Table 1.1: Indicators not included in household endline survey

Group Hypothesis Indicator Variable Reason for excluding

How often states own opinion in public Ambigious question due to 2 15 FE06 unclear definition of "in public". Expected satisfaction with future 2 19 AG06 Did not work well in the field occupation Peope I respect agree that daughter 2 24 should get enough food and attention CD02 Opinions of respected persons with 2 24 respect to care of daughter matter to CD03 me Respondents had difficulties in I want to behave similar other people understanding these questions 2 24 like me regarding care of daughters CD05 and in distinguishing the meaning between the questions Confident that I can ensure my of this hypotheses group. For the 2 24 daughters get enough food and CD06 sake of survey quality we attention reduced this to CD01, CD04, Determined to ensure my daughters CD07 and CD09. 2 24 get enough food and attention CD08 Enough food and attention for 2 24 daughter is protective against disease CD10 and malnutrition 3 27 Intake of important micronutrients FD02 3 27 Intake of important micronutrients FD03 Not included for now because no Fraction of consumption expenditure easy way to combine different 3 27 on important micronutrients FD04 food categories and across surveys (in three surveys, units Fraction of consumption expenditure are taken differently) 3 27 on important micronutrients FD05 People who H respects agree that 3 28 family members should get balanced NT08 nutrition Opinions of respected persons family 3 28 diet matter to HH head NT09 Respondents had difficulties in understanding these questions H wants to comply with family feeding and in distinguishing the 3 28 of other people similar to him NT11 meaning between the questions H is confident that he is able to feed of this hypotheses group. For the 3 28 family good balance of food NT12 sake of survey quality we reduced this to NT07, NT10, H is determined to ensure that he NT13 and NT15. 3 28 feeds family good balance of food NT14 Good balance of food is protective 3 28 against disease and malnutrition NT16 People I respect think that feeding 3 29 thick, yellowish breastmilk is important UC25 Opinion of people I respect matters to 3 29 me when it comes to child feeding UC26 Respondents had difficulties in Most people I know feed thick, understanding these questions 3 29 yellowish breastmilk to babies UC27 and in distinguishing the meaning between the questions I want to behave similar to people like of this hypotheses group. For the 3 29 me when it comes to child feeding UC29 sake of survey quality we reduced this to UC24, UC28 and Determined to feed thick, yellowish UC31. 3 29 breastmilk to babies UC30 Thick, yellowish breastmilk helps to 3 29 protect baby from malnutrition and UC32 disease Timing of first breastfeeding counting 3 29 from date of birth (less means earlier) UC37 Respondents had difficulties in Opinion of complementary feeding of understanding these questions 3 29 children after six months UC38 and in distinguishing the meaning between the questions People I respect think complementary of this hypotheses group. For the 3 29 feeding should start after six months UC40 sake of survey quality we reduced this to UC36, UC39 and Most people like me start UC41. 3 29 complementary feeding of children UC42 after six months People I respect agree that we should 3 29 UC49 add oil Respondents had difficulties in understanding these questions 3 29 Most people like me add oil UC50 and in distinguishing the Confident to be able to add oil when 3 29 UC51 meaning between the questions feeding last child of this hypotheses group. For the Determined to add oil when feeding 3 29 UC53 sake of survey quality we last child reduced this to UC48, UC52 and Adding oil helps to protect child from 3 29 UC55 UC54. malnutrition Smokes cigarettes or chews tobacco Not appropriate in the cultural 3 31 AN06 (Adolescent girl) context. 3 31 Smokes WH06a Very low variation at baseline: 3 31 Number of cigarettes per day WH06b Only 4% smoke at all. 3 31 Chews tabacco on a daily basis WH07a Very low variation at baseline: Number of times per day chews 3 31 WH07b Only 3.5% chew tabacco at all. tabacco 3 32 Stored water contaminated with e.coli HV13 No results from endline yet. People who HH head respects agree 3 33 that one should use toilet or cover HV25 excreta with mud Opinions of respected persons on Respondents had difficulties in 3 33 toiled use matter to HH head HV26 understanding these questions and in distinguishing the H wants to comply with toilet behavior meaning between the questions 3 33 of other people similar to him HV28 of this hypotheses group. For the sake of survey quality we H is confident that he is able to use reduced this to HV23, HV24, 3 33 toilet/cover extreta with mud HV29 HV27, HV30, HV32 and HV33 H is determined to ensure that he 3 33 uses toilet/cover extreta with mud HV31 Frequency of soap usage by HH head Irrelevant question when HV34 is 3 33 HV35 asked. Frequency of baths by HH members Little variation at baseline: 91% 3 33 HV36 bath every day. Often has scaly, flaky, seborrheic 6 55 condition at outer nose margin WH02 Did not work well in the field Has soft nails or nails that chip, crack 6 55 or peel easily, and/or are brittle or WH03 Did not work well in the field contain ridges Differences in SC08a – 6 59 caste/race/religion/sex/etc. cause Did not work well in the field SC08h problems in neighbourhood

