals. (N. «lnaris) (Table I) The classical studies concerning the nerve supply of the forelimb in domestic At a variable level within the distal half ariimals are those by Sussdorf!!6 and Reim of the arm, the ulnar nerve releases a long, ers.!!! These early studies essentially de· slender cutaneous branch. In veterinary scribe the gross branchings of the nerves anatomy, it has been called by different supplying the region. terms, in different species by various The nerves which supply the forearm authors (Table I). In the domestic ani and forefoot in the domestic animals arise mals, this cutaneous branch of the ulnar from the brachial plexus (Plexus brachi nerve essentially supplies the caudal as alis) in the proximal part of the forelimb. pect and the adjoining segments of the They include: the ulnar nerve (N. ul medial and lateral surfaces of the forearm. naris); the median nerve (N. medianus); As the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria1!1 the Ramus muscularis distalis of the restricts the use of "caudalis" on the limbs musculocutaneous nerve (N. musculo proximal to the carpus and tarsus, we pro cutaneus); the radial nerve (N. radialis); pose to designate this cutaneous branch of and the Nn. cutanei antebrachii craniales the ulnar nerve as the N. cutaneus ante of the axillary nerve (N. axillaris). brachii caudalis. Before discussing the principal The two terminal branches of the ulnar branches of the various nerve trunks sup nerve in man are designated as the Ramus plying the forearm and forefoot in do dorsalis n. ulnaris and Ramus palmaris n. mestic animals, we quote the definition of ulnaris. 1H For the sake of simplicity and the following terms as recommended by conformity with the nomenclature of hu the World Association of Veterinary Anat man anatomy, we also propose to name omists (WAVA).111 "Palmaris"-Palma these terminal branches as the Ramus (Cicero et al.) designates the palm of the dorsalis n. ulnaris and Ramus palmaris n. hand. "Vola," the hollow, refers to the ulnaris. However, it will be evident from

30 Iowa State University Veterinarian Table I that different terms are applied to at first splits into the N. digiti V palmaris these terminal branches of the ulnar nerve proprius and N. digitalis palmaris com by various authors within the same spe munis (superficialis) IV (after receiving cies, and also between different species. contributions from the N. medianus) In polydactyl animals, the Ramus dor which later divides into the Nn. digitales salis n. ulnaris continues as the Nn. digi IV et V palmares proprii. . tales dorsales in man;1H as the N. digitalis In the species mentioned above, the dorsalis communis IV which splits into Ramus profundus is expended entirely in the Nn. digitales IV et V dorsales proprii side the M. interosseus medius, except in in the ruminants; and the N. digiti V dor the dog. In the latter species, the Ramus salis proprius and N. digitalis dorsalis profundus divides into the Nn. digitales communis IV (after receiving the Ramus palmares communes (profundi) II, III et lateralis of the N. digitalis dorsalis com IV. After receiving the Nn. digitales pal munis III) in the pig. The latter divides mares communes (superficiales) II et III of into the Nn. digitales IV et V dorsales the N. medianus it becomes the Tr. pal proprii. It becomes the N. digiti V dorsalis mares communes II et III. The latter di proprius in the dog and the N. digiti V vide into the Nn. digitales palmares pro dorsalis proprius and N. digitalis dorsalis prii. communis IV (after receiving a branch of In perissodactyl animals (e.g., horse) the Ramus superficialis of the N. radialis) the ulnar nerve also divides into the Ra in the cat. The latter divides into the Nn. mus dorsalis n. ulnaris and Ramus pal digitales dorsales proprii. maris n. ulnaris. The Ramus dorsalis n. In order to simplify the nomenclature ulnaris furnishes twigs to the fascia and in the region of the "manus," we propose skin on the dorsolateral aspect of the car to drop the terms "metacarpicus," "meta pus and the dorsolateral aspect of the carpalis," "metacarpeus," etc. This change metacarpus to the fetlock joint. is, however, in accordance with the No The Ramus palmaris n. ulnaris at first mina Anatomica. 1s joins the N. palmaris lateralis and then, Similarly, the Ramus palmaris n. ul similar to other animals, divides into a naris, in man, divides into the Ramus Ramus superficiaJis and Ramus profundus. superficialis and Ramus profundus. Later, The Ramus superficiaJis receives a com the former (Ramus superficialis) becomes municating branch from the N. palmaris the Nn. digitales palmares communes medialis and subsequently divides into which split into the Nn. digitales palmares the N. digitalis dorsalis lateralis and N. proprii.1S digitalis palmaris lateralis. Occasionally, In the domestic animals, the Ramus an inconstant N. digitalis intermedius is palmaris n. ulnaris also divides into the found. Ramus superficialis and Ramus pro II. THE MEDIAN NERVE fundus. The Ramus superficialis (after (N. mediallus) AND receiving the Ramus lateralis of the N. MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE palmaris lateralis) becomes the N. digitalis (N. mllJClIioClltallellS) (Table II) palmaris communis IV, which splits into the Nn. digitales IV et V palmares proprii The Ramus musculocutancus of the in the ruminants. In the pig, it divides median nerve should be regarded as the into the N. digiti V palmaris proprius and Ramus muscularis distalis of the musculo N. digiti IV palmaris proprius. In the dog, cutaneous nerve (N. musculocutaneus) for the Ramus superficialis gives rise to the N. comparative reasons. In the cat, this digiti V palmaris proprius and N. digitalis branch does not associate with the median palmaris communis (superficialis) IV nerve in its distal course. We propose to (which receives a contribution from the call its cutaneous branch the N. cutaneus Ramus profundus). The latter divides into antebrachii medialis which corresponds to the Nn. digitales IV et V palmares pro the N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis in prii. In the cat, the Ramus superficialis man.

Issue, No.1, 1967 31 For the sake of uniformity with human scends as the N. digitalis palmaris com anatomy and for comparative reasons, we munis III. The former extends as the N. propose to designate the terminal branches digiti V palmaris proprius, while the latter, of the median nerve as the medial and following division, gives rise to the Nn. lateral palmar nerves. digitales III et IV palmares proprii. In In man, the Ramus palmaris n. mediani the dog and cat, the N. palmaris lateralis gives off the Ramus communicans cum n. continues as the N. digitalis palmaris com ulnari and later forms the Nn. digit ales munis (superficialis) III which finally palmares communes. The latter split into splits into the Nn. digitales III et IV pal the Nn. digitales palmares propriPs mares proprii. Besides, in the cat, the N. In polydactyl animals, especially in the palmaris lateralis gives off a Ramus com ox and sheep, the N. palmaris medialis municans cum ramo superficiali (e nervo divides into a Ramus medialis (N. digitalis ulnari). palmaris communis II) and Ramus inter In the horse, the N. palmaris medialis digitalis. The former descends as the Nn. gives off a Ramus communicans. It di digitales II et III palmares proprii, while vides finally into the N. digitalis dorsalis the latter continues as the N. digiti III medialis and N. digitalis palmaris medi palmaris proprius. In the goat, the N. pal alis. Sometimes, a N. digitalis intermedius maris medialis usually divides into the is also encountered. Ramus medialis (N. digitalis palmaris The N. palmaris lateralis joins the Ra communis II) and N. digitalis palmaris mus palmaris n. ulnaris above the carpus. communis III. The former nerve extends The above nerve trunk divides into the as the Nn. digit ales II et III palmares pro Ramus superficialis and Ramus pro prii, whereas the latter divides into the fundus. The former gives rise to the N. Nn. digitales III et IV palmares ,proprii. In digi taUs dorsalis lateralis and N. digitalis the pig, the N. palmaris medialis divides palmaris lateralis with an inconstant N. into the Ramus medialis and N. digitalis digitalis intermedius. According to palmaris communis II. The former nerve Rooney,~~ Dobberstein and Koch," and continues as the N. digiti II palmaris pro Kochlll the Ramus profundus of the N. prius, while the latter splits into the Nn. palmaris lateralis furnishes the M. interos digit ales II et III palmares proprii. In the seus medius and finally continues as the dog and cat, the N. palmaris medialis Nn. metacarpici volares profundi lateralis gives off, at first, the N. digiti I palmaris et medialis, which we propose to designate proprius and then continues as the Nn. as the Nn. digitales palmares profundi. digitales palmares communes (superfici It will be evident from Table II that the ales) I et II. The latter divide into the Nn. medial and lateral palmar nerves, in some digit ales palmares proprii. veterinary works, are frequently termed The N. palmaris lateralis, in the rumin "plantar" nerves, which is an unfortunate ants, divides into a Ramus interdigitalis misnomer. and Ramus lateralis (N. digitalis palmaris communis IV). The former continues as III. THE RADIAL NERVE the N. digiti IV palmaris proprius, while (N. radialis) (Table III) the latter joins the Ramus superficialis of The radial nerve divides into the Ramus the N. ulnaris and descends as the Nn. superficialis and Ramus profundus, in the digitales IV et V palmares proprii. How neighborhood of the elbow joint. In man, ever, it has been pointed out that in the the former (Ramus superficialis) gives off goat, and occasionally also in the ox and the Ramus communicans ulnaris and Nn. sheep, the Nn. digitales III et IV palmares digit ales dorsales, whereas the Ramus pro proprii arise from the terminal division of fundus releases the N. interosseus [ante the N. digitalis palmaris communis III, brachii1 posterior. 1.' given off of the N. palmaris medialis. In These terminal branches are often dif the pig, the N. palmaris lateralis gives off ferently designated by various authors in the Ramus lateralis and subsequently de- veterinary anatomical literature. The ra-

