DOCSLIB.ORG

Migrant Smuggling in Asia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Migrant Smuggling in Asia Migrant Smuggling in Asia A Thematic Review of Literature August 2012 1 Knowledge Product: !"#$%&'()!*##+"&#("&(%)"% A !ematic Review of Literature Printed: Bangkok, August 2012 Authorship: United Nations O!ce on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Copyright © 2012, UNODC e-ISBN: 978-974-680-331-1 "is publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-pro#t purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNODC would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations O!ce on Drugs and Crime. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to UNODC, Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci#c. Cover photo: Courtesy of CBSA. "e photo shows a ship that was used in a migrant smuggling operation from Asia to North America. Product Feedback: Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU) Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci#c United Nations Building, 3 rd Floor Rajdamnern Nok Avenue Bangkok 10200, "ailand Fax: +66 2 281 2129 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.unodc.org/eastasiaandpaci#c/ UNODC gratefully acknowledges the #nancial contribution of the Government of Australia that enabled the research for and the production of this publication. Disclaimers: "is report has not been formally edited. "e contents of this publication do not necessarily re$ect the views or policies of UNODC and neither do they imply any endorsement. "e designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. !,-./01()23--4,0-(,0(%5,/ A !ematic Review of Literature A publication of the Coordination and Analysis Unit of the Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci!c United Nations O"ce on Drugs and Crime '/647(89(:8017015( Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 1 Abbreviations and acronyms ................................................................................................................ 2 List of diagrams and tables ................................................................................................................... 5 Executive summary ............................................................................................................................... 6 Policy recommendations for improving evidence-based knowledge ....................................................11 Country situation overview ................................................................................................................. 12 Introducing the research methodology ............................................................................................... 24 Chapter One: Cross-country #ndings by thematic issues ....................................................................31 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 31 How are migrant smuggling and tra"cking in persons conceptualized in the literature? .............. 32 What methodologies are being used in research on migrant smuggling and irregular migration? ..34 What information is available about stocks and $ows of irregular and smuggled migrants? ..........37 What are the major routes involved in irregular migration and migrant smuggling? ..................... 41 What is known about the pro#les and motives of migrant smugglers? ...........................................41 What is known about the pro#le of irregular and smuggled migrants? ..........................................44 What is known about the nature or characteristics of relationships between migrant smugglers and smuggled migrants? .................................................................................................................45 What is known about the organization of migrant smugglers? ...................................................... 48 What is known about the modus operandi of smuggling? ..............................................................50 What is known about migrant smuggling fees and their mobilization? ..........................................56 What is known about the human and social costs of migrant smuggling? ......................................59 Factors that fuel irregular migration and migrant smuggling ........................................................ 62 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 63 Chapter Two: Afghanistan .................................................................................................................. 69 Chapter !ree: Cambodia ................................................................................................................... 83 Chapter Four: China ........................................................................................................................... 93 Chapter Five: India ........................................................................................................................... 115 Chapter Six: Indonesia ...................................................................................................................... 131 Chapter Seven: Lao People’s Democratic Republic ........................................................................... 