Table 1.2: Indicators not included in pregnant women endline survey

Reason for Group Hypothesis Indicator Variable excluding 2 21 Pregnant woman preference for boy RH15 Pregnancy related People I respect agree that daughter should 2 24 NT18 get enough food and attention Opinions of respected persons with respect to 2 24 NT19 care of daughters matter to me Respondents had Most people I respect ensure that daughters 2 24 NT20 difficulties in get enough food and attention understanding these I want to behave similar other people like me questions and in 2 24 NT21 regarding care of daughters distinguishing the meaning between the Confident that I can ensure my daughters get 2 24 NT22 questions of this enough food and attention hypotheses group. For the sake of survey It is entirely up to me to decide on whether 2 24 NT23 quality we reduced daughters get enough food and attention this to NT17. Determined to ensure my daughters get 2 24 NT24 enough food and attention Enough food and attention for daughter is 2 24 NT26 protective against disease and malnutrition Most people I respect agree that balanced diet 3 28 NT8 is important Respondents had Opinion of people I respect matters to me when difficulties in 3 28 NT9 it comes to balanced diet for family understanding these 3 28 Most people like me ensure balanced diet NT10 questions and in I want to behave similar other people like me distinguishing the 3 28 NT11 when it comes to balanced diet for family meaning between the I am confident to be able to feed balanced diet questions of this 3 28 NT12 to family hypotheses group. For the sake of survey 3 28 I am determined to feed balanced diet to family NT14 quality we reduced 3 28 I have previously fed balanced diet to family NT15 this to NT5, NT7 and A good balance of food will protect family from NT13. 3 28 NT16 disease and malnutrition 3 29 Plans to or is breastfeeding child CC2 Pregnancy related Someone suggested that child should not be 3 29 CC4 breastfed People I respect think that feeding thick, 3 29 CC7 yellowish breastmilk is important Opinion of people I respect matters to me when 3 29 CC8 Respondents had it comes to child feeding difficulties in Most people like me feed thick, yellowish 3 29 CC9 understanding these breastmilk to babies questions and in I want to behave similar to people like me when 3 29 CC10 distinguishing the it comes to child feeding meaning between the Confident to be able feed thick, yellowish 3 29 CC11 questions of this breastmilk to babies hypotheses group. Decides about feeding thick, yellowish 3 29 CC12 For the sake of survey breastmilk to babies on her own quality we reduced Determined to feed thick, yellowish breastmilk 3 29 CC13 this to CC1, CC6. to babies Previously fed thick, yellowish breastmilk to 3 29 CC15 babies Thick, yellowish breastmilk helps to protect 3 29 CC16 baby from malnutrition and disease People I respect think complementary feeding Respondents had 3 29 CC18 should start after six months difficulties in Most people like me start complementary understanding these 3 29 CC19 feeding of children after six months questions and in Confident to be able to start complementary distinguishing the 3 29 CC20 feeding of children after six months meaning between the Would decide about complementary feeding on questions of this 3 29 CC22 her own hypotheses group. Previously started complementary feeding of For the sake of survey 3 29 CC23 children after six months quality we reduced Complementary feeding after six months this to CC17. 3 29 CC24 protects baby from malnutrition and disease 3 29 People I respect agree that we should add oil CC26 Respondents had difficulties in 3 29 Most people like me add oil CC27 understanding these Confident to be able to add oil when feeding 3 29 CC28 questions and in last child distinguishing the 3 29 Decides on her own about adding oil CC29 meaning between the 3 29 Determined to add oil when feeding last child CC30 questions of this hypotheses group. 3 29 Previously added oil CC31 For the sake of survey Adding oil helps to protect child from quality we reduced 3 29 CC32 malnutrition this to CC25. 3 31 Number of cigarettes per day GH7 Baseline data showed 3 31 Chews tabacco on a daily basis GH8 no variation Alcohol became illegal in Bihar and is highly stigmatized. Asking 3 31 Drinks alcoholic beverages HB5 about it was not appropriate in the cultural context. People who I respect agree that one should 3 33 SB2 use toilet or cover excreta with mud Opinions of respected persons on toiled use 3 33 SB3 matter to me Most people like me use toilet or cover excreta Respondents had 3 33 SB4 with mud difficulties in PW wants to comply with toilet behavior of understanding these 3 33 SB5 other people similar to her questions and in PW is confident that he is able to use distinguishing the 3 33 SB6 toilet/cover extreta with mud meaning between the PW decides about toilet use/cover extreta with questions of this 3 33 SB7 mud hypotheses group. PW is determined to ensure that he uses For the sake of survey 3 33 SB8 toilet/cover extreta with mud quality we reduced PW has previously used toilet or covered this to SB1. 3 33 SB9 excreta with mud Using toiled or covering excreta with mud 3 33 protects me and everyone in village from SB10 disease Salt tests did not 4 36 Salt contains iodine GH19 arrive in time at survey location Changed question to 4 36 PW sleeps under bednet GH15 whether child sleeps under bed net Changed question to 4 36 Bednet is treated GH16 whether child's bednet is insecticide-treated 4 36 Hours per week worked inside house GH20 Pregnancy related Housework includes harmful activities for 4 36 GH21 Pregnancy related pregnant women 4 36 Hours per week worked outside GH22 Pregnancy related Work outside includes harmful activities for 4 36 GH23 Pregnancy related pregnant women 4 36 Plans to continue work throughout pregnancy GH24 Pregnancy related 4 36 Hours per week sleeping GH25 Pregnancy related More careful to prevent malaria since knows 4 36 GH17 Pregnancy related about pregnany Alcohol became illegal in Bihar and is highly stigmatized. Asking 4 36 Alcoholic beverages GH10 about it was not appropriate in the cultural context. Pay closer attention to balanced diet since 4 36 NT3 Pregnancy related pregnancy 4 37 Number of planned antenatal care visits CP12 Pregnancy related Did not work well in 4 37 Received antenatal care when wanted CP14 the field Was informed during antenatal care about Was reduced to 4 37 CP16 danger signs to look out for CP17a-d Ambiguous question. Did not work well in th 4 37 Was told were to go in case of complications CP18 field neither easy to anylze 4 39 Satisfied with aspects of antenatal care CP26 Reduced to CP25 4 40 Happiness with pregnancy CP3 Reduced to GH26- 4 40 Worried about CP4 GH28 Has possibility in household to adapt to 4 40 CP5 pregnancy related challenges of pregnancy Feeling when got to know about pregnancy 4 40 RH13 pregnancy related (very unhappy to very happy) Partner's feeling when got to know about 4 40 RH14 pregnancy related pregnancy (very unhappy to very happy) 4 41 Knows about abortion RH7 pregnancy related 4 41 Knows were to get safe abortion RH8 pregnancy related 4 41 Would discuss abortion jointly with partner RH9 pregnancy related Often has scaly, flaky, seborrheic condition at Did not work well in th 6 55 GH2 outer nose margin efield Has soft nails or nails that chip, crack or peel Did not work well in th 6 55 GH3 easily, and/or are brittle or contain ridges efield

Table 1.3: List of Gram Varta meetings and their goals

Meetings Agenda of the meetings Meeting 1 Introducing the project

Meeting 2 Understanding the concept of equality in society

Meeting 3 Understanding the cycle of women and child malnutrition in society and understanding the current concepts about nutrition in society

Meeting 4 Using the MUAC tape to measure malnutrition and identify malnourished children