32 Iowa State University Veterinarian dial nerve, before its division, detaches a superficial branch gives off the Nn. digi variable number of cutaneous twigs which tales dorsales communes II, III et IV ramify in the fascia and skin in the region which subsequently divide and descend as of the forearm and are, therefore, named the Nn. digitales dorsales proprii. The theNn. cutanei antebrachii n. radialis. Ramus medialis essentially gives rise to The Ramus superficialis of the N. radialis the N. digiti I dorsalis proprius and N. also releases several twigs during its distal digitalis dorsalis communis I which split course which furnish innervation to the into the N. digiti I dorsalis proprius and N. fascia and skin of the forearm. In order digiti II dorsalis proprius. to differentiate the cutaneous branches In the cat, the Ramus lateralis gives off arising directly from the N. radialis itself, the Nn. digitales dorsales communes II et from that of the Ramus superficialis of the III which terminate as the Nn. digitales N. radialis, we propose to designate the dorsales proprii. Moreover, the N. digitalis latter as the N. cutaneus antebrachii lat dorsalis communis II gives off a Ramus eralis, because it indicates clearly the area communicans to the Ramus medialis to of innervation in the region of the fore form the N. digiti II dorsalis proprius, arm and will enable us to differentiate whereas the N. digitalis dorsalis com here the other cutaneous supplies from munis III releases a Ramus communicans the axillary and musculocutaneous nerves. to the Ramus dorsalis n. ulnaris to con The other branch of the radial nerve will stitute the N. digitalis dorsalis communis be named the Ramus profundus in the IV. The Ramus medialis gives off the N. usual way. digiti I dorsalis proprius and N. digitalis In polydactyl animals, as the ox, the dorsalis communis I which (after receiv Ramus superficialis exchanges fibers with ing the Ramus communicans from the N. the N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis of digitalis dorsalis communis II) divide into the Ramus muscularis distalis n. musculo the N. digiti I dorsalis proprius and N. cutanei. In the ruminants, it finally di digiti II dorsalis proprius. vides into the Ramus medialis eN. digi In the horse, the Ramus superficialis talis dorsalis communis II) and N. digitalis does not usually extend beyond the carpus. dorsalis communis III. The former termi However, Grau7 and Nickel,17 described it nates as the Nn. digitalis II et III dorsales as ramifying in the skin over the muscular proprii, while the latter descends as the bellies of the Mm. extensor digitalis com Nn. digitales III et IV dorsales proprii. munis and lateralis and, therefore, in the In the pig and carnivores (e.g., dog, cat) middle of the lateral aspect of the forearm. the superficial branch of the radial nerve But Tagand and Barone,27 alleged that the is distinctly divisible into medial and lat cutaneous branch of the radial nerve was eral branches below the carpus and, there distributed to the skin of the external sur fore, they will be named the Ramus medi face of the foreann, the craniolateral sur alis and Ramus lateralis. face of the carpus and even of the meta The Ramus lateralis, in the pig, at first carpus. gives off the N. digitalis dorsalis com In the above-mentioned species, the munis III which divides into' the Nn. digi Ramus profundus primarily supplies the tales III et IV dorsales proprii. Its contin Rami musculares to the extensors of the uation joins the Ramus medialis of the carpus and digit(s). Ramus dorsalis n. ulnaris to constitute the While renaming the digital tenninations N. digitalis dorsalis communis IV. The of the principal branches of the ulnar, latter terminates as the Nn. digitales IV et median, and radial nerves in various spe V dorsales proprii. The Ramus medialis cies of polydactyl animals, one should be divides into the N. digiti II dorsalis pro cognizant of the fact that the medial and prius and N. digitalis dorsalis communis lateral accessory digits or "dew-claws" are II which descends as the Nn. digitales II in reality the diminutive (or rudimentary) et III dorsales proprii. representatives of the 2nd and 5th digits, In the dog, the Ramus lateralis of the respectively. Due to their palmar displace-

Issue, No.1, 1967 33 ment, there is also. a change in the dispo sistency in the terminology used for desig sition of the nerves supplying the area. In nating the main branches of the ulnar, English literature, terms like "axial" and median, radial and cutaneous branches of "abaxial" are often used to signify the the axillary and musculocutaneous nerves dorsal and palmar digital nerves. But, in in the region of the forearm and forefoot reality, both the medial and lateral dorsal in various domestic animals. Terms rec (or palmar) digital nerves are "axial" in ommended by the Nomina Anatomica, 3rd stead of "abaxial" nerves, because their edition, 1966, are used whenever possible relationship has changed due to the pal in order to develop a uniform and con mar migration of the 2nd and 5th digits. sistent nomenclature applicable to the Therefore, such terms are very confuSing comparative nomenclature of the nerves and should be abandoned because they of the forearm and forefoot of the do convey the wrong conception. Instead, mestic animals. they should be renamed as "proper" nerves which is in conformity with the Nomina Anatomica.18 In order to avoid further complications in renaming these proper digital nerves, we propose to insert the TABLE I Roman numeral of the digit along with TERMINOLOGY APPLIED TO THE MAIN BRANCHES the respective nerve. OF THE ULNAR NERVE (N. ulnaris) IN THE REGION OF FOREARM AND FOREFOOT IN V ARI OUS DOMESTIC ANIMALS INCLUDING MAN: IV. THE AXILLARY NERVE (N_ axillaris) (Table IV) A. HORSE Nomina Anatomica, 1966 (Man) The cutaneous branch of the axillary Ramus dorsalis n. ulnaris nerve is called the N. cutaneus brachii Nn. digit ales dorsales Ramus palmaris n. ulnaris lateralis in man.ls According to Gray,9 Ramus superficialis Nn. digitales palmares communes "the upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the Nn. digitales palmares proprii arm supplies the skin over the lower part Ramus profundus of the deltoid and the skin covering the ChautJeau and ATloing, 1902 (English ed.) upper part of the long head of the triceps" Internal brachial cutaneous nerve Cutaneous branch muscles (figs. 964,965, page 1159). External plantar nerve In veterinary literature, in order to McFadyean, 1903 Cutaneous branch strictly follow the human nomenclature, External plantar nerve Anterior branch many veterinary anatomists have ignored Middle branch the fact that the cutaneous branches of the Posterior branch axillary nerve also extend a variable dis Bradley, 1920 Ramus cutaneus volaris tance beyond the elbow joint and, in re Ramus superficialis Ramus profundus ality, to the region of the forearm to the N. volaris lateralis Ramus volaris Regio carpi dorsalis in various domestic Ramus donalis animals. This distribution below the el Deep branch Reimers, 1925 bow joint has been mentioned by several N. cutaneus antebrachii proprius authors. Therefore, we feel that these fila Ramus dorsalis Ramus volaris ments, in order to differentiate them from Ramus superficialis (N. volari. lateralis) that of the N. cutaneus brachii lateralis, Ramus dorsalis Ramus volaris according to their disposition in the fore Ramus profundus arm, should be named the Nn. cutanei Ellenberger and Baum, 1943 N. cutaneus antebrachii caudalis antebrachii craniales in agreement with Ramus dorsalis s. N. dorsalis manus the subcommittee's proposals on the Sys Ramus volaris Ramus (volaris) superficialis tema nervosum periphericum of the NAV, Ramus (volaris) profundus 1963. Zimmer!, 1949 Palmar cutaneous nerve Cutaneous branch SUMMARY Anastomotic branch Lateral palmar nerve Anterior digital nerve A review of textbooks and various publi Middle digital nerve Posterior digital nerve cations indicates disagreement and incon- Deep palmar nerve