143 Chapter Eight: Malaysia ................................................................................................................... 153 Chapter Nine: Maldives .................................................................................................................... 163 Chapter Ten: Myanmar ..................................................................................................................... 167 Chapter Eleven: Pakistan .................................................................................................................. 177 Chapter Twelve: Singapore ................................................................................................................ 191 Chapter !irteen: Sri Lanka ............................................................................................................. 197 Chapter Fourteen: !ailand .............................................................................................................. 203 Chapter Fifteen: Viet Nam ................................................................................................................ 215 Annexes ............................................................................................................................................. 223 Annex A: Complete list of databases, catalogues and websites searched ....................................... 225 Annex B: Table of criteria to use for initial bibliographic searches ...............................................228 Annex C: Key words used in the annotated bibliography .............................................................229 !"#!""$%&%'(#)*+,*$-.&/01 %;<08=47>-727015 "is publication was produced by the Regional Centre for East Asia and the Paci!c (RCEAP) of UNODC, under the supervision of Sebastian Baumeister, Coordination and Analysis Unit (CAU, UNODC). Lead researcher: Fiona David (consultant). Research conceptualization, coordination and report preparation: Sebastian Baumeister and Fiona David. Report written by: Introducing the research methodology: Fiona David; Chapter One: Fiona David; Chapter Two: Fiona David, Kenneth Wright (consultant); Chapter "ree: Rebecca Powell (consultant); Chapter Four: Fiona David, Ken- neth Wright; Chapter Five: Rebecca Miller (consultant); Chapter Six: Katherine Rogers (consultant); Chapter Seven: Rebecca Powell; Chapter Eight: Katherine Rogers; Chapter Nine: Rebecca Miller; Chapter Ten: Ken- neth Wright; Chapter Eleven: Rebecca Miller; Chapter Twelve: Katherine Rogers; Chapter "irteen: Rebecca Miller; Chapter Fourteen: Rebecca Powell; Chapter Fifteen: Fiona David, Chapter Fifteen: Fiona David, Kenneth Wright; Executive summary and Country situation overview: Sebastian Baumeister. Editorial and production team: Sebastian Baumeister, Julia Brown (UNODC intern), Fiona David, Karen Emmons (contractor, editing), Ajcharaporn Lorlamai (CAU, UNODC), Collin Piprell (contractor, editing), Siraphob Ruedeeniyomvuth (contractor, design), and Sanya Umasa (CAU, UNODC). Particular appreciation and gratitude for support and advice go to Julia Brown, Elzbieta Gozdziak, Shawn Kelly (UNODC), Janet Smith from the Australian Institute of Criminology, Tun Nay Soe (UNODC), and to the sta# from the Library at the Australian National University. "e publication also bene!ted from the work and expertise of UNODC sta# members around the world. 1 2*-.&"%#345--,*"-#*"#!6*& %66.7?,/1,805(/0>(%;.80@25 ARCM Asian Research Center for Migration ARTWAC Action Research on Tra$cking in Women and Children ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BEFARE
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Competitiveness Analysis of China's Main Coastal Ports
    2019 International Conference on Economic Development and Management Science (EDMS 2019) Competitiveness analysis of China's main coastal ports Yu Zhua, * School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, China; [email protected] *Corresponding author Keywords: China coastal ports above a certain size, competitive power analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis Abstract: As a big trading power, China's main mode of transportation of international trade goods is sea transportation. Ports play an important role in China's economic development. Therefore, improving the competitiveness of coastal ports is an urgent problem facing the society at present. This paper selects 12 relevant indexes to establish a relatively comprehensive evaluation index system, and uses factor analysis and cluster analysis to evaluate and rank the competitiveness of China's 30 major coastal ports. 1. Introduction Port is the gathering point and hub of water and land transportation, the distribution center of import and export of industrial and agricultural products and foreign trade products, and the important node of logistics. With the continuous innovation of transportation mode and the rapid development of science and technology, ports play an increasingly important role in driving the economy, with increasingly rich functions and more important status and role. Meanwhile, the competition among ports is also increasingly fierce. In recent years, with the rapid development of China's economy and the promotion of "the Belt and Road Initiative", China's coastal ports have also been greatly developed. China has more than 18,000 kilometers of coastline, with superior natural conditions. With the introduction of the policy of reformation and opening, the human conditions are also excellent.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade-Based Money Laundering: Trends and Developments
