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Final NZPC 28 March 2013 Occupational Health and Safety of Migrant Sex Workers in New Zealand prepared for New Zealand Prostitutes’ Collective by Dr Michael Roguski 28 March 2013 [email protected] Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................... iv 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 2 Literature review: Occupational health and safety of migrant sex workers ....... 2 2.1 Australia ................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Hong Kong ................................................................................................................. 4 2.3 Macau ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.4 United Kingdom ........................................................................................................ 6 2.5 Turkey ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.6 Similarities and differences across the studies ........................................................... 9 3 Occupational Health and Safety in Sex Work .................................................. 11 3.1 Legal context ........................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Physical and mental health ..................................................................................... 11 3.3 Violence .................................................................................................................. 13 3.4 Sexually transmitted infections ............................................................................... 13 3.5 Alcohol and drug use ............................................................................................... 15 4 Sex Trafficking ................................................................................................ 16 4.1 Summary ................................................................................................................. 20 5 Methodology .................................................................................................. 22 5.1 Qualitative interviews ............................................................................................. 22 5.2 Review of clinic records ........................................................................................... 23 5.3 Migrant sex worker survey ...................................................................................... 23 5.3.1 Participants ........................................................................................................ 23 5.3.2 Survey content ................................................................................................... 25 5.3.3 Participant recruitment ...................................................................................... 25 5.4 Ethical considerations ............................................................................................. 26 5.5 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 26 5.5.1 Qualitative data .................................................................................................. 26 5.5.2 Quantitative data ............................................................................................... 26 6 Contextualising the Needs of Migrant Sex Workers ........................................ 27 6.1 Legislative precursors of vulnerability ..................................................................... 27 6.1.1 Inequitable provision under the law .................................................................. 27 6.1.2 No evidence of trafficking .................................................................................. 28 6.1.3 Sex workers placed in an untenable position ..................................................... 30 6.2 Unique needs specific to migrant sex workers ......................................................... 33 6.2.1 Language ............................................................................................................ 33 6.2.2 Health considerations ........................................................................................ 33 6.3 Protective factors .................................................................................................... 33 i 6.4 Suggested improvements ........................................................................................ 34 6.5 Summary ................................................................................................................. 35 7 Review of Clinic Records ................................................................................. 36 7.1 Demographic information ....................................................................................... 36 7.2 Results .................................................................................................................... 37 7.3 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 37 8 Survey Results ................................................................................................ 39 8.1 Migration experience .............................................................................................. 39 8.1.1 The pre-migration context ................................................................................. 39 8.1.2 Motivations for leaving home country ............................................................... 41 8.1.3 Motivations for coming to New Zealand ............................................................ 42 8.1.4 Entering New Zealand ........................................................................................ 43 8.2 Working situation ................................................................................................... 45 8.2.1 Working conditions ............................................................................................ 45 8.2.2 Venue and clients ............................................................................................... 50 8.2.3 Income ................................................................................................................ 51 8.3 Accessing NZPC ....................................................................................................... 54 8.3.1 Awareness .......................................................................................................... 54 8.3.2 Barriers to accessing services ............................................................................. 54 8.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 56 9 Discussion ...................................................................................................... 58 10 References .................................................................................................... 59 ii Acknowledgements I owe a huge debt of gratitude to the New Zealand Prostitutes’ Collective (NZPC). NZPC’s National Coordinator, Catherine Healy, identified the need for this landmark study and worked alongside me in developing the study’s focus. Further, many thanks goes to Dr Calum Bennachie and Annah Pickering who, despite high work commitments, were heavily involved in the project. Thanks also goes to Angel and each of the local NZPC centre co-ordinators who helped recruit participants and administer the survey. Thanks also go to Natalie Gregory and Elaine Mossman for their assistance with this research. Finally, and above all, my gratitude goes to the study’s participants. I realise that, on many levels, taking part in a study about migrant sex workers can be extremely intimidating and so I truly thank you for your trust in deciding to participate. I trust your responses will help inform legislation that will enable you to work more safely. Dr Michael Roguski Kaitiaki Research and Evaluation I don't know how it is going to happen, and when it is going to happen, but I just hope that it can be that sex workers can be treated equally without any stigma from the society (Migrant Sex Worker) iii Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In late 2011 the New Zealand Prostitutes’ Collective (NZPC) commissioned Kaitiaki Research and Evaluation (Kaitiaki) to undertake research to provide an in-depth understanding of issues facing migrant sex workers in New Zealand, with a particular focus on occupational health and safety, and sexual reproductive health. It was intended that the research would provide an evidence base from which NZPC could develop and provide migrant-relevant advocacy and services. Specific research objectives included: § understand the New Zealand sex work context in which migrants are working § identify the specific needs of migrant sex workers with regards to - − occupational health and safety needs − sexual and reproductive needs − any other needs that may contribute to the general health of migrant sex workers § identify barriers and facilitators to migrant sex workers' receipt of appropriate services and/or required assistance. Approach The study utilised a mixed method approach. First, 12 in-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews
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