Meeting 5 Identifying the issues related to women and child malnutrition and their priority

Meeting 6 Introduction to primary problems, their reasons and their resolution

Meeting 7 Identifying Problems and strategies

Meeting 8 Planning a community meeting and taking responsibilities: Community meeting

Meeting 9 Progress of strategy implementation and mapping available local food groups

Meeting 10 Strategy for caring for and providing adequate nutrition to infants (6-24 months)

Meeting 11 Discussion possible strategies on preventing malnutrition in children

Meeting 12 Understanding the main reasons for malnutrition in mothers and breaking the vicious cycle of malnutrition through possible means

Meeting 13 Taking care of low birth weight children Meeting 14 Taking care of a newborn+ nutritional requirements in neonates

Meeting 15 Discussion on family planning measures- The benefits of various measures and a discussion on the availability of various means of contraception through the government health system

Community directed total sanitation meeting inviting local authorities and all community members. Meeting 16 Understanding uncleanliness

Meeting 17 The impact of uncleanliness

Meeting 18 Community directed total sanitation campaign- What to do (action plan)

Meeting 19 Community directed total sanitation campaign- How to do and who will manage

Meeting 20 Participatory evaluation and planning for the future

Table 1.4: Descriptive Statistics at endline, household sample

Full sample Control Treatment ICC Mean N Mean N Mean N Group 2 Own agricultural income 0.2827 2,996 0.2730 1,513 0.2927 1,483 0.0250 (0.4504) (0.4456) (0.4551) Own non-agricultural 0.0391 2,996 0.0390 1,513 0.0391 1,483 0.0000 income (0.1938) (0.1936) (0.1939) Any savings 0.5269 1,934 0.5368 993 0.5165 941 0.0336 (0.4994) (0.4989) (0.5000) Level of savings 1672.050 397 1800.573 192 1551.678 205 0.0000 (5063.971) (3254.444) (6311.304) Any loan 0.7674 3,117 0.7624 1,570 0.7725 1,547 0.0117 (0.4226) (0.4257) (0.4194) Trust in money matters 0.2762 2,451 0.2831 1,187 0.2698 1,264 0.0130 (0.4472) (0.4507) (0.4440) Hours unpaid 10.1291 666 9.4955 335 10.7704 331 0.0845 housework (10.5636) (10.8028) (10.2925) Say in use of own agricultural income ... Not allowed 0.1019 834 0.1084 406 0.0958 428 0.0764 (0.3027) (0.3112) (0.2947) Decide on less than half 0.2062 834 0.2143 406 0.1986 428 (0.4048) (0.4108) (0.3994) Decide on more than 0.0659 834 0.0665 406 0.0654 428 half (0.2483) (0.2495) (0.2476) Decide on total amount 0.6187 834 0.5985 406 0.6379 428 (0.4860) (0.4908) (0.4812) Say in use of own non- agricultural income ... Not allowed 0.0741 108 0.0566 53 0.0909 55 0.0000 (0.2631) (0.2333) (0.2901) Decide on less than half 0.1944 108 0.2642 53 0.1273 55 (0.3976) (0.4451) (0.3363) Decide on more than 0.0741 108 0.0943 53 0.0545 55 half (0.2631) (0.2951) (0.2292) Decide on total amount 0.6574 108 0.5849 53 0.7273 55 (0.4768) (0.4975) (0.4495) Say in use of savings ... Not allowed 0.1553 1,011 0.1585 530 0.1518 481 0.0916 (0.3624) (0.3655) (0.3592) Decide on less than half 0.1434 1,011 0.1377 530 0.1497 481 (0.3507) (0.3449) (0.3571) Decide on more than 0.0445 1,011 0.0415 530 0.0478 481 half (0.2063) (0.1997) (0.2136) Decide on total amount 0.6360 1,011 0.6396 530 0.6320 481 (0.4814) (0.4806) (0.4828) Own decision on 0.6535 1,016 0.6598 532 0.6467 484 0.0756 savings (0.4761) (0.4742) (0.4785) Participate in decisions regarding ... Health care 0.7691 3,127 0.7704 1,572 0.7678 1,555 0.0352 (0.4215) (0.4207) (0.4223) Household purchases 0.7319 3,066 0.7335 1,542 0.7303 1,524 0.0432 (0.4430) (0.4423) (0.4439) Visits to relatives 0.7774 3,135 0.7769 1,578 0.7778 1,557 0.0295 (0.4161) (0.4164) (0.4159) Farm matters 0.6708 2,591 0.6875 1,315 0.6536 1,276 0.0754 (0.4700) (0.4637) (0.4760) Use of own earnings 0.8708 2,043 0.8698 1,060 0.8718 983 0.0353 (0.3355) (0.3367) (0.3345) Use of husband's 0.7578 3,063 0.7630 1,544 0.7525 1,519 0.0355 earnings (0.4285) (0.4254) (0.4317) Land/house purchase 0.7215 2,632 0.7241 1,330 0.7189 1,302 0.0534 and use (0.4483) (0.4472) (0.4497) Allowed to go ... Alone to market 0.2191 3,145 0.2211 1,583 0.2170 1,562 0.0309 (0.4137) (0.4151) (0.4124) Alone to health facility 0.1800 3,144 0.1806 1,584 0.1795 1,560 0.0416 (0.3843) (0.3848) (0.3839) Alone to neighbour's 0.7784 3,141 0.7790 1,579 0.7778 1,562 0.0360 (0.4154) (0.4151) (0.4158) Alone outside village 0.1373 3,146 0.1364 1,584 0.1383 1,562 0.0269 (0.3442) (0.3433) (0.3453) Alone to place of 0.3148 3,145 0.3102 1,583 0.3195 1,562 0.0499 worship (0.4645) (0.4627) (0.4664) Known as husband's 0.5373 3,019 0.5379 1,519 0.5367 1,500 0.0217 wife (0.4987) (0.4987) (0.4988) Acquainted with ... Health staff 0.2684 3,107 0.2524 1,569 0.2848 1,538 0.0250 (0.4432) (0.4345) (0.4515) Government officials 0.2903 3,100 0.2700 1,563 0.3110 1,537 0.0363 (0.4540) (0.4441) (0.4631) School officials 0.0524 3,035 0.0477 1,532 0.0572 1,503 0.0183 (0.2228) (0.2131) (0.2323) Other officials 0.2197 3,041 0.2208 1,535 0.2185 1,506 0.0537 (0.4141) (0.4150) (0.4133) Participation in community activities not 0.1266 2,994 0.1297 1,503 0.1234 1,491 0.0677 allowed (0.3326) (0.3361) (0.3290) Reason Gender 0.3832 321 0.3006 163 0.4684 158 0.3256 (0.4869) (0.4599) (0.5006) Voting 0.8056 3,087 0.7929 1,555 0.8185 1,532 0.0238 (0.3958) (0.4053) (0.3855) Attendance in public 0.1045 3,034 0.1015 1,517 0.1074 1,517 0.0361 meeting (0.3059) (0.3021) (0.3098)

