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MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS of MIGRANT SEX WORKERS from FORMER SOVIET UNION COUNTRIES in TURKEY a Phd Dissertation by TATIANA ZHIDKOVA

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MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS of MIGRANT SEX WORKERS from FORMER SOVIET UNION COUNTRIES in TURKEY a Phd Dissertation by TATIANA ZHIDKOVA MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF MIGRANT SEX WORKERS FROM FORMER SOVIET UNION COUNTRIES IN TURKEY A PhD dissertation by TATIANA ZHIDKOVA Department of International Relations İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara May 2016 To all women from former Soviet Union countries living in Turkey, with love and hope MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF MIGRANT SEX WORKERS FROM FORMER SOVIET UNION COUNTRIES IN TURKEY The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by TATIANA ZHIDKOVA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA May 2016 ABSTRACT MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS OF MIGRANT SEX WORKERS FROM FORMER SOVIET UNION COUNTRIES IN TURKEY Zhidkova, Tatiana Ph.D., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Ali Bilgiç May 2016 This dissertation examines media representations of migrant sex labor of women former Soviet Union countries in Turkey. Treating mass media as an instrument of state hegemony and patriarchy, this study uses a Marxist feminist and historical materialist theoretical framework to examine media representations of migrant sex labor. The methodology applied in the study is conventional content analysis conducted with the help of NVivo 11 software and discourse analysis. In order to examine media representations of migrant sex labor in Turkey, a content analysis of 990 articles in five Turkish newspapers (Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Milliyet, Sabah and Zaman) is conducted for the period of 1992-2014. It is argued that the media as an ideological platform in which state hegemony is being reproduced was the most important factor shaping public opinion about the issue of migrant sex labor in Turkey starting from the 1990s. Discussing media representations of the issue and its key aspects such as supply and demand sides of migrant sex labor, the author examines the role of the media in facilitating exploitation of migrant women’s sexual labor as a problem of both capitalist and patriarchal exploitation. Critical discussion of the literature on the topic of the interaction between the media and the state, and literature on irregular migration and human trafficking of migrant women in Turkey is also provided in this study. iii Keywords: Human Trafficking, Marxist Feminism, Mass Media, Migration, Sex Work iv ÖZET ESKİ SOVYET ÜLKELERDEN GELEN TÜRKİYE’DEKİ GÖÇMEN SEKS İŞÇİLERİN MEDYADA GÖSTERİLİŞ BİÇİMİ Zhidkova, Tatiana Doktora, Uluslararası İlişkiler Tez danışmanı: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ali Bilgiç Mayıs 2016 Bu tez, eski Sovyet ülkelerden gelen Türkiye’deki göçmen seks işçilerin medyada gösteriliş biçimini incelemektedir. Bu çalışma, medyayı devlet egemenliği ve ataerkillik aracı olarak görmekte ve göçmen seks emeğinin medyada gösteriliş biçimini incelemektedir. Bu çalışmada kullanılan yöntemler NVivo 11 yazılımı ile yapılmış geleneksel içerik analizi ve söylem analizidir. Göçmen seks emeğinin medyada gösteriliş biçimini incelemek için 1992 ile 2014 yılları arasında beş Türk gazetesi (Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Milliyet, Sabah ve Zaman) seçilmiş ve 990 haberin içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, 1990’lardan itibaren medyanın devlet egemenliğini yeniden üreten bir ideolojik platform olarak Türkiye’deki göçmen seks emeği konusunda kamuoyunu şekillendiren en önemli faktör olduğunu ileri sürülmektedir. Yazar, göçmen seks emeğinin medyada gösteriliş biçimini ve arz ve talep gibi kilit noktalarını tartışmakta ve medyanın hem kapitalist hem ataerkil istismar sorunu olarak görülen göçmen kadınların seks emeğinin istismarın kolaylaştırmak konusunda rolünü incelemektedir. Aynı zamanda bu çalışmada v medya ve devlet etkileşimi, düzensiz göç ve insan ticareti konusundaki literatürün eleştirel tartışması yapılmaktadır. Anahtar kelimeler: Göç, İnsan Ticareti, Marksist Feminizm, Medya, Seks İşçiliği vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS On one afternoon in December 2010, my sister Katya and I were stopped by civil police in the Taksim area of Istanbul that we were examining for touristic purposes with a Turkish friend. We were told to show our IDs and were questioned for 10 minutes about the reasons of our staying in Istanbul. When I told the policemen that our friend was just showing us the city, one of them replied “No one will show anything to anyone for free”. Since then, I’ve been noticing some special interest that existed to migrant women from former Soviet Union (FSU) countries in Turkey. However, I had not understood its reasons until I found out about the stereotype against all migrant women from FSU as “sexually available” or “Natashas” created by the Turkish mass media in the 1990s. I devoted five years of my PhD studies at Bilkent University to investigating the reasons why this stereotype appeared and where it comes from. This dissertation is the result of this research. Now, after a 5-year-long academic journey, I am happy to admit that I have finally defended my dissertation and was awarded with a Doctor of Philosophy degree in International Relations. However, this extraordinary achievement would not have been possible without the help of many people that I am deeply indebted to. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor Ali Bilgiç who supported me throughout my project from its beginning to its end with his extensive knowledge and intellectual advice. His guidance helped me develop my critical thinking skills, as well as better understanding of IR theory. Most importantly, he taught me what it means to be a real academician. I would also like to thank each of my thesis committee members. Can Emir Mutlu provided important critical comments that increased the quality of this work. Zeki Sarıgil of Bilkent Department of Political Science helped me develop my causal logic and maintain methodological clarity. Dear Işık Kuşçu of Middle East Technical University (METU) should be thanked for her friendly attitude and valuable intellectual advice. Finally, Özlen Çelebi of Hacettepe University should also be acknowledged here for her deep knowledge of the subject and helpful comments vii during my final defense. Without these intellectual contributions, this study would not have been of the same quality. At Bilkent Department of International Relations, I would like to express my deep gratitude to some of the professors. Although having nothing to do with this particular project, they inspired me intellectually over the course of 7 years that I spent at Bilkent both in masters and in PhD program and provided a friendly environment for my studies. I would like to thank my professors of Russian and Soviet history Hakan Kırımlı and Norman Stone for their investment of knowledge in me, as well as their kind attitude and support. Finally, I would also like to thank Paul A. Williams, Selver Şahin and Kenneth Weisbrode of the Department of History for their friendly attitude and positive energy vibes. During my PhD studies at Bilkent University, I had the pleasure to receive the 2215 PhD Fellowship for Foreign Citizens from TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey). I would like to thank TÜBİTAK for providing me with that opportunity. The Department of International Relations at Bilkent University also supported me at times when no other scholarship was available. I would like to thank the Department for being so generous and kind to me. Our faculty librarian Hande Uçartürk and other Bilkent Library staff should also be thanked for their helpful advice and technical knowledge that proved useful to me while I was completing my project. Finally, I would like to thank my father Vasiliy Zhidkov for believing in me and supporting me with his unconditional love and knowledge during my years-long academic journey in Turkey. He kept his belief in me when no one else did. And lastly, I would like to acknowledge here the help of my friend E.Ç. Without his emotional support during my studies and firm belief in me as a professional, I would have never been able to achieve what I have and would never be called what I am called now – proudly, Dr. Tatiana Zhidkova. My heart, however, forever belongs to someone else. Ankara – St. Petersburg – Samsun May 2016 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………iii ÖZET…………………………………………………………………………………v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………..vii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………ix LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………xiii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………...xvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………...1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………16 2.1 Theoretical Perspectives in the Analysis of Migrant Sex Labor in Turkey........................................................................................................19 2.1.1 Traditional Perspectives……………………………………….21 2.1.1.1 Migration Perspective……………………………......21 2.1.1.2 Criminological Perspective………………………….28 2.1.2 Feminist Perspective…………………………………………..30 2.1.3 Other Perspectives…………………………………………......37 2.1.3.1 Medical (Health) Perspective……………………......37 2.1.3.2 Investigative Journalism…………………………......38 2.2 Conclusion………………………………………………………………39 CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK…………………………………...41 3.1 Media-policy Relationship Models in Communication Studies………...42 3.1.1 The ‘CNN Effect’ Model……………………………………...43 3.1.2 The ‘Manufacturing Consent’ Model………………………….44 3.1.3 Wolfsfeld’s ‘Political Contest’ Model………………………...45 3.1.4 Robinson’s ‘Media-policy Interaction’ Model………………...45 3.2 Supply Side
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