    Trade-Based Money Laundering Trends and Developments December 2020 The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an independent inter-governmental body that develops and promotes policies to protect the global financial system against money laundering, terrorist financing and the financing of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The FATF Recommendations are recognised as the global anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CFT) standard. For more information about the FATF, please visit www.fatf-gafi.org This document and/or any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The goal of the Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units (Egmont Group) is to provide a forum for financial intelligence unites (FIUs) around the world to improve co-operation in the fight against money laundering and the financing of terrorism and to foster the implementation of domestic programs in this field. For more information about the Egmont Group, please visit the website: www.egmontgroup.org Citing reference: FATF – Egmont Group (2020), Trade-based Money Laundering: Trends and Developments, FATF, Paris, France, www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/methodandtrends/documents/trade-based-money-laundering-trends-and- developments.html © 2020 FATF/OECD and Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units. All rights reserved. No reproduction or translation of this publication may be made without prior written permission. Applications for such permission, for all or part of this publication, should be made to the FATF Secretariat, 2 rue André Pascal 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France (fax: +33 1 44 30 61 37 or e-mail: [email protected]) Photo credits cover photo ©Getty Images TRADE-BASED MONEY LAUNDERING: TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS | 1 Table of Contents Acronyms 2 Executive summary 3 Key findings 3 Conclusion 5 Introduction 7 Background 7 Purpose and report structure 8 Methodology 10 Section 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Underground Banking and 'Daigou'
    Chinese Underground Banking and ‘Daigou’ October 2019 NAC/NECC v1.0 Purpose This document has been compiled by the National Crime Agency’s National Assessment Centre from the latest information available to the NCA regarding the abuse of Chinese Underground Banking and ‘Daigou’ for money laundering purposes. It has been produced to provide supporting information for the application by financial investigators from any force or agency for Account Freezing Orders and other orders and warrants under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. It can also be used for any other related purpose. This document is not protectively marked. Executive Summary • The transfer of funds for personal purposes out of China by Chinese citizens is tightly regulated by the Chinese government, and in all but exceptional circumstances is limited to the equivalent of USD 50,000 per year. All such transactions, without exception, are required to be carried out through a foreign exchange account opened with a Chinese bank for the purpose. The regulations nevertheless provide an accessible, legitimate and auditable mechanism for Chinese citizens to transfer funds overseas. • Chinese citizens who, for their own reasons, choose not to use the legitimate route stipulated by the Chinese government for such transactions, frequently use a form of Informal Value Transfer System (IVTS) known as ‘Underground Banking’ to carry them out instead. Evidence suggests that this practice is widespread amongst the Chinese diaspora in the UK. • Evidence from successful money laundering prosecutions in the UK has shown that Chinese Underground Banking is abused for the purposes of laundering money derived from criminal offences, by utilising cash generated from crime in the UK to settle separate and unconnected inward Underground Banking remittances to Chinese citizens in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Trafficking Ka Hye Chin
    Seton Hall University eRepository @ Seton Hall Law School Student Scholarship Seton Hall Law 5-1-2014 Growing Problem in Rural Areas: Child Trafficking Ka Hye Chin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship Recommended Citation Chin, Ka Hye, "Growing Problem in Rural Areas: Child Trafficking" (2014). Law School Student Scholarship. 420. https://scholarship.shu.edu/student_scholarship/420 Growing problem in rural areas: Child Trafficking Ka Hye Chin A nine month-year-old boy, Ruicong, was playing outside of his home with his sister.1 While he was playing, a white van slowly approached him with the door open, and a man leaned out and grabbed him.2 Yuan Xinquan, a 19 year-old father, was standing at a bus stop while holding his 52-day-old daughter.3 Then a white government van suddenly approached and asked him to show his marriage certification.4 When Mr. Yuan was unable to produce his certification because he was below the legal age for marriage, family planning officials subsequently snatched his daughter. 5 In the Southern part of Hunan Province, Duan Yuelin ran his family business, and his business made $ 3,000 a month, which indicates “unimaginable riches for uneducated Chinese rice farmers”.6 The main customers of his business were orphanages governed by government, and the merchandise he had sold was newborn babies.7 As illustrated above, these stories are not uncommon in China. China is a source, transit, and destination country for human trafficking of women and children who are the most vulnerable targets due to lack of inability to defend themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Final NZPC 28 March 2013