34 Iowa State University Veterinarian Bruni and Zimmerl, 1951 Habel, 1950--51 (Ox) Palmar cutaneous nerve Dorsal branch Superficial or subcutaneous branch Abaxial dorsal nerve of the 4th digit Deep branch Volar branch (+ lateral branch of median nerve) Lateral palmar nerve or external collateral of the Abaxial volar nerve of the 4th digit "shinu bone Anterior branch Langer and Nicl!el, 1953 (Ox) Middle branch N. cutaneus antebrachii proprius Posterior branch Ramus dorsalis Deep palmar branch N. metacarpicus dorsalis lateralis N. digiti IV dorsalis lateralis Sisson and Grossman, 1953 Ramus volaris Ramus cutaneous volaris Ramus volaris superficialis Ramus superficialis Ramus profundus Ramus volaris profundus Rooney, 1956 Cutaneous branch Sisson and Grossman, 1953 (Ox) (N. cutaneus antebrachil caudalis) Dorsal (or superficial) branch Dorsal branch Lateral dorsal digital nerve Volar branch Volar (or deep) branch Continuation of above <+ lateral branch of me Dobberstein and Koch, 1958 dian nerve) N. cutaneus antebrachii caudalis Lateral volar digital nerve Ramus dorsalis (N. digitalis lateralis digiti IV) Ramus volaris Ramus superficialis Schreiber, 1956 (Ox) (N. volaris lateralis) N. cutaneus antebrachii caudalis Ramus dorsalis N. dorsalis manus Ramus volaris N. digiti IV dorsalis lateralis Ramus profundus Ramus superficialis (+ R. lateralis of lateral volar nerve) Ta9and and Barone, 1964 N. volaris digiti IV lateralis Internal cutaneous brachial nerve Ramus profundus (N. cutaneus antebrachii volaris) Ramus dorsalis manus Dobberstein and Koch, 1958 (Ox) External palmar nerve Ramus dorsalis (N. volaris lateralis) Ramus volaris Ramus dorsalis Ramus intermedius McLeod, 1960 (Ox) Ramus volari. s. N. digitalis palmaris proprius Posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm Deep palmar (Ramus volaris profundus) Superficial branch Superficial lateral volar nerve Koch, 1965 Lateral dorsal abaxial digital nerve N. cutaneus antebrachil caudalis Deep branch Ramus dorsalis Deep lateral metacarpal nerve Ramus volaris <+ lateral branch of medial volar) Lateral volar abaxial digital nerve Ghoshal and Getty, 1967 N. cutaneus antebachii caudalis May, 1964 (Sheep) Ramus dorsalis n. ulnaris Ramus palmaris n. ulnaris N. cutaneus volari. Ramus palmaris n. ulnaris (+ N. palmaris later Dorsal or superficial branch alis) N. digitalis dorsalis abaxialis Ramus superficialis Volar or deep branch N. digitalis dorsalis lateralis Continuatlon of above N. digitalis palmaris lateralis (+ branch from median) N. digitalis intermedius (inconstant) N. digitalis volaris abaxialis Ramus profundus Koch, 1965 (Ox) Ramus dorsalis Ramus volaris B, RUMINANTS Ramus volaris superficialis (+ N. medianus) N. digiti quarti volaris lateralis Chauveau and Arloin9, 1902 (English ed.) Ramus volaris profundus (Ruminants) External plantar nerve or interosseous palmar of Gltos/1U1 and Getty, 1967 (Ruminants) the second space N. cutaneus antebrachii caudalis External collateral nerve of the outer digit (+ ex Ramus dorsalis n. ulnaris ternal plantar) and ramuscles to ergot N. digitalis dorsalis communis IV Nn. digitales IV et V dorsales proprii Reimers, 1925 (Ox, Sheep &- Goat) Ramus palmaris n. ulnaris N. cutaneus antebrachii proprius Ramus dorsalis N. digiti IV dorsalis lateralis Ramus superficialis <+ Ramus lateralis of N. Ramus volaris palmaris latera,lis) Ramus superficialis N. digitalis palmaris communis IV N. digiti IV volaris lateralis Nn. digitales IV el V palmares proprii Ramus profundus Ramus profundus Ellenberger and Ballm, 1943 (Ruminants) N. cutaneus antebrachii caudalis Dorsal (superficial) branch C. PIG N. digitalis dorsalis proprius Volar (deep) branch Ramus superficialis Challveau and Arloing, 1902 (English ed.) N. digiti IV volaris ulnari. Dorsal collateral nerves of the external digits Ramus profundus Collateral of the external digit Bruni and Zimmerl, 1951 (Ruminants) Reimers, 1925 Subcutaneous branch N. cutaneus antebrachii proprius Lateral dorsal digital nerve of the 4th digit and Ramus dorsalis dorsal digital of the Sth digit N. dig. dors. V. lateralis Deep or lateral palmar N. dig. dorsalis communis IV Lateral palmar digital nerve of the 4th (+ Ramus supcrficialis of N. radialis) digit (+ medial palmar) and lateral palmar N. dig. IV dors. lateralis digItal nerve of the Sth digit N. dig. dors. V medialis

Issue, No.1, 1967 35 Ramus volaris Ramus profundus Ramus superficialis Nn. metacarpei volares profundi II, III et IV N. dig. V vol. lateralis (+ Nn. metacarpei volares superficiales II et N. volaris dig. communis IV III of N. medianus and N. metacarpeus N. dig. vol. IV lateralis vol ads profundus IV from the Ramus N. dig. vol. V medialis superficialis of N. ulnaris) Ramus profundus Nn. digitales volares communes II, III et IV Ellenberger and Baum. 1943 N. cutaneus antebrachii caudalis Bradley and Grahame, 1943 Ramus dorsalis s. N. dorsalis manus Ramus cutaneus volaris N. dors. digiti V ulnaris Dorsal ramus N. metacarpicus (or digitalis) dors. communis IV N. dorsalis digiti V (+ Ramus superficialis of N. radialis) Volar ramus Nn. digitales dorss. proprii Ramus superficialis R~mus volaris N. volaris digiti V Ramus (vol.) superficialis N. metacarpeus volaris superficialis IV N. vol. dilflti V ulnaris (+ branch of Ramus profundus) N. digital1s vol. communis IV (+ branch of N. Ramus profundus med.) Nn. metacarpei volares profundi II, III et IV Nn. digitales voll. proprii (+ superficial branches of median nerve) Nn. digitales volares communes II, III et IV Ramus (vol.) profundus Nn. digitales volares proprii

Bruni and Zimmerl, 1951 Ellenberger and Baum, 1943 Dorsal branch Dorsal lateral digital of the 5th digit N. cutaneus antebrachii caudalis Other branch (+ lateral terminal of radial nerve) Ramus dorsalis s. N. dorsalis manus Medial dorsal of the 5th digit N. dorsalis digiti V ulnaris Ramus volaris Lateral dorsal of the 4th digit Ramus (vol.) superficialis N. volaris digiti V ulnaris Palmar branch (Lateral palmar nerve) N. metacarpicus volaris superficialis IV Lateral palmar digital of the 5th (+ N. metacarpicus volaris profundus IV) Lateral palmar digital of the 4th N. digitalis volaris commurus IV (+ anastomotic branch of the medial dorsal Nn. digit ales volares proprii digital of the 4th) Ramus (vol.) profundus Dorsal diltital Nn. metacarpici volares profundi II, III et IV Volar digital (+ Nn. metacarpici volares superficiales) Deep palmar Nn. digitales volares proprii Sission and Grossman. 1953 Dorsal branch Bruni and Zimmerl, 1951 (+ cutaneous branch of radial nerve) Dorsal branch Dorsal common digital nerves Dorsal digital lateral of the 5th Dorsal proper digital nerves PallQ,ar branch (lateral palmar) Palmar digital lateral of the 5th Deeii' palmar nerves (Lateral) volar proper digital nerves of the 4th and Digital palmar nerves 5th digits