Wife can refuse intercourse if ... Husband has STD 0.6383 2,660 0.6247 1,311 0.6516 1,349 0.1946 (0.4806) (0.4844) (0.4766) Husband cheats 0.6156 2,807 0.5839 1,382 0.6463 1,425 0.2164 (0.4865) (0.4931) (0.4783) Woman is tired 0.5545 2,873 0.5347 1,425 0.5739 1,448 0.1498 (0.4971) (0.4990) (0.4947) Woman can demand 0.7057 2,290 0.7090 1,141 0.7023 1,149 0.1090 condom use (0.4558) (0.4544) (0.4574) Woman believes husband justified in hitting wife if she ... Goes out without telling 0.4217 2,134 0.4266 1,008 0.4174 1,126 0.0797 (0.4940) (0.4948) (0.4934) Neglects children 0.4338 1,759 0.4116 809 0.4526 950 0.0958 (0.4957) (0.4924) (0.4980) Argues with husband 0.4262 2,088 0.4266 1,001 0.4259 1,087 0.0716 (0.4946) (0.4948) (0.4947) Refuses sex 0.2658 2,370 0.2682 1,126 0.2637 1,244 0.0849 (0.4419) (0.4432) (0.4408) Burns food 0.3350 1,409 0.3093 637 0.3562 772 0.0775 (0.4722) (0.4626) (0.4792) Girl believes husband justified in hitting wife if she ... Goes out without telling 0.3405 602 0.3420 307 0.3390 295 0.0241