    Occupational Health and Safety of Migrant Sex Workers in New Zealand prepared for New Zealand Prostitutes’ Collective by Dr Michael Roguski 28 March 2013 [email protected] Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................... iv 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 2 Literature review: Occupational health and safety of migrant sex workers ....... 2 2.1 Australia ................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Hong Kong ................................................................................................................. 4 2.3 Macau ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.4 United Kingdom ........................................................................................................ 6 2.5 Turkey ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.6 Similarities and differences across the studies ........................................................... 9 3 Occupational Health and Safety in Sex Work .................................................. 11 3.1 Legal context ........................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Physical and mental health ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    INDEX Aodayixike Qingzhensi Baisha, 683–684 Abacus Museum (Linhai), (Ordaisnki Mosque; Baishui Tai (White Water 507 Kashgar), 334 Terraces), 692–693 Abakh Hoja Mosque (Xiang- Aolinpike Gongyuan (Olym- Baita (Chowan), 775 fei Mu; Kashgar), 333 pic Park; Beijing), 133–134 Bai Ta (White Dagoba) Abercrombie & Kent, 70 Apricot Altar (Xing Tan; Beijing, 134 Academic Travel Abroad, 67 Qufu), 380 Yangzhou, 414 Access America, 51 Aqua Spirit (Hong Kong), 601 Baiyang Gou (White Poplar Accommodations, 75–77 Arch Angel Antiques (Hong Gully), 325 best, 10–11 Kong), 596 Baiyun Guan (White Cloud Acrobatics Architecture, 27–29 Temple; Beijing), 132 Beijing, 144–145 Area and country codes, 806 Bama, 10, 632–638 Guilin, 622 The arts, 25–27 Bama Chang Shou Bo Wu Shanghai, 478 ATMs (automated teller Guan (Longevity Museum), Adventure and Wellness machines), 60, 74 634 Trips, 68 Bamboo Museum and Adventure Center, 70 Gardens (Anji), 491 AIDS, 63 ack Lakes, The (Shicha Hai; Bamboo Temple (Qiongzhu Air pollution, 31 B Beijing), 91 Si; Kunming), 658 Air travel, 51–54 accommodations, 106–108 Bangchui Dao (Dalian), 190 Aitiga’er Qingzhen Si (Idkah bars, 147 Banpo Bowuguan (Banpo Mosque; Kashgar), 333 restaurants, 117–120 Neolithic Village; Xi’an), Ali (Shiquan He), 331 walking tour, 137–140 279 Alien Travel Permit (ATP), 780 Ba Da Guan (Eight Passes; Baoding Shan (Dazu), 727, Altitude sickness, 63, 761 Qingdao), 389 728 Amchog (A’muquhu), 297 Bagua Ting (Pavilion of the Baofeng Hu (Baofeng Lake), American Express, emergency Eight Trigrams; Chengdu), 754 check
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa
    The Annual Mothers for the Future SolidariTea event, which is hosted annually to highlight the work done by M4F for mothers who o sex work. Photo credit: Lesego Tlhwale 196 SOUTH AFRICA Ntokozo Yingwana From the establishment of the Cape Colony in the 1600s, to the ‘gold rush’ of the Witwatersrand in the 1880s, and today’s self-identifying ‘proud migrant sex worker(s)’, the selling of sex in relation to mobility and migration has a long and nuanced history in South Africa. Therefore, in trying to understand sexual exploitation (and, more specifically, human trafficking) in the sex work industry requires a revisiting of these colonial and apartheid pasts, and the remnants of those eras that still permeate South African current laws and policies. Although sex work is criminalised in the country it is still widely practised and tolerated by the general public; while most people deem it immoral for religious and/or cultural reasons, many still consider it a ‘necessary evil’. Poverty is highly racialised and feminised in South Africa. The unemployment rate of approximately 27.7% (of a 55 million population) is most notable among black women, accounting for 49.1% of unemployed people. Therefore, for many poor black women with limited formal education, selling sex is a viable means of making a living. Sex workers with a primary school education are able to earn nearly six times more than the typical income from formal employment, such as domestic work. In order to avoid being identified by family and friends, many choose to sell sex away from their immediate communities, thus making sex workers a highly mobile population.