Schneider and Zintzsch, 1962 Sisson and Grossman, 1953 N. cutaneus antebrachii caudalis Ramus dorsalis Ramus dorsalis Lateral dorsal digital nerve of 5th digit N. digitalis dorsalis communis IV Ramus superficialis Ramus volaris N. dig. vol. lat. dig. V Ramus superficialis N. met. vol. IV <+ deep branch) N. digitalis volaris communis IV Ramus profundus Ramus profundus Nn. dig. vol. comm. II, III, IV (+ volar metacarpal branches of median Ghoshal and Getty, 1967 nerve) N. cutaneus antebrachii caudalis Nn. dig. vol. proprii Ramus dorsalis n. ulnaris N. digiti V dorsalis proprius Dobberstein and Koch, 1958 N. digitalis dorsalis communis IV Ramus superficialis (+ Ramus lateralis of N. digitalis dorsalis Ramus profundus conimunis Ill) Nn. digitales IV et V dorsales proprii Ramus palmaris n. ulnaris Miller, Christensen and Evans, 1964 Ramus superficialis N. cutancus antebrachii caudalis N. digitl V palmaris proprius Ramus dorsalis N. digiti IV palmaris proprius N. digitorum dorsalis lateralis V Ramus profundus Ramus palmaris N. metacarpalis palmaris superficialis IV N. digitalis palmaris lateralis V Nn. metacarpales palmares profundi I, II, III et D.DOG IV Nn. digit ales palmares communes II, III et IV Nn. digitales proprii palmares laterales et Clzauveau and Arloing, 1902 (English ed.) mediales Dorsal branch External dorsal collateral nerve of small digit Palmar branch Koch, 1965 External collateral palmar of the auricularis . Dorsal branch V(,lar branch Reimers, 1925 Superficial branch (Ramus volaris silperficialis) N. cutaneU5 antebrachii proprius Deep branch (Ramus volaris 'profundus) Ramus dorsalis Nn. metacarpici volares profundi digiti se· N. digiti V dorsalis ulnads cundi, tertii and quarti Ramus volaris (+ Nn. metacarpici volares superficiales of Ramus 5uperficialis N. medianus) N. metacarpeus volaris V N. digiti V volaris ulnaris N. metacarpeus volaris 5uperficialis IV Ghoshal and Getty, 1967 (+ N. metacarpeus volaris profundus IV) N. cutaneus antebrachii caudaUs N. digitalis volari. communis IV Ramus dorsalis n. ulnaris Nn. digit ales volares proprii N. digiti V dorsalis proprius

36 Iowa State University Veterinarian Ramus palmaris n. ulnaris Twigs to the contiguous sides of the 5th and Ramus superficialis 4th digits N. digiti V palmaris proprius Deep palmar branch N. d~~italis palmaris communis (superficialis) GhoshaZ and Getty, 1967 (+ branch from Ramus profundus) N. cutaneus antebrachii caudalis Nn. digitales IV et V palmares proprii Ramus dorsalis n. ulnaris Ramus profundus N. digiti V dorsalis proprius Nn. digitales palmares communes (profundi) N. digitalis dorsalis communis IV II, III et IV <+ branch of Ramus superficialis of N. radi (+ Nn. digitale. palmares communes (superfi alis) ciales) II et III of N. medianus) = Tr. Nn. digitales IV et V dorsales proprii digit ales palmares communes II et III Nn. digitales palmares proprii Ramus palmaris n. ulnaris Ramus superficialis N. digiti V palmaris proprius N. digitalis palmaris communis IV E. CAT (+ branch of N. medianus) Nn. digitales IV et V palmares proprii MivaTt, 1881 Ramus profundus Dorsal branch One branch to the outside of the 5th digit Other branch (after receiving a branch from the radial) TABLE II Branch to the inner side of the 5th digit Branch to the outer side of the 4th digit TERMINOLOGY APPLIED TO THE MAIN Palmar branch BRANCHES OF THE MEDIAN NERVE (N. medianus) Branch to the outside of the 5th AND MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE (N. musculo· Branch to the contiguous sides of the 4th and cutaneus) IN THE REGION OF FOREARM AND 5th digits FOREFOOT IN VARIOUS DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN· A twig to median nerve CLUDING MAN: A. HORSE Chauveau and Arloing, 1902 (English ed.) Nomina Anatornica, 1966 (Man) Dorsal branch N. musculocutaneus External dorsal collateral of small digit (+ N. cutaneus antebrachii lateraIis branch of radial nerve) N. medianus Internal dorsal collateral of small digit Ramus palmaris n. mediani External of the auricularis Ramus communicans cum n. ulnari Palmar branch Nn. digitales palmares communes External palmar collateral Nn. digitales palmares proprii Internal palmar collateral of small digit External palmar collateral of annularis Chauveau and Arloing, 1902 (English ed.) N. musculocutaneus Reimers, 1925 Musculo·cutaneous nerve N. cutaneus antebrachii proprius N. medianus Ramus dorsalis Internal plantar nerve N. digiti V dorsalis ulnads Anastomosing branch N. metacarpeus (or digitalis) dorsalis communis Digital branches-anterior, middle and poste' IV rior (+ lateral branch of Ramus superficialis of N. External plantar nerve (= branch from N. ul· radialis) naris + branch from N. medianus) Nn. digit ales dorsales proprii Deep plantar branch Ramus volaris Digital branches-anterior, middle and poste Ramus superficialis rior N. digiti V volaris ulnari. N. metacarpeus volaris IV McFadyean, 1903 Nn. digitales volares propr;; N. musculocutaneus Ramus profundus Musculocutaneous branch Cutaneous branch Ellenberger and Baum, 1943 N. medianus N. cutaneus antebrachii caudalis Internal plantar nerve Ramus dorsalis •. N. dorsalis manus Considerable branch (oblique branch) N. dorsalis digiti V ulnaris Digital branches-anterior. middle and poste N. metacarpicus (or digitalis) dorsalis communis rior IV Other branch (+ ulnar nerve) = External (+ lateral branch of Ramus superficialis of N. plantar nerve radialis) Digital branches = anterior. middle and poste· Nn. digit ales dorsales propr;; rior Ramus volaris Bradley, 1920 Ramus (vol.) superficialis N. musculocutaneus N. volaris diglti V ulnari. N. cutaneus antebrachii latera lis N. metacarpicus volaris (.uperficialis) IV N. medianus Nn. digitales volares proprii Medial volar nerve (N. volaris medialis) Ramus (vol.) profundus Oblique communicating branch Ramus dorsalis Ramus volaris Bruni and Zimmerl, 1951 Lateral volar nerve Dorsal branch (+ deep or terminal branch of ulnar nerve) Dorsal lateral digital of the 5th Deep branch Another branch (+ branch of radial nerve) Ramus dorsalis Dorsal lateral of the 4th Ramus volaris Dorsal medial of the 5th Palmar branch Reimers, 1925 Digital palmar lateral of the 5th N. musculocutaneus Another branch Ramus muscularis distalis nervi musculocutanei Digital palmar lateral of the 4th Ramus cutaneus antebrachii nervi musculo. Digital palmar medial of the 5th cutanei N. mcdianus Reighard and Jennings, 1951 N. volaris medialis Dorsal cutaneous branch Ramus communicans Twig to the dorsal part of the ulnar side of the Dorsal branch 5th digit Volar branch Twigs to the contiguous sides of the 4th and 5th Lateral terminal branch digits <+ Ramus volari. of N. ulnaris) N. volarh Palmar branch lateralis Superficial palmar branch Dorsal branch Twig to the ulnar side of the 5th digit Volar branch