(0.4743) (0.4752) (0.4742) Neglects children 0.4097 598 0.4365 307 0.3814 291 0.0340 (0.4922) (0.4968) (0.4866) Argues with husband 0.4057 594 0.4066 305 0.4048 289 0.0155 (0.4914) (0.4920) (0.4917) Refuses sex 0.2747 557 0.2883 274 0.2615 283 0.0099 (0.4468) (0.4538) (0.4402) Burns food 0.3328 592 0.3477 302 0.3172 290 0.0104 (0.4716) (0.4770) (0.4662) Afraid of husband Most of time 0.0596 2,733 0.0594 1,381 0.0599 1,352 0.0983 (0.2369) (0.2364) (0.2374) Sometimes 0.5302 2,733 0.5301 1,381 0.5303 1,352 (0.4992) (0.4993) (0.4993) Never 0.3879 2,733 0.3881 1,381 0.3876 1,352 (0.4873) (0.4875) (0.4874) Husband ...... is jealous 0.3897 2,789 0.3859 1,358 0.3934 1,431 0.0097 (0.4878) (0.4870) (0.4887) ... accuses wife of 0.1437 2,596 0.1500 1,253 0.1378 1,343 0.0498 cheating (0.3508) (0.3573) (0.3448) ... forbids meeting 0.2221 2,612 0.2277 1,256 0.2168 1,356 0.0173 friends (0.4157) (0.4195) (0.4122) ... limits contact with 0.1981 2,484 0.2276 1,208 0.1701 1,276 0.0382 family (0.3986) (0.4195) (0.3758) ... insists on knowing 0.2015 2,745 0.2177 1,341 0.1859 1,404 0.0250 whereabouts (0.4012) (0.4129) (0.3892) Push/shake/throw at wife In last 12 months 0.1739 2,846 0.1833 1,391 0.1649 1,455 0.0087 (0.3791) (0.3871) (0.3713) Never 0.1546 2,884 0.1628 1,413 0.1468 1,471 0.0140 (0.3616) (0.3693) (0.3541) Sometimes 0.0170 2,884 0.0177 1,413 0.0163 1,471 (0.1293) (0.1319) (0.1267) Often 0.0000 2,884 0.0000 1,413 0.0000 1,471 (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) Kick/drag/beat wife In last 12 months 0.1380 2,536 0.1557 1,233 0.1213 1,303 0.0040 (0.3450) (0.3627) (0.3266) Never 0.1219 2,568 0.1393 1,249 0.1054 1,319 0.0015 (0.3272) (0.3464) (0.3072) Sometimes 0.0144 2,568 0.0144 1,249 0.0144 1,319 (0.1192) (0.1192) (0.1192) Often 0.0000 2,568 0.0000 1,249 0.0000 1,319 (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) Choke/burn wife In last 12 months 0.0541 2,846 0.0617 1,393 0.0468 1,453 0.0244 (0.2263) (0.2408) (0.2113) Never 0.0451 2,884 0.0524 1,413 0.0381 1,471 0.0210 (0.2075) (0.2229) (0.1914) Sometimes 0.0083 2,884 0.0085 1,413 0.0082 1,471 (0.0909) (0.0918) (0.0900) Often 0.0000 2,884 0.0000 1,413 0.0000 1,471 (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) Forced sexual activities In last 12 months 0.0735 2,992 0.0841 1,450 0.0636 1,542 0.0113 (0.2610) (0.2777) (0.2440) Never 0.0625 3,040 0.0719 1,475 0.0537 1,565 0.0098 (0.2421) (0.2584) (0.2254) Sometimes 0.0099 3,040 0.0108 1,475 0.0089 1,565 (0.0989) (0.1036) (0.0942) Often 0.0000 3,040 0.0000 1,475 0.0000 1,565 (0.0000) (0.0000) (0.0000) Lack of self-confidence No obstacle 0.1401 307 0.1006 159 0.1824 148 0.0523 (0.3476) (0.3018) (0.3875) Somewhat obstacle 0.2085 307 0.2201 159 0.1959 148 (0.4069) (0.4156) (0.3983) Definitely obstacle 0.5472 307 0.5912 159 0.5000 148 (0.4986) (0.4932) (0.5017) Lack of family support No obstacle 0.1566 249 0.1520 125 0.1613 124 0.0000 (0.3642) (0.3605) (0.3693) Somewhat obstacle 0.1928 249 0.2000 125 0.1855 124 (0.3953) (0.4016) (0.3903) Definitely obstacle 0.5462 249 0.5440 125 0.5484 124 (0.4989) (0.5001) (0.4997) Marriage No obstacle 0.1685 647 0.1692 325 0.1677 322 0.1070 (0.3746) (0.3755) (0.3742) Somewhat obstacle 0.1777 647 0.1969 325 0.1584 322 (0.3826) (0.3983) (0.3657) Definitely obstacle 0.5332 647 0.5354 325 0.5311 322 (0.4993) (0.4995) (0.4998) Domestic responsibility No obstacle 0.1926 462 0.2035 226 0.1822 236 0.0495 (0.3948) (0.4035) (0.3868) Somewhat obstacle 0.2229 462 0.2257 226 0.2203 236 (0.4167) (0.4189) (0.4154) Definitely obstacle 0.4957 462 0.4867 226 0.5042 236 (0.5005) (0.5009) (0.5010) Mobility No obstacle 0.1357 339 0.1309 191 0.1419 148 0.0262 (0.3430) (0.3382) (0.3501) Somewhat obstacle 0.2124 339 0.1990 191 0.2297 148 (0.4096) (0.4003) (0.4221) Definitely obstacle 0.5280 339 0.5340 191 0.5203 148 (0.5000) (0.5002) (0.5013) Husband as decision 0.5216 464 0.5257 253 0.5166 211 0.1091 maker (0.5001) (0.5003) (0.5009) Expected asset ownership Less than parents 0.0445 337 0.0579 190 0.0272 147 0.1925 (0.2065) (0.2342) (0.1633) Same as parents 0.1395 337 0.1211 190 0.1633 147 (0.3469) (0.3271) (0.3709) More than parents 0.7092 337 0.7211 190 0.6939 147 (0.4548) (0.4497) (0.4625) Expects to be housewife 0.2411 336 0.2375 160 0.2443 176 0.0446 (0.4284) (0.4269) (0.4309) Copy parents' role 0.6558 337 0.6914 162 0.6229 175 0.0892 model (0.4758) (0.4634) (0.4861) Desired number of 2.1111 360 2.0726 179 2.1492 181 0.1539 children (0.5319) (0.5711) (0.4886) Preference for boy 0.4120 284 0.4777 157 0.3307 127 0.0078 (0.4931) (0.5011) (0.4723) Ideal age of marriage of 18.3220 3,050 18.2988 1,533 18.3454 1,517 0.0312 daughter (2.2149) (2.3612) (2.0571) Ideal age of first birth of 20.2289 2,918 20.2204 1,470 20.2376 1,448 0.0350 daughter (2.6828) (2.7305) (2.6344) Ideal age of marriage 19.2630 616 19.1509 318 19.3826 298 0.1466 (girl) (2.5546) (2.4176) (2.6920) Difference in marriage age between boys and 3.6323 601 3.4952 313 3.7812 288 0.0274 girls (1.9722) (1.9760) (1.9606) Believe marry too young 0.7898 352 0.7836 171 0.7956 181 0.1005 (0.4080) (0.4130) (0.4044) Pressure to marry 0.7860 584 0.7986 288 0.7736 296 0.0223 (0.4105) (0.4017) (0.4192) Own preferred marriage 20.1529 157 20.2532 79 20.0513 78 0.1053 age (2.8893) (3.1398) (2.6280) Early pregnancy 0.2361 72 0.2647 34 0.2105 38 0.0000 (0.4277) (0.4478) (0.4132) HH head: importance of food/attention for 0.9864 3,534 0.9865 1,784 0.9863 1,750 0.0051 daughter (0.1158) (0.1152) (0.1163) Girl ever feels not getting enough food Yes 0.2346 601 0.2070 314 0.2648 287 0.1786 (0.4241) (0.4058) (0.4420) Sometimes 0.2562 601 0.2643 314 0.2474 287 (0.4369) (0.4417) (0.4322) No 0.4859 601 0.4968 314 0.4739 287 (0.5002) (0.5008) (0.5002) Girl eats last Yes 0.2912 601 0.2580 314 0.3275 287 0.1648 (0.4547) (0.4382) (0.4701) Sometimes 0.2812 601 0.2739 314 0.2892 287 (0.4500) (0.4467) (0.4542) No 0.4077 601 0.4395 314 0.3728 287 (0.4918) (0.4971) (0.4844) Girl gets less food during period Yes 0.2829 463 0.2324 241 0.3378 222 0.1810 (0.4509) (0.4232) (0.4740) Sometimes 0.0713 463 0.0747 241 0.0676 222 (0.2576) (0.2634) (0.2516) No 0.5875 463 0.6183 241 0.5541 222 (0.4928) (0.4868) (0.4982) Girl’s meals per day 2.8062 650 2.7887 336 2.8248 314 0.1247 (0.6610) (0.6556) (0.6673) Woman believes in