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0 Cover Page E. KURBANO E. Ğ THE LGBTT AND WOMEN’S MOVEMENTS IN TURKEY: LU LU A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ELÇ İN KURBANO ĞLU METU 2010 JUNE 2010 THE LGBTT AND WOMEN’S MOVEMENTS IN TURKEY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ELÇ İN KURBANO ĞLU IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION JUNE 2010 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Ra şit Kaya Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Feride Acar Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Feride Acar (METU, ADM) Prof. Dr. Ay şe Ayata (METU, ADM) Assist. Prof. Sheila M. Pelizzon (METU, ECON) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Elçin, Kurbano ğlu Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE LGBTT AND WOMEN’S MOVEMENTS IN TURKEY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Kurbano ğlu, Elçin M.S., Department of Political Science and Business Administration Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Feride Acar June 2010, 165 pages This thesis investigates two social movements in Turkey, the women’s and LGBTT movements comparatively and in the light of available NSM theories. While brief histories of both movements are presented and all active LGBTT associations and groups in Turkey are introduced in the thesis, the main focus of the study is the LGBTT movement. Based on in depth interviews with 17 LGBTT activists, the evolution of this movement is traced and its current profile as well as its relationship to different branches of the women’s movement are analysed in detail. The activities of the two movements during the legislative reforms in the 2000s are also examined. While findings of the thesis point to differences between the LGBTT and women’s movements in Turkey, the interface of both movements with the state constitute a critical explanatory factor of their trajectories. The thesis also argues that the extent to which NSM theories can be used to explain these movements in the Turkish context is limited. Key Words: LGBTT movement in Turkey, women’s movement in Turkey, interrelations between the LGBTT and women’s movements in Turkey, legislative reforms in the 2000s, New Social Movement theories iv ÖZ TÜRK İYE’DEK İ LGBTT VE KADIN HAREKETLER İ: KAR ŞILA ŞTIRMALI B İR İNCEMELE Kurbano ğlu,Elçin Yüksek Lisans, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Danı şman: Prof. Dr. Feride Acar Haziran 2010, 165 sayfa Bu çalı şmada Türkiye’deki iki toplumsal hareket, kadın hareketi ve LGBTT hareketi kar şıla ştırmalı olarak ve var olan Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler teorileri çerçevesinde incelenmi ştir. Her iki hareketin de Türkiye’deki tarihsel geli şimleri,kısaca özetlenir ve Türkiye’deki aktif tüm LGBTT grup ve dernekleri tanıtılırken. çalı şmanın esas odak noktası LGBTT hareketidir. 17 LGBTT aktivisti ile yapılan derinlemesine görü şmelerin sonucunda, hareketin zaman içerisindeki evrimi, mevcut profili, kadın hareketinin çe şitli kollarıyla ili şkisi ve bu ili şkinin zaman içerisinde nasıl de ğişti ği detaylı bir şekilde ara ştırılmı ştır. Bu çalışmada hareketlerin 2000’li yıllardaki yasal reform süreçlerine katılımları da incelenmi ştir. Her ne kadar LGBTT ve kadın hareketleri arasında bir takım farklar bulunsa da, her iki hareketin de devletle ili şkileri önemli bir açıklayıcı güce sahiptir. Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler teorilerinin Türkiye ba ğlamında bu iki hareketi açıklamakta ne denli kullanılabilece ği tartı şmalıdır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye LGBTT hareketi, Türkiye kadın hareketi, Türkiye LGBTT ve kadın hareketleri arasındaki kar şılıklı ili şki, 2000’li yıllardaki yasal reform süreçleri, Yeni Toplumsal Hareketler teorileri v To my mother... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank the “girls” for encouraging and supporting me since the beginning of my academic life. Ece, Oya, Özgül, Elvan, İrem, Burcu Abla and Eda... I could not have written this thesis without you. I especially would like to thank Elvan Ünal for giving me my first book on Feminist Theory, which has been my bedside book for four years, and Aslı Toksabay for helping me come up with a topic for the thesis. I would also like to thank Aykut and Mali for putting up with my constant whining throughout the process. I would like to thank my brother for trying to cheer me up whenever I was overwhelmed and for trying to understand my cause even though it is an alien issue for him. Furthermore, I would like to thank the committee members, Prof. Dr. Feride Acar, Assist. Prof. Sheila M. Pelizzon and Prof. Dr. Ay şe Ayata, for their support and valuable advices. I would not have survived these past two years if it was not for especially Feride Acar and Sheila Pelizzon’s help and encouragement. I also have to thank TÜB İTAK for financing my graduate studies. I am very grateful to all my interviewees and all LGBTT associations and groups in Turkey. The most exciting, enjoyable and fun part of all was getting to know such amazing people as yourselves. However, I would specially like to thank all members of Pembe Hayat for sharing my hopes and dreams, and for being there for me whenever I needed extra help. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ......................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................iv ÖZ...............................................................................................................................v DEDICATION ..........................................................................................................vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1 2. THEORETICAL DISCUSSIONS....................................................................6 2.1. New Social Movements: Context and Theories....................................8 2.1.1. Late 1960s and the 1970s: When NSMs Arose...........................8 2.1.2. NSM Theories ...........................................................................11 2.2. Feminist and LGBT(Q)Theories .........................................................20 2.2.1. Feminist Theories......................................................................20 2.2.2. LGBT(Q) Theories....................................................................30 3. HISTORY OF THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT IN TURKEY...................35 4. HISTORY OF THE LGBTT MOVEMENT IN TURKEY .........................53 4.1. 1970s ...................................................................................................53 4.2. 1980s ...................................................................................................57 4.3. 1990s ...................................................................................................60 4.4. 2000s ...................................................................................................66 viii 4.5. Disagreements and Controversies / Agreements and Collaborations within the Movement ..........................................................................69 4.6. Accomplishments and Obstacles.........................................................71 4.7. Active LGBTT Organisations in Turkey ............................................77 4.7.1. Ayılar.......................................................................................79 4.7.2. Kaos GL ..................................................................................80 4.7.3. Pembe Hayat ...........................................................................83 4.7.4. Lambdaistanbul .......................................................................86 4.7.5. MorEl Eski şehir.......................................................................90 4.7.6. Siyah Pembe Üçgen İzmir.......................................................91 4.7.7. Hevjin (Living Together; Partner) Diyarbakır ........................91 4.7.8. Similarities and Differences between Active LGBTT Organisations...........................................................................93 4.8. Issues of Ideology and Legitimacy: Enemies and Allies ....................95 5. WOMEN’S AND LGBTT MOVEMENTS IN TURKEY: THEIR RELATIONSHIP .........................................................................................99 5.1. The Relationship between the Women’s and the LGBTT Movements.........................................................................................100 5.2. The Relationship between the LGBTT Movement and Different Branches of the Women’s Movement as Seen through the Eyes of LGBTT Activists...............................................................................103 5.2.1. Kemalist Women’s
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