Issue, No.1, 1967 37 Ellenberger and Baum, 1943 Ramus ulnaris (+ Ramus volaris of N. ulnaris) N. musculocutaneus = N. volaris lateralis Ramus muscularis distalis Ramus volaris profundus N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis Nn. metacarpici volares profundi N. medianus Ramus dorsalis N. (metacarpicus) volaris medialis (= Ramus Ramus volaris radialis) Ramus communicans Tagand and BaTone, 1964 Dorsal branch N. musculocutaneus Volar branch Ramus musculocutaneus N. (mctacarpicus) volaris lateralis (= Ramus Ramus cutaneus antebrachii medialis ulnaris) N. medianus (+ N. ulnaris) Internal palmar nerve (N. volaris medialis) Dorsal branch Anastomotic branch Volar branch Ramus dorsalis Ramus intermedius Zimmerl,1949 Ramus volaris s. N. digitalis palmaris Jlroprius N. medianus External palmar nerve (N. volaris lateralis) Medial palmar nerve Ramus volaris profundus Anastomotic hranch Ramus dorsalis Antcrior digital nerve Ramus intermedius Middle digital nerve Ramus volaris s. N. digitalis palmaris proprius Posterior digital nerve Latral palmar nerve (+ branch of ulnar nerve) Koch, 1965 Deep palmar branch N. musculocutaneus Anterior digital nerve Ramus muscularis distalis Middle digital nervc N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis Posterior digital nerve N. medianus Bruni and ZimmeTl, 1951 Ramus radialis (N. volaris medialis) N. musculocutaneus Ramus communicans Ramus musculocutaneus Dorsal digital nerve N. medianus Volar digital nerve Medial palmar nerve Communicating branch Ramus ulnari. (+ Ramus volaris of N. ulnaris) Anterior digital nerve = N. volaris lateralis Middle digital nerve Ramus volaris profundus Posterior digital nerve Nn. metacarpici volares profundi laterali. Dorsal branch et medialis Volar branch Dorsal digital nerve Lateral palmar nerve (+ ulnar nerve) Volar digital nerve Deep palmar branch Anterior di£:ital nerve Ghosha! and Getty, 1967 Middle digital nerve N. musculocutaneus Posterior digital nerve Ramu~ muscularis distalis n. musculocutanei Dorsal branch N: cutaneus antebrachii medialis Volar branch N. medianus N. palmaris medialis Sisson and GTossman, 1953 Ramus communicans N. digitalis dorsalis medialis N. musculocutaneus N. digitalis palmaris medialis Musculocutaneous branch N. digitalis intermedius (inconstant) Cutaneous branch N. palmaris lateralis (+ Ramus palmaris n. N. medianus ulnaris) N. volaris medialis Ramus superficialis Anastomotic branch N. digitalis dorsalis lateralis Ramus dorsalis N. dgiitalis palmaris lateralis Ramus volaris N. digitalis intermedius (inconstant) Middle digital branch (inconstant) Ramus profundus Lateral terminal branch (+ deep branch of ulnar Nn. digit ales palmares profundi nerve) = N. volaris lat. Deep branch Ramus dorsalis Ramus volaris B. RUMINANTS Middle digital branch (inconstant) Challveall and ATloing, 1902 (English ed.) (Ruminants) Rooney, 1956 N. medianus N. musculocutaneus Internal plantar or interosseous palmar of the Distal muscular branch 3rd space Medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve (N. cutane· Branch to the external plantar eus antebrachii medialis) Branch to interdigital space N. medianus Internal collateral palmar nerves of the ex· Medial volar metacarpal nerve ternal digit Anastomotic branch External collateral of the internal digit Dorsal digital nerve Internal collateral of the internal digit Volar digital nerve Intermediate digital nerve (inconstant) ReimeTs, 1925 (Ox, Sheep, and Goat) N. musculocutaneus Other terminal branch (+ volar branch of ulnar Ramus muscularis distalis nerve) = lateral volar metacarpal nerve Ramus cutaneus antebrachii nervi mnsculocu· Deep branch tanei Nn. metacarpici volares profundi N. medianus Dorsal digital nerve Medial terminal branch Volar digital nerve Medial branch Intermediate digital nerve (inconstant) N. digiti III volaris medialis s. radialis Lateral branch C+ medial branch of the lateral terminal branch) DobbeTstein and Koch, 1958 N. digiti III volaris latera lis s. ulnaris N. musculocutaneus N. digiti IV volaris medialis s. radialis Ramus muscularis distalis Lateral treminal branch N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis Medial branch (+ lateral branch of medial N. medianus terminal branch) Ramus radialis (N. volaris medialis) N. digiti III volaris lateralis s. ulnaris Ramus communicans N. digiti IV volaris medialis s. radialis Ramus dorsalis Lateral branch (+ terminal part of N. ulnaris) Ramus volaris N. volaris digiti IV lateralis s. ulnaris

38 Iowa State University Veterinarian ElIenbergeT and Baum, 1943 (Ox) N. medianus N. musculocutaneus Medial volar nerve Ramus muscuaris distalis Medial volar abaxial digital nerve N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis Volar axial nerve N. medianus Medial and lateral volar axial digital nerves Ramus radialis Lateral branch (+ deep nerve of lateral volar Medial branch nerve) N. volaris digiti III radialis Lateral volar abaxial digital nerve Lateral branch N. digitalis volaris communis III May, 1964 (Sheep) (+ medial branch of Ramus ulnaris) N. medianus Ramus ulnari. Medial branch (N. digitalis volaris abaxialis) Medial branch (+ lateral branch of Ramus Middle branch (N. interdigitalis volaris com· radialis) . munls) . N. digitalis volaris communis 111 Nn. digitales volares axiales Nn. digitales volares proprii Lateral branch (+ Ramus superficialis of Lateral branch (N. digitalis volaris abaxialis) Ramus volaris of N. ulnaris) N. volaris digiti IV ulnaris Koch, 1965 (Ox) Habel, 1950-51 (Ox) N. medianus N. medianus Medial branch Medial branch N. volaris digiti tertii medialis Abaxial volar nerve of the third digit Middle branch Lateral branch Axial volar digital nerves N. volaris digiti tertii lateralis Lateral branch (+ volar branch of ulnar nerve) N. volaris digiti quarti medialis Abaxial volar nerve of the fourth digit Gltosha! and Cetty, 1967 (Ruminants) BTUni and Zimmeri, 1951 (Ruminants) N. musculocutaneus N. medianus Ramus muscularis distalis n. musculocutanei Medial palmar nerve N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis . Medial branch N. medianus Lateral palmar digital of the 3rd N. palmaris medialis Medial palmar digital of the 3rd Ramus medialis = N. digitalis palmaris com· Lateral branch (+ lateral palmar nerve) munis II Medial palmar digital of the 4th digit Nn. digitales II et III palmares proprii Anastomotic branch (+lateral palmar nerve) Ramus interdigitalis Lateral palmar digital of the 4th digit N. dil\iti III palmaris proprius N. palmariS lateralis Ramus interdigitalis Langer and Nickel, 1953 (Ox) N. digiti IV palmaris proprius N. medianus Ramus laterahs (+ Ramus .uperficialis n. ul· N. volaris medialis r~ris) = N. digitalis palmaris communis Ramus medialis N. digiti III volaris medialis Nn. digitales IV et V palmares proprii Ramus interdigitalis N. digiti III volaris interdigitalis N. volaris lateralis Ramus lateralis (+ Ramus vOlaris superficialis of N. ulnaris) C. PIG N. digiti IV volaris lateralis Ramus interdigitalis Cltauveau and Arloing, 1902 (English ed.) N. digiti IV volaris interdigitalis N. medianus Four branches: Sisson and GTossman, 1953 (Ox) Two upper are smallest and forms the coli at· N. medianus erab of the rudimentary digits Medial branch The inferior two are the longest and reach the N. digitalis medialis digiti III principal interdigital space, forming the Another branch (+ branch of lateral branch collaterales of the two great digits of median nerve) Common digital trunk Reimers, 1925 Volar digital nerves (N. digitalis volaris N. musculocutaneus lateralis digiti III, medialis digiti IV) Ramus cutaneus antebrachii nervi musculocu· Lateral branch tanei One division (+ twig from the medial branch) N. median us Common dillital trunk Ramus medialis (radialis) Volar digital nerves N. digiti II volaris medialis Other division (+ volar branch of ulnar nerve) N. digitalis volaris communis II N. digitalis lateralis digiti IV N. digiti 11 volaris lateralis N. digiti III volaris medialis Schreiber, 1956 (Ox) Ramus lateralis (ulnaris) N. musculocutaneus A branch to N. digitalis volaris communis IV N. cutaneus antebrachli medialis ni. musculo· of N. ulnaris cutanei N. digitalis volaris communis III N. medianus N. digiti III volaris lateralis Medial volar nerve N. digiti IV volaris medialis N. volaris digiti III medialis N. digitalis communis volaris III EllenbeTger and Baum, 1943 N. musculocutaneus Lateral volar nerVe Ramus muscularis distalis Ramus medialis N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis Ramus lateralis (+ Ramus superficialis n. ul· N. medianus naris) Ramus radialis N. digiti IV volaris lateralis N. volaris digiti II radialis N. metacarpicus volaris (superficialis) II Dobberstein and Koch, 1958 (Ox) Nn. digitale. volares proprii N. medianus Ramus ulnaris N. volaris digiti tertii radialis N. metacarpicus volaris (superficialis) III N. digitalis volaris communis tertius Nn. digitales volares proprii N. volaris digiti quarti ulnads Branch to N. metacarpicus volaris (superfi. (after receiving N. ulnaris) cialis) IV

McLeod, 1960 (Ox) Bruni and Zimmerl, 1951 N. musculocutaneus N. median us Musculocutaneous branch Medial digital of the 2nd digit Dorsal cutaneous nerve of the forearm Medial digital of the 5th digit