equal access to 0.9714 3,117 0.9714 1,571 0.9715 1,546 0.0518 education (0.1666) (0.1669) (0.1663) Talk with mother Very easy 0.3358 545 0.3552 290 0.3137 255 0.0679 (0.4727) (0.4794) (0.4649) Easy 0.5156 545 0.4897 290 0.5451 255 (0.5002) (0.5008) (0.4989) Difficult 0.1119 545 0.1345 290 0.0863 255 (0.3156) (0.3418) (0.2813) Very difficult 0.0294 545 0.0172 290 0.0431 255 (0.1690) (0.1304) (0.2036) Girl feels parents pay 0.8401 269 0.8189 127 0.8592 142 0.0574 attention to her (0.3672) (0.3866) (0.3491) Confident to cook own 0.7637 474 0.7442 258 0.7870 216 0.1995 food (0.4252) (0.4372) (0.4104) Group 3 Children received the following medicine: Vitamin A doses (last 0.8467 1,324 0.9021 654 0.7925 670 0.0384 child) (1.2556) (1.3911) (1.1059) IFA tablet/syrup (last 0.2961 1,557 0.3205 780 0.2716 777 0.0356 child) (0.4567) (0.4670) (0.4450) Any vitamin A dose 0.4647 1,091 0.4764 529 0.4537 562 0.0955 (other child) (0.4990) (0.4999) (0.4983) IFA tablet/syrup (other 0.4905 1,107 0.4963 540 0.4850 567 0.0969 child) (0.5001) (0.5004) (0.5002) Opinion on balanced 0.9790 3,481 0.9794 1,748 0.9786 1,733 0.0115 nutrition (0.1433) (0.1421) (0.1446) Feeding thick breastmilk 0.9443 1,633 0.9362 815 0.9523 818 0.0071 (0.2295) (0.2446) (0.2132) First breastfeeding Immediately 0.5796 1,722 0.5779 867 0.5813 855 0.0501 (0.4938) (0.4942) (0.4936) Within 24 hours 0.2706 1,722 0.2607 867 0.2807 855 (0.4444) (0.4393) (0.4496) Within three days 0.0784 1,722 0.0727 867 0.0842 855 (0.2689) (0.2597) (0.2779) After three days 0.0430 1,722 0.0577 867 0.0281 855 (0.2029) (0.2333) (0.1653) Never 0.0075 1,722 0.0081 867 0.0070 855 (0.0866) (0.0895) (0.0835) Opinion on complementary feeding Not important 0.0430 1,722 0.0415 867 0.0444 855 0.0810 (0.2029) (0.1996) (0.2062) Important 0.8020 1,722 0.8016 867 0.8023 855 (0.3986) (0.3990) (0.3985) Very important 0.1260 1,722 0.1223 867 0.1298 855 (0.3320) (0.3278) (0.3363) Pre-lacteal feeding 0.2893 1,680 0.3063 839 0.2723 841 0.0365 (0.4536) (0.4612) (0.4454) Frequency of breastfeeding per day 2 times or less 0.0418 980 0.0412 485 0.0424 495 0.0000 (0.2003) (0.1990) (0.2018) 3 to 6 times 0.3296 980 0.3216 485 0.3374 495 (0.4703) (0.4676) (0.4733) 7 to 9 times 0.1020 980 0.1155 485 0.0889 495 (0.3029) (0.3199) (0.2849) On demand 0.4184 980 0.4144 485 0.4222 495 (0.4935) (0.4931) (0.4944) 10 to 12 times 0.0673 980 0.0722 485 0.0626 495 (0.2507) (0.2590) (0.2425) More than 12 times 0.0378 980 0.0330 485 0.0424 495 (0.1907) (0.1788) (0.2018) Duration of 296.9622 476 275.9193 223 315.5099 253 0.2109 breastfeeding (297.5623) (257.5285) (328.2290) Child’s meals per day 2.9766 1,024 2.9567 508 2.9961 516 0.1109 (1.3373) (1.3537) (1.3220) Importance of adding oil 0.7699 1,569 0.7949 790 0.7445 779 0.2246 (0.4210) (0.4040) (0.4364) All vaccinations (last 0.5268 841 0.5278 396 0.5258 445 0.0621 child) (0.4996) (0.4999) (0.4999) All vaccinations (other 0.7275 510 0.6964 247 0.7567 263 0.0593 child) (0.4457) (0.4608) (0.4299) Vaccination card (last 0.7135 1,707 0.7155 854 0.7116 853 0.0759 child) (0.4522) (0.4515) (0.4533) Vaccination card (other 0.6028 1,148 0.5851 564 0.6199 584 0.1273 child) (0.4895) (0.4931) (0.4858) Bednet 0.9761 1,715 0.9791 860 0.9731 855 0.0068 (0.1528) (0.1432) (0.1619) Treated bednet 0.1554 1,532 0.1841 766 0.1266 766 0.1205 (0.3624) (0.3878) (0.3328) Deworming drugs (last 0.4322 1,682 0.4262 847 0.4383 835 0.0573 child) (0.4955) (0.4948) (0.4965) Deworming drugs (other 0.5943 1,124 0.5805 553 0.6077 571 0.0841 child) (0.4912) (0.4939) (0.4887) More than 2 cups of chai 0.1267 2,312 0.1296 1,165 0.1238 1,147 0.0143 per day (0.3327) (0.3360) (0.3295) Any water treatment 0.0406 3,572 0.0339 1,800 0.0474 1,772 0.0210 (0.1974) (0.1810) (0.2126) Adequate water 0.0339 3,572 0.0261 1,800 0.0418 1,772 0.0140 treatment (0.1809) (0.1595) (0.2001) Buying soap Never or if provided 0.3567 3,577 0.3394 1,803 0.3743 1,774 0.0575 (0.4791) (0.4736) (0.4841) More than 2 months 0.0263 3,577 0.0277 1,803 0.0248 1,774 (0.1600) (0.1642) (0.1556) Every 1 to 2 months 0.1929 3,577 0.2008 1,803 0.1849 1,774 (0.3946) (0.4007) (0.3883) Once a week 0.4056 3,577 0.4160 1,803 0.3952 1,774 (0.4911) (0.4930) (0.4890) Improved toilet 0.1920 3,448 0.1867 1,741 0.1974 1,707 0.0613 (0.3939) (0.3898) (0.3982) Cleanliness of toilet Very dirty 0.0698 716 0.0678 354 0.0718 362 0.1211 (0.2550) (0.2518) (0.2586) Dirty 0.2249 716 0.2232 354 0.2265 362 (0.4178) (0.4170) (0.4192) Clean 0.6187 716 0.6243 354 0.6133 362 (0.4860) (0.4850) (0.4877) Very clean 0.0559 716 0.0508 354 0.0608 362 (0.2298) (0.2200) (0.2392) Stool piles 0.5257 3,574 0.5375 1,801 0.5138 1,773 0.1572 (0.4994) (0.4987) (0.5000) Sewage water 0.2426 3,574 0.2494 1,800 0.2356 1,774 0.1727 (0.4287) (0.4328) (0.4245) Infant stool disposal 0.3817 634 0.3688 320 0.3949 314 0.1604 (0.4862) (0.4832) (0.4896) Practice of ODF 0.1435 662 0.1723 325 0.1157 337 0.0136 (0.3509) (0.3782) (0.3204) Reprehend ODF 0.4914 3,555 0.4927 1,792 0.4901 1,763 0.0963 (0.5000) (0.5001) (0.5000) ODF is health hazard 0.8537 3,418 0.8475 1,718 0.8600 1,700 0.0234 (0.3534) (0.3596) (0.3471) Use toilet or cover with 0.9009 3,350 0.8952 1,680 0.9066 1,670 0.0439 mud (0.2988) (0.3063) (0.2911) Use soap after toilet 0.5812 3,577 0.5862 1,803 0.5761 1,774 0.0824 (0.4934) (0.4926) (0.494) Use soap before meal 0.2278 3,577 0.2346 1,803 0.2210 1,774 0.0694 (0.4195) (0.4239) (0.4150) Seen/heard/read messages about ... Malaria/dengue 0.5345 2,988 0.5174 1,494 0.5515 1,494 0.0161 (0.4989) (0.4999) (0.4975) Diarrhoea 0.5617 2,996 0.5685 1,497 0.5550 1,499 0.0059 (0.4963) (0.4955) (0.4971) ARI 0.4927 2,945 0.4783 1,478 0.5072 1,467 0.0177 (0.5000) (0.4997) (0.5001) STI 0.1792 2,757 0.1747 1,374 0.1837 1,383 0.0583 (0.3836) (0.3798) (0.3873) Knows danger signs of 0.5027 3,153 0.4994 1,588 0.5061 1,565 0.0240 malaria (0.5001) (0.5002) (0.5001) Knows danger signs of 0.3898 3,153 0.3929 1,588 0.3866 1,565 0.0391 ARI (0.4878) (0.4886) (0.4871) Knows treatment of 0.3581 3,153 0.3615 1,588 0.3546 1,565 0.0283 diarrhoea (0.4795) (0.4806) (0.4786) Number family planning 1.7387 3,153 1.7771 1,588 1.6997 1,565 0.0573 methods (1.5184) (1.5468) (1.4884) Current contraception 0.4337 3,090 0.4269 1,546 0.4404 1,544 0.0261 (0.4957) (0.4948) (0.4966) Girl knows where to get