    [Show full text]
  • My Father and I
    My Father and I My Father and I The Marais and the Queerness of Community David Caron Cornell University Press ithaca and london Copyright © 2009 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2009 by Cornell University Press Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Caron, David (David Henri) My father and I : the Marais and the queerness of community / David Caron. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8014-4773-0 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Marais (Paris, France)—History. 2. Gay community—France—Paris—History. 3. Jewish neighborhoods—France—Paris—History. 4. Homosexuality—France—Paris— History. 5. Jews—France—Paris—History. 6. Gottlieb, Joseph, 1919–2004. 7. Caron, David (David Henri)—Family. I. Title. DC752.M37C37 2009 306.76'6092244361—dc22 2008043686 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible sup- pliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable- based, low- VOC inks and acid- free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine- free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at www .cornellpress .cornell .edu . Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 In memory of Joseph Gottlieb, my father And for all my other friends Contents IOU ix Prologue.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese Underground Banking and 'Daigou'
    Chinese Underground Banking and ‘Daigou’ October 2019 NAC/NECC v1.0 Purpose This document has been compiled by the National Crime Agency’s National Assessment Centre from the latest information available to the NCA regarding the abuse of Chinese Underground Banking and ‘Daigou’ for money laundering purposes. It has been produced to provide supporting information for the application by financial investigators from any force or agency for Account Freezing Orders and other orders and warrants under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. It can also be used for any other related purpose. This document is not protectively marked. Executive Summary • The transfer of funds for personal purposes out of China by Chinese citizens is tightly regulated by the Chinese government, and in all but exceptional circumstances is limited to the equivalent of USD 50,000 per year. All such transactions, without exception, are required to be carried out through a foreign exchange account opened with a Chinese bank for the purpose. The regulations nevertheless provide an accessible, legitimate and auditable mechanism for Chinese citizens to transfer funds overseas. • Chinese citizens who, for their own reasons, choose not to use the legitimate route stipulated by the Chinese government for such transactions, frequently use a form of Informal Value Transfer System (IVTS) known as ‘Underground Banking’ to carry them out instead. Evidence suggests that this practice is widespread amongst the Chinese diaspora in the UK. • Evidence from successful money laundering prosecutions in the UK has shown that Chinese Underground Banking is abused for the purposes of laundering money derived from criminal offences, by utilising cash generated from crime in the UK to settle separate and unconnected inward Underground Banking remittances to Chinese citizens in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Street Corner Secrets
    STREET CORNER SECRETS Sex, Work, and Migration in the City of Mumbai SVATI P. SHAH STREET CORNER SECRETS NEXT WAVE: New Directions in Women’s Studies A series edited by Inderpal Grewal, Caren Kaplan, and Robyn Wiegman STREET CORNER SECRETS Sex, Work, and Migration in the City of Mumbai SVATI P. SHAH Duke University Press Durham and London 2014 © 2014 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Chaparral Pro by Copperline Book Services, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in- P ublication Data Shah, Svati Pragna Street corner secrets : sex, work, and migration in the city of Mumbai / Svati P. Shah. pages cm — (Next wave : new directions in women’s studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0- 82 23-5689- 9 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn 978- 0- 8223- 5698- 1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Prostitutes — India — Mumbai. 2. Prostitution — India — Mumbai. 3. Rural- urban migration — India — Mumbai. 