Issue, No.1, 1967 39 Another branch IV) = Nn. digitales volares communes II, III Lateral palmar of the 2nd digit et IV Medial palmar of the 3rd digit Proper volar digital nerves Late!-"al palmar digital of the 3rd digit MedIal palmar digital of the 4th digit Ellenberger and Baum, 1943 N. musculocutaneus Sisso'n and Grossman, 1953 Ramus muscularis distalis N. medianus N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis Medial branch N. medianus Volar proper digital nerve of the medial digit Ramus radialis Volar proper digital nerve of the third digit N. metacarpicus volaris superficialis I et II Middle branch (+ Nn. metacarpici volares profundi of N. Volar. p'roper digital nerves of the principal ulnaris) = Nn. digitales volares com· dIgItS munes I et II Lateral branch Nn. digitales volares proprii Volar proper digital nerve of the lateral digit Ramus ulnaris N. metacarpicus volaris superficialis III (+ N. metacarpicus volaris profundus of N. Dobberstein and Kach, 1958 N. ulnaris) = N. digitalis volaris com N. medianus . munis III Distal ~o the carpus forms 3 pairs of nerves, one Nn. digitales volares proprii paIr far each of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th digit Bruni and Zimmerl, 1951 Schneider and Zintz:sch, 1962 N. medianus N. medianus Palmar digital of the 1st digit Ramus medialis Medial of the 2nd digit N. digiti II volaris medialis One branch N. digitalis volaris communis II Another branch (anastomoses with lateral pal mar) Ramus latera lis (+ N. ulnaris) Lateral palmar digital of the 2nd di!p-t N. digitalis volaris communis III Medial palmar digital of the 3rd digIt Third branch (anastomoses with a branch of lat Koch, 1965 eral palmar) N. medianus Lateral palmar digital of the 3rd digit Medial terminal branch Medial palmar digital of the 4th digit Branch to the medial and lateral surface of the 2nd digit Sisson and Grossman, 1953 Branch to the medial surface of the 3rd (me· N. medianus dial main) digit N. metacarpeus volaris I, II et III Lateral terminal branch (+ volar common digital nerves) Branch to the lateral surface of the 3rd digit Volar proper digital nerves Branch to the medial surface of the 4th digit Branch to the lateral surface of the 4th digit DobbeTstein and Kach, 1958 portion of ulnar nerve) N. medianus (+ Supplies. the 1st, 2nd and 3rd digit each with a medIal and lateral branch (Nn. rnetacarpici Ghasha! and Getty, 1967 volares superficiales) N. musculocutaneus Ramus mucularis distalis n. musculocutanei Miller, ChTistensen and Evans, 1964 N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis N. medianus N. medianus Medial branch N. palmaris medialis Nn. metacarpales palmares superficiales I et II Ramus medialis Palmar digital nerVe I N. digiti II palmaris proprius Medial palmar proper digital nerve II N. digitalis palmaris communis II Superficial palmar metacarpal nerve II Nn. digitales II et III palmares proprii (+ a twig of lateral branch) N. palmaris lateralis Lateral branch N. digitalis palmaris communis III N. metacarpalis palmaris superficialis III Ramus lateralis (+ deep branch of ulnar nerve) N. digiti V palmaris proprius Lateral and medial palmar proper digital Nn. digitales III et IV palmares proprii nerves Koch, 1965 D.DOG N. medianus Nn. metacarpici volares superficiales I. II et III Chauveau and Arloing, 1902 (English ed.) (+ branches of ulnar nerve) N. medianus Volar digital nerVes A branch Internal palmar collaterals of the thumb Ghos/lUl and Getty, 1967 External of the index N. musculocutaneus Two branches (+ filament from ulnar nerve) Ramus muscularis distalis n. musculocutanei Internal palmar collateral of the annularis N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis Collaterals of the medius and index N. medianus N. palmaris medialis N. digiti I palmaris proprius Reimers, 1925 N. digit,!li.s palmaris communis (superficialis) I N. medianus Radial (medial) branch Nn. dIgItales I et II palmares proprii N. metacarpeus volaris I N. dlttalis palmaris communis (superficialis) N. digiti II volaris radialis Nn. digitales II et III palmare. proprii N. metacarpeus volaris superficialis II (+ N. metacarpeus volaris profundus II of Ramus volaris of N. ulnaris) N. palmaris lateralis = N. digitalis volaris communis II N. digitalis palmaris communis (superficialis) Nn. digitales proprii III Ulnar (lateral) branch Nn. digitale. III et IV palmares proprii N. metacarpeus volaris superficialis III (+ N. metacarpeus volaris profundus III of N. ulnaris) = E. CAT N. digitalis volaris communis III Mivart, 1881 Nn. digitales volares proprii N. medianus Three branches Bradley and Grahame, 1943 Internal one to the pollex and the adjacent N. musculocutaneus . palmar border of the index digit N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis MIddle one to the contiguous sides of the index N. medianus . and middle digits Nn. metacarpei volares superficiales I, II et III ThIrd branch to the adj acent sides of the 3rd (+ Nn. metacarpei volares profundi II, III et and 4th digits

40 Iowa State University Veterinarian Chauveau and Arlaing, 1902 (English ed.) Bruni and Zimmerl. 1951 N. medianus Muscular branches Internal branch Subcutaneous branch Rudimentary filament to the thumb Filament to the internal palmar border of the Sisson and Grossman. 1953 index Muscular branches Middle branch N. cutaneus antebrachii dorsalis External palmar collaterals of the index Internal of the medius Rooney, 1956 Muscular branches External branch Cutaneous branches External palmar collaterals of the medius (N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis) Internal palmar collaterals of the annularis Dobberstein and Koch, 1958 Reimers. 1925 Ramus profundus N. medianus Ramus superficialis Radial terminal branch N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis N. digiti I volaris radialis Radial volar nerve of the 2nd digit Tagand and Barone, 1964 Ramus muscularis antebrachii dorsalis Ulnar terminal branch N. cutaneus antebrachii dorsalis Nn. metacarpei volares 11 et III Nn. digitales volares proprii Koch, 1965 A branch to N. metacarpeus volaris (superft Ramus profundus cialis) IV of N. ulnads Ramus superftcialis Nn. cutanei antebrachii laterales Bruni and Zimmerl. 1951 N. medianus Ghoshal dnd Getty. 1967 Lateral branch Ramus profundus Rami musculares Lateral palmar of the 3rd digit Ramus superficialis Lateral medial of the 4th digit N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis Middle branch Lateral palmar of the 2nd digit B. RUMINANTS Medial of the 3rd digit Chauveau and Arloing. 1902 (English ed.) Medial branch (Ruminants) Muscular branches Reighard and Jennings. 1951 Sensitive branch (cutaneous branch) N. medianus Dorsal collaterals of the digits Three principal branches Another filament anastomoses with palmar col First one to either side of the thumb and onto laterals the radial side of the 2nd digit Second one to the contiguous sides of the 2nd Reimers. 1925 (OxJ Sheep. and Goat) and 3rd digits Muscular brancnes Third one to the contiguous sides of the 3rd Ramus superftcialis of N. radialis and 4th digits Rami cutanei antebrachii nervi radialis N. digiti III dorsalis medialis Ghoshal and Getty. 1967 N. metacarpeus (or digitalis) communis III N. medianus N. digiti III dorsalis lateralis N. palmaris medialis N. digiti IV dorsalis medalis N. digiti I palmaris proprius N. digitalis palmaris communis I Ellenberger and Baum. 1943 (Ruminant.) Nn. digitales I et II palmares l'roprii Ramus profundus N. digitalis palmaris communis I Ramus superftcialis Nn. digitale. II et III palmares proprii N. digitalis dorsalis proprius N. palmaris lateralis N. metacarpicus (or digitalis) N. digitalis palmaris communis III dorsalis communis III Nn. digit ales III et IV palmares proprii Nn. digitales dorsales proprii Ramus communicans cum ramo superftciali (e nervo ulnari) Habel. 1950-51 (Ox) Cutaneous branch Dorsal metacarpal nerve TABLE III Medial branch-abaxial dorsal nerve of 3rd TERMINOLOGY APPLIED TO THE MAIN di it BRANCHES OF THE RADIAL NERVE (N. radialis) Axial ~orsal digital nerves IN THE REGION OF FOREARM AND FOREFOOT IN VARIOUS DOMESTIC NIMALS INCLUDING Bruni and Zimmerl. 1951 (Ox) Subcutaneous brance (+ musculocutaneous of the MAN: median nerve) Medial dorsal of the 3rd A. HORSE Middle branch anastomoses with palmar digitals Nomina Anatomica. 1966 (Man) of the 3rd & 4th Ramus profundus Lateral dorsal digital of the 3rd digit N. interosseus rantebrachiil posterior Medial dorsal digital of the 4th digit Ramus superftcialis Ramus communicans ulnaris Lan9er and Nickel, 1953 (Ox) Nn. digitales dorsales Rami musculares distales N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis Chauveau and Arloing. 1902 (English ed.) (+ twigs of N. musculocutaneus) Muscular branches N. metacarpicus dorsalis Cutaneous branches N. metacarpicus dorsalis medialis N. digiti III dorsalis medialis McFadyean, 1903 N. metacarpicus dorsalis intermedius Muscular branches N. digiti III dorsalis interdigitalis Cutaneous branches N. digiti IV dorsalis interdigitalis