... Pill 0.5408 331 0.5562 169 0.5247 162 0.1313 (0.4991) (0.4983) (0.5009) Emergency 0.3290 307 0.3269 156 0.3311 151 0.0443 contraception (0.4706) (0.4706) (0.4722) Condom/nirodh 0.2685 432 0.2523 222 0.2857 210 0.1077 (0.4437) (0.4353) (0.4528) Female condom 0.1444 381 0.1186 194 0.1711 187 0.0000 (0.3519) (0.3241) (0.3776) Girl believes about condoms ... They are effective 0.8750 64 0.7742 31 0.9697 33 0.0000 contraception (0.3333) (0.4250) (0.1741) They can be used more 0.5254 59 0.5200 25 0.5294 34 0.0000 than once (0.5036) (0.5099) (0.5066) It is okay to suggest ist 0.6892 74 0.5946 37 0.7838 37 0.0000 use to partner (0.4660) (0.4977) (0.4173) They are effective 0.7656 64 0.6667 27 0.8378 37 0.0000 HIV/AIDS protection (0.4270) (0.4804) (0.3737) Feel embarrassed to 0.6056 71 0.5556 27 0.6364 44 0.2181 buy condoms (0.4922) (0.5064) (0.4866) Suggesting condoms means no trust in 0.5472 53 0.4483 29 0.6667 24 0.0000 partner (0.5025) (0.5061) (0.4815) They can slip of and 0.2836 67 0.2593 27 0.3000 40 0.1529 disappear in body (0.4541) (0.4466) (0.4641) They are effective 0.6447 76 0.6452 31 0.6444 45 0.0000 against STD (0.4818) (0.4864) (0.4841) Discussed contraception 0.4821 502 0.5352 256 0.4268 246 0.2297 (0.5002) (0.4997) (0.4956) Girl believes ... Pregnancy after kissing 0.0637 408 0.0660 212 0.0612 196 0.0912 (0.2446) (0.2489) (0.2404) Woman has to bleed at 0.2836 275 0.2555 137 0.3116 138 0.0105 first intercourse (0.4516) (0.4377) (0.4648) Pregnancy possible at 0.2784 273 0.2667 135 0.2899 138 0.0740 first intercourse (0.4490) (0.4439) (0.4553) Woman stops growing 0.2500 244 0.2339 124 0.2667 120 0.0000 after first intercourse (0.4339) (0.4250) (0.4441) Highest pregnancy risk 0.3640 228 0.3300 100 0.3906 128 0.0834 between periods (0.4822) (0.4726) (0.4898) Use of tampons/female 0.4403 645 0.4207 328 0.4606 317 0.1305 pads (0.4968) (0.4944) (0.4992) Group 5 Visits to Anganwadi 0.9755 3,020 1.0870 1,528 0.8613 1,492 0.0156 centre (5.3373) (6.0873) (4.4390) Group 6 Woman’s self-assessed health Very bad 0.0308 3,153 0.0346 1,588 0.0268 1,565 0.0266 (0.1727) (0.1829) (0.1617) Bad 0.2391 3,153 0.2324 1,588 0.2460 1,565 (0.4266) (0.4225) (0.4308) Moderate 0.1931 3,153 0.2034 1,588 0.1827 1,565 (0.3948) (0.4027) (0.3866) Good 0.5014 3,153 0.4931 1,588 0.5099 1,565 (0.5001) (0.5001) (0.5001) Very good 0.0295 3,153 0.0309 1,588 0.0281 1,565 (0.1692) (0.1730) (0.1654) Feels chronically tired 0.7652 3,130 0.7759 1,575 0.7543 1,555 0.0252 (0.4240) (0.4171) (0.4306) Recent diarrhoea (last child) Last 24h 0.0215 1,722 0.0231 867 0.0199 855 0.0180 (0.1450) (0.1502) (0.1397) Last 2 weeks 0.0726 1,722 0.0773 867 0.0678 855 (0.2595) (0.2672) (0.2516) Last 3 months 0.0993 1,722 0.1084 867 0.0901 855 (0.2992) (0.3111) (0.2864) No diarrhoea 0.7851 1,722 0.7705 867 0.8000 855 (0.4108) (0.4208) (0.4002) Recent ARI (last child) Last 24h 0.0041 1,722 0.0046 867 0.0035 855 0.0533 (0.0636) (0.0678) (0.0592) Last 2 weeks 0.0377 1,722 0.0369 867 0.0386 855 (0.1906) (0.1886) (0.1927) Last 3 months 0.0679 1,722 0.0738 867 0.0620 855 (0.2517) (0.2616) (0.2413) No ARI 0.8635 1,722 0.8547 867 0.8725 855 (0.3434) (0.3526) (0.3337) Recent diarrhoea (other child) Last 24h 0.0346 1,157 0.0405 568 0.0289 589 0.0972 (0.1828) (0.1973) (0.1676) Last 2 weeks 0.0475 1,157 0.0563 568 0.0390 589 (0.2129) (0.2308) (0.1939) Last 3 months 0.0717 1,157 0.0651 568 0.0781 589 (0.2582) (0.2470) (0.2686) No diarrhoea 0.8211 1,157 0.8151 568 0.8268 589 (0.3834) (0.3885) (0.3787) Recent ARI (other child) Last 24h 0.0043 1,157 0.0070 568 0.0017 589 0.1017 (0.0656) (0.0837) (0.0412) Last 2 weeks 0.0346 1,157 0.0282 568 0.0407 589 (0.1828) (0.1656) (0.1979) Last 3 months 0.0726 1,157 0.0792 568 0.0662 589 (0.2596) (0.2703) (0.2489) No ARI 0.8574 1,157 0.8574 568 0.8574 589 (0.3498) (0.3500) (0.3500) Group 7 Most people can be trusted Strongly agree 0.2290 3,153 0.2198 1,588 0.2383 1,565 0.0330 (0.4202) (0.4142) (0.4262) Somewhat agree 0.5040 3,153 0.5107 1,588 0.4971 1,565 (0.5001) (0.5000) (0.5002) Somewhat disagree 0.1491 3,153 0.1429 1,588 0.1553 1,565 (0.3562) (0.3501) (0.3623) Strongly disagree 0.0818 3,153 0.0888 1,588 0.0748 1,565 (0.2741) (0.2845) (0.2631) Take advantage Strongly agree 0.1265 3,153 0.1291 1,588 0.1240 1,565 0.0596 (0.3325) (0.3354) (0.3296) Somewhat agree 0.4599 3,153 0.4679 1,588 0.4518 1,565 (0.4985) (0.4991) (0.4978) Somewhat disagree 0.2420 3,153 0.2330 1,588 0.2511 1,565 (0.4284) (0.4229) (0.4338) Strongly disagree 0.1250 3,153 0.1209 1,588 0.1291 1,565 (0.3307) (0.3261) (0.3354) No trust in money matters Strongly agree 0.1395 3,153 0.1385 1,588 0.1406 1,565 0.0456 (0.3466) (0.3456) (0.3477) Somewhat agree 0.4183 3,153 0.4364 1,588 0.4000 1,565 (0.4934) (0.4961) (0.4901) Somewhat disagree 0.2702 3,153 0.2639 1,588 0.2767 1,565 (0.4441) (0.4409) (0.4475) Strongly disagree 0.1237 3,153 0.1096 1,588 0.1380 1,565 (0.3293) (0.3125) (0.3450) Problems due to religion 0.4413 2,964 0.4387 1,477 0.4438 1,487 0.1017 (0.4966) (0.4964) (0.4970) Problems due to caste 0.4446 2,944 0.4459 1,469 0.4434 1,475 0.1100 (0.4970) (0.4972) (0.4970) Note: This table presents means, standard deviations, observation numbers, and intra class correlation coefficients for outcome variables based on the household sample. Statistics are given for the full sample and separately for control and treatment group. Standard deviations are shown in parentheses below means.