4. Women — Employment — India — Mumbai. i. Title. ii. Series: Next wave. hq240.m86.s43 2014 306.740954'792 — dc23 2014000765 Cover image by Chitra Ganesh To Sojar Bai, who talked to me for no good reason, to my mother, Dr. Pragna Nina Shah, and to the loving memories of Dr. Madhukar Kantitlal Shah and Dr. Sid (Uday) Madhukar Shah CONTENTS Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 1. Day Wage Labor and Migration: Making Ends Meet 41 2. Sex, Work, and Silence from the Construction Workers’ Naka 77 3. Sex Work and the Street 113 4. Red- Light Districts, Rescue, and Real Estate 147 Conclusion Agency, Livelihoods, and Spaces 189 Notes 207 Bibliography 231 Index 247 PREFACE The project from which this book emerged developed out of a three- month internship in 1996, when, as a master’s student in public health, I worked with an international nongovernmental organization (ngo) devoted to preventing hiv transmission in the main red- light districts of Mumbai.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration and Sex Work Through a Gender Perspective Pereira & Freitas
    Contexto Internacional vol. 40(3) Sep/Dec 2018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2018400300005 Migration and Sex Work through a Gender Perspective Pereira & Freitas Charlotte Valadier* Abstract: The trajectories of migration and prostitution are embedded in representations of body, gender, sex and sexuality. This article seeks to understand the articulation between migration and sex work through the lens of gender. To this end, this article relies on a typological approach that aims to clear some ground in the ongoing debate on the issues of prostitution, sex trafficking and migration of sex workers. It explores the theoretical cross-contribution as well as the conceptual limitations of radical, liberal, post-colonial, critical and postmodern feminist perspectives on the issues of prostitution, sex workers’ mobility and sex trafficking. It gives special focus to the contribu- tions of the postmodern feminist reading, especially by highlighting how it has challenged conven- tional feminist theories, hitherto grounded in dualistic structures. In fact, the postmodern feminist approach makes a stand against the simplistic dichotomies such as First/Third World, passivity/ agency, vulnerability/empowerment, innocence/conscience, sexual trafficking/voluntary prostitu- tion or ‘trafficked victim’/‘autonomous sex worker.’ As such, postmodern feminism disrupts all fixed demarcations and homogeneous forms of categorisation on which the dominant feminist theories were based, allowing thus for the emergence of new practices of subjectivity as well as new forms of flexible identities. Keywords: Migration; Sex Work; Sex Trafficking; Gender; Postmodern Feminism. Introduction When one talks about transnational prostitution or trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation, the terms ‘prostitutes’ and ‘sex workers,’ ‘prostitution’ and ‘sex traf- ficking’ are often wrongly equated.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    RvrptnrlNa. 121117-( HA China InvestmentStrategies for China's Coal Public Disclosure Authorized CIndElectricity Delivery System Match i1, 1995 f r.um iisl wt ( )I r. itionis I )ivisin n ( 1ii.ni.I1f(I Mtv)fig(li.i I )D paln.1llf II I I .s1 i\si. .ir(il i'.uiji R'gr(l di OIliCl ( I (mioi ri Rt-tsii Ii ( enter SF I'L1. inning (01 11nhI%s1(31n I p Re;ubI(lil (o China Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Currency Equivalents Currency Unit = Yuan (Y) = 100 fen Exchange Rate 1980 1990 1992 1993 1994 US$1 = Y 1.5 US5i = Y 4.7 US$1 = Y 5.5 US$1 = Y 5.8 US$1 = Y 8.7 Fiscal Year January - December Weights and Measures dwt = deadweight ton kV = kilovolt g gram kw = kilowatt km = kilometer MW = megawatt GW gigawatt (101 kw) (1(r kw) std ton = standard ton kwh = kilowatt hour (5,500 kcal per kg) kcal = kilocalorie tkm = ton-kilometer kg = kilogram TWh = terawatt-hour (I 9 kwh) Abbreviations AC - Alternating Current CIECC - China International Engineering Consulting Corporation COSCO - China Ocean Shipping Company CTS - Coal Transport Study DC - direct current El - Economic Institute ERC - Economic Research Center ER[ - Energy Research Institute FYP - five-year plan GDP - gross domesti; product GIS - Geographic Information System GNP - gross national product ICIT - Institute for Comprehensive Transportation MOC - Ministry of Communications MOCL - Ministry of Coal MOEP - Ministry of Electric Power MOR - Ministry of Railways NIC - National Investment Company PCBC - People's Construction Bank of China SDBC - State Development Bank of China SPC - State Planning Commission TSP - total suspended particulates UNDP - United Nations Development Programme Five-Year Plans 5FYP = 1976-80 6FYP = 1981-85 7FYP = 1986-90 8FYP = 1991-95 9FYP = 1996-2000 IOFYP = 2001-2005 i China Investment Strategies for China's Coal and Electricity Delivery System iii China Investment Strategies for China's Coal and Electricity Delivery System TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No.
    [Show full text]