IJradley, 1920 Si~son and Grossman. 1953 (Ox) Muscular branches Cutaneous branch (N. cutaneus antebrachii dor N. cutaneu. antebrachii dorsalis salis) + (lateral cutaneous branch of the median) Reimers, 1925 Axial or interdigital dorsal nerves of the chief Rami musculares digits Rami cutanei antebrachii nervi radialis Medial (abaxial) of the medial chief digit Ellenberger and Baum, 1943 Schreiber, 1956 (Ox) Ramus profundus Ramus superficialis (N. cutaneU9 antebrachii lat Ramus superficialis eralis s. dorsalis) + (twigs of N. cutaneus Ramus cutaneus antebrachii medialis of N. musculocutaneus)

Issue, No.1, 1967 41 N. digiti III dorsalis medialis Schneider and Zintzsch, 1962 N. metacarpicus dorsalis communis III Ramus profundus N. digiti III dorsalis laterali. Ramus superficialis N. digiti IV dorsalis medialis Lateral branch (+ Ramus dorsalis nervi ulnaris) N. digitalis dorsalis communis III Dobberstein and Koch, 1958 (Ox) Nn. digitales proprii Ramus profundus Medial branch Ramus superficialis Medial dorsal nerve of the 2nd digit N. digitalis dorsalis communis II McLeod, 1960 (Ox) Nn. digitales proprii Muscular branches Cutaneous branch Koch, 1965 Dorsal digital nerves Ramus profundus Medial and lateral dorsal axial digital nerves Ramus superficialis Medial dorsal abaxial nerve Ghoshal and Getty, 1967 Ramus profundus May, 1964 (Sheep) Rami musculares Muscular branches Ramus superficialis Cutaneous branch (N. cutaneus antebrachii dor N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis salis) Ramus lateralis Medial branch N. digitalis dorsalis communis III .. Lateral branch Nn. digit ales III et IV dorsales proprn Abaxial dorsal digital nerve of third digit Its continuation (+ Ramus medialis of Ramus Common dorsal interdigital nerve dorsalis n. ulnaris) Axial dorsal digital nerves of the 3rd and N. digitalis dorsalis communis IV 4th digits Nn. digitales IV et V dorsales proprii Ramus medialis Koch, 1965 (Ox) N. digiti II dorsalis proprius Ramus profundus N. digitalis dorsalis communis II Ramus superficialis Nn. digitales II et III dorsales proprii Large cutaneous branch Ghosha! and Getty, 1967 (Ruminants) D.DOG Ramus profundus Chauveau and Arloing, 1902 (English ed.) Rami musculares Cutaneous branch Ramus superficialis Smallest branch is distributed to the lower N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis moiety of the forearll!-, the tp.,;,mb. and the Ramus medialis = N. digitalis dorsalis com internal border of the Index dlglt muni. II Largest branch Nn. digitales II et III dorsales proprii First. second and third dorsal intermetacarpal N. digitalis dorsalis communis III branch Nn. digitales III et IV dorsales proprii Collateral dorsal nerves First metacarpal nerve <+ ulnar ramuscule) External dorsal collarteral of the small digit C. PIG Muscular branch

Reimers, 1925 Reimers, 1925 Ramus profundus Ramus superficialis radialis (+ Ramus communi Rami musculares cans of Ramus superficialis ulnaris) Ramus superficialis N. digiti I dorsalis radialis Lateral branch (+ Ramu. dorsalis of N. ulnaris) Nn. digit ale. dorsales proprii N. digitalis dorsalis communis III Ramus superficialis ulnaris N. digiti III dorsalis lateralis Nn. metacarpei dorsales II. III et IV N. digiti IV dorsalis medialts Nn. digit ales dorsales proprii II-V Medial branch Muscular branches N. digiti II dorsalis medialis N. digitalis dorsalis communis II Bradley and Grahame, 1943 N. digiti II dorsalis lateralis Ramus superficialis Medial branch N. digiti III dorsalis medialis Nn. dorsales digitorum I et II Lateral branch ELlenbergeT and Baum, 1943 Nn. digitales dorsales communes II, III et IV Ramus profundus Ramus superficialis (+ Ramus dorsalis of N. ul- Ramus profundus naris) . Ellenberger and Baum, 1943 N. metacarpicus (or digitalis) dorsahs communis Ramus superficialis IV Radial branch Nn. digitales dorsales proprii N. dorsalis digiti I radialis N. metacarpicus (or digItalis) dorsalis communis Nn. digitale. dorsales proprii tIl Ulnar branch Nn. digitales dorsales pmprii N. metacarpicus (or digitalis) dorsalis com N. metacarpicus (or digItalis) dorsalis communis munis II. III et IV II Nn. digitale. dorsales proprii Nn. dillitales dorsales proprii N. dorsalis digiti II radialis Ramus profundus Bruni and Zimmerl, 1951 Bruni and Zimmer!, 1951 Superficial branch Subcutaneous branch Small branch Medial branch Dorsal digital nerve of the first digit Medial dorsal of the 2nd Medial digital of the second digit Dorsal digital of the 2nd Large branch Dorsal medial of the 3rd 3 branches Lateral branch First gives off dorsal lateral digital nerve of One branch (+ ulnar nerve) the second digit and dorsal medial of the Other branch third; second branch gives off lateral Lateral dorsal of the 3rd dorsal nerve of the third and dorsal medial Medial dorsal of the 4th of the fourth; third branch gives off lat eral dorsal nerve of the fourth and dorsal Sisson and Grossman, 1953 medial of the fifth. The third branch Cutaneous branch of the radial nerve divides at anastomoses with ulnar nerve to form the carpus which concur with the dorsal the dorsal lateral of the fifth branch of the ulnar nerve in supplying the Deep branch dorsal digital nerves, two for each dIgit Sisson and Grossman, 1953 Dobberstein and Koch, 1958 Ramus superficialis Ramus profundus Medial branch Ramus superficialis Dorsal nerves for the first digit and the medial Nn. digitales dorsales to the 2nd to 4th digits side of the second digit 42 Iowa State University Veterinarian Lateral branch Nn. digitales dorsales proprii Dorsal digital nerves, .e~cept that to the lateral N. metacarPicus (or digitalis) dorsalis com· side of the fifth dlglt munis III Ramus profundus Nn. digitales dorsales proprii A branch to Ramus dorsalis manus of N. Dobberstein and Koch, 1958 ulnaris to constitute N. metacarpicus (or Ramus superficialis digitalis) dorsalis communis IV Nn. digitales dorsales I or else II-IV Ramus profundus Ramus profundus Rami musculares Reighard and Jennings, 1951 . Miller Christensen and Evans, 1964 Superficial radial nerve to the thumb on both SIdes Ramus superficialis and to the medial side of the 2nd digit; to the Ramus lateralis . contiguous sides of the 2nd and 3rd digits and N. cutaneus antebrachii laterahs to the contiguous sides of the 3rd and 4th Nn. metacarpales dorsales II, I.II et IV digits Nn. digit ales dorsales medlales et laterales Dorsal (or posterior) interosseous nerve II, III et IV N. digitalis dorsalis medialis V Ghoshal and Getty, 1967 Ramus medialis Ramus superficialis N. metacarpalis dorsalis I N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis N. digitalis dorsalis I Ramus lateralis N. digitalis dorsalis medialis II N. digitalis dorsalis communis II Ramus profundus Nn. digitales II et III dorsales proprii Ramus communicans to Ramus medialis = Koch,1965 N. digiti II dorsalis proprius Ramus superficialis N. digitalis dorsalis communis III Medial and lateral branches . . Nn. digitales III et IV dorsales proprii Dorsal collateral nerves of the dlglts Ramus communicans to Ramus dorsalis n. Lateral for the second, third and fourth dig· ulnaris to form N. digitalis dorsalis its d d· . communis IV Medial for the first and seCon 19lts Ramus medialis N. digiti I dorsalis proprius Ghoshal and Gett!/, 1967 N. digitalis dorsalis communis I (after receiv· Ramus superficlalis ing Ramus communicans from N. digitalis N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis dorsalis communis II) Ramus lateralis N. digiti I dorsalis proprius Nn. digitales dorsales commun!!s II, III et IV N. digiti II dorsalis proprius Nn. digitales dorsales propril Ramus profundus Ramus medialis Rami musculares N. digiti I dorsalis proprius N. digitalis dorsalis communis I N. digiti I dorsalis proprius N. digiti Il dorsalis proprius TABLE IV Ramus profundus Rami musculares TERMINOLOGY APPLIED TO THE CUTANEOUS BRANCH OF THE AXILLARY NERVE (N. axillaris) IN THE REGION OF FOREARM IN VARIOUS DO. E. CAT MESTIC ANIMALS INCLUDING MAN:

Mivart, 1881 A. HORSE Nomina Anatomica, 1966 (Man) Ra8~~ b~~~ch to the pollex and adjacent dorsal border of the illdex . . Bradley, 1920 Another branch to the adjacent sldes of the In· dex and third digits and radial side of the N. cutaneus brachii lateralis 4th digit Reimers, 1925 Branch to the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve Posterim- interosseous nerve Ramus cutaneus antebrachii nervi axillaris Nickel, 1941 Chauveau and Arloing, 1902 (En9lish ed.) N. cutaneus brachii lateralis cranialis Internal branch N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis Dorsal face of the thumb Internal dorsal collateral of the index Ellenberger and Baum, 1943 External branch N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis Three metacarpal branches N.B. External metacarPal branch anastomoses Sisson and Grossman, 1953 with the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve, between the first and second digits N. cutaneus brachii lateralis Muscular branches" Rooney, 1956 N. cutaneus antebrachii craniaUs Reimers, 1925 Ramus superficialis radialis Dobberstein and Koch, 1958 N. digiti I dorsalis radialis N. cutaneus antebrachli cranialis N. digiti I dorsalis l'roprius N digiti II dorsallS proprius Cafter receiving a Tagand and Barone, 1964 . branch from Ramus superficialis ulnaris) N. cutaneus brachii lateralis Ramus superficialis ulnari. N. metacarpeus (or digitalis) dorsalis communis Koch, 1965 II N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis Nn. digitales dorsales l'roprii N. metacarpeus (or digltalis) dorsalis communis Ghoshal and Getty, 1967 III N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis Nn. digitales dorsales proprii A communicating branch to Ramus dorsalis manus of N. ulnaris to constitute N. meta· carPeus (or digitalis) dorsalis communis IV B. RUMINANTS Muscular branches Reimers, 1925 (RUminants) Ramus cutaneus antebrachii nervi axillaris Ellenberger and Baum, 1943 Ramus superficialis Ellenberger and Baum, 1943 (Ox) Radial branch N. cutaneU5 antebrachii cranialis N. dorsalis digiti I radialis Nn. digitales dorsales proprii (after receiving Schreiber, 1956 (Ox) a branch from its ulnar branch) N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis Ulnar branch N. metacarPicus (or digitalis) dorsalis com· Dobberstein and Koch, 1958 (Ox) munis II N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis

Issue, No.1, 1967 43 McLeod, 1960 (Ox) Ghosltal and Getty, 1967 Cutaneous branch N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis

May, 1964 (Sheep) Cutaneous branches D.DOG

Koch, 1965 (Ox) Bradley and GTahame. 1943 N. cutaneus antebachii cranialis N. cutaneus brachii lateralis EllenbergeT and Baum, 1943 Ghosltal and Getty, 1967 N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis DobbeTstein and Koch, 1958 N. cutaneu. antebachii cranialis C, PIG . MilleT, ChTistensen and Evans, 1964 N. cutaneus brachii lateralis ReimeTS, 1925 Ramus cutaneus antebrachii nervi axillaris Koch,1965 N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis EllenbergeT and Bau,,,, 1943 N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis Ghoshal and Getty, 1967 N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis DobbeTstein and Koch, 195B N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis E. CAT SchneideT and Zintzsch, 1962 EllenbeTgeT and Baum, 1943 N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialh N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis Koch, 1965 Ghoshal and Getty, 1967 N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis

ACKNOWLEDGiUENT 14. McFadyean. J .. The anatomy of the horse-a dis section guide, New York, William R. Jenkins, The authors wish to thank Or. H. P. Godinho for 1903. translating some of the French and .Italian refer 15. Miller, M. E .• G. C. Christensen, and H. Evans. ences cited in this article. Anatomy of the dog, Philadelphia, Penna., W. B. Saunders Co., 1964. 16. Mivart. St. George. The cat, London, England, lUBLIOGRAPHY John Murray. 1881. 17. Nickel, R .. Zur Topographie des Nervus radialis 1. Bradley, O. C., The topographical anatomy of the und des Nervus axillaris des Pferdes, Deutsche limbs of the horse, Edinburgh, Scotland, W, Tieriirztliche Wochenschrift, 49: 17-19, 1941. Green and Son, Ltd., 1920. 18. Nomina Anatomica, Third edition, Amsterdam, 2. Bradley, O. C. and T. Grahame, Topographical Holland. Excerpta Medica Foundation, 1966. anatomy of the dog, Fourth edition, New York, The MacMillan Co., 1943. 19. Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (Pars Prima), 3. Bruni, A. C. and U. Zimmer!. Anatomia degli World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Animali Domestici, Second edition, Volume 2. Hannover. 1963. Milano. Italy, Casa Editrice Dottor Francesco 20. Reighard. J. and H. S. Jennings. Anatomv of the Vallardi, 1951. cat. Third edition, New York, Henry Holt & Co., 4. Chauveau, A. and S. Arloing. The comparative 1951. anatomy of domesticated animals. Second edi 21. Reimers, Hans. Der Plexus brachialis der Haus tion (English), New York, New York, D. Apple saugetiere, Eine vergleichend-anatomische Studie, ton, 1902. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Anatomie und Ent 5. Dobberstein, J. and T. Koch. Lehrbuch der wicklungsgeschichte, 76:653-753, 1925. vergleichenden Anatomie der Haustiere, Band 22. Rooney, II. J. R .. Guide to the dissection of the III, Leipzig, Germany, S. Hirzel Verlag, 1958. horse. Third edition, Ann Arbor, Michigan. J. W. 6. Ellenberger, W. and H. Baum. Handbuch der Edwards, Pub! .. Inc., 1956. vergleichenden Anatomie der Haustiere, 18th 23. Schneider, J. and I. Zintzsch. Die Leitungsan edition, Berlin, Germany, Springer Verlag. 1943. asthesie an den Extremitiiten des Schweines, 7. Grau, H., Die Hautinnervation an den Glied Zentralblatt fUr Veteriniirmedizin, 9:59--74, 1962. massen des Pferdes, Archiv fur Wissenschaftliche 24. Schreiber. J., Die anatomischen Grundlagen der und Praktische TierheiIkunde, 69:96-116, 1935. Lcitungsanasthesie beim Rind, III. Teil. Die 8. Habel. R. E.. The nerVes and arteries of the Leitunl(saniisthesie der Nerven der Vorderex bovine foot, Proc. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 87-B8: tremitat, Wiencr Tieriirztliche Monatsschrift, 323-327, 1950. 43:273-287, 1956. 9. Johnston, T. B., D. V. Davies, and F. Davies. Gray's Anatomy-Descriptive and Applied, 32nd 25. Sisson, S. and J. D. Grossman. Anatomy of the edition, London, Longmans. Green and Co., 1958. domestic animals. Fourth edition, Philadelphia, 10. Koch, T., Lehrbuch der Veteriniir-Anatomie, Penna., W. B. Saunders Co., 1953. Band III. Die grossen Versorgungs-und Steuer 26. Sus.dorf, von M. Die Verteilung der Arterien ungssysteme, Jena, Germany, Veb Gustav Fischer und Nerven an Hand und Fuss der Haussiiuge Verlag, 1965. tiere. Festschrift zum 25 jahrigen Reg. Jubilaum 11. Langer. P. and R. Nickel. Nervenversorgung des des Konigs Karl Von Wurttemberg, 1-39. Stutt Vorderfusses beim Rind, Deutsche Tieriirztliche gart, Germany, Verlag Kohlhammer. 1889. Wochenschrift, 60:307-309, 1953. 27. Tagand. R. and R. Barone. Anatomie des Equides 12. May. N. D. S .. The anatomy of the sheep, Second Domestiques. Fascicule II, Lyon, France, Labora edition, Brisbane. Queensland, Australia. Univer toire D'Anatomie Ecole Nationale Veterinaire, sity of Queensland Press, 1964. 1964. 13. McLeod, W., Bovine anatomy, Second edition. 28. Zimmerl, U., Trattato di Anatomia Veterinaria, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Burgess Publishing Co., Volume Secondo. Milan, Italy, Casa Editrice 1960. Dottor Francesco Vallardi, 1949.

44 Iowa State University Veterinarian