Table 1.5: Descriptive Statistics at endline, pregnant woman sample

Full sample Control Treatment ICC Mean N Mean N Mean N Group 2 Makes decisions alone or jointly with husband about ... Health care 0.6417 1,605 0.6384 636 0.6440 969 0.1070 (0.4796) (0.4809) (0.4791) Household purchases 0.5420 1,607 0.5512 635 0.5360 972 0.1325 (0.4984) (0.4978) (0.4990) Visits to relatives 0.6224 1,605 0.6151 634 0.6272 971 0.1291 (0.4849) (0.4869) (0.4838) Farm matters 0.5333 1,352 0.5276 544 0.5371 808 0.1589 (0.4991) (0.4997) (0.4989) Feels recognized as myself 0.0711 1,603 0.0837 633 0.0629 970 0.1664 (0.2571) (0.2772) (0.2429) Alone to market 0.2561 1,605 0.2343 636 0.2704 969 0.0813 (0.4366) (0.4239) (0.4444) Alone to health facility 0.1964 1,609 0.1805 637 0.2068 972 0.0795 (0.3974) (0.3849) (0.4052) Alone to neighbour's home 0.6051 1,608 0.5896 636 0.6152 972 0.0779 (0.4890) (0.4923) (0.4868) Alone to friends/relatives 0.2022 1,602 0.1874 635 0.2120 967 0.0843 (0.4018) (0.3905) (0.4089) Alone to place of worship 0.3321 1,608 0.3192 636 0.3405 972 0.1303 (0.4711) (0.4665) (0.4741)

Pushed/shaken/having 0.2591 1,293 0.2787 488 0.2472 805 0.1124 things thrown at by husband

(0.4383) (0.4488) (0.4317) Kicked/dragged/beaten up 0.2203 1,312 0.2397 509 0.2080 803 0.0955 by husband (0.4146) (0.4273) (0.4061) Choked/burned on purposed 0.1344 1,324 0.1631 515 0.1162 809 0.1411 by husband (0.3413) (0.3698) (0.3207) Forced to perform non- consensual sexual activities 0.2017 1,304 0.2317 505 0.1827 799 0.1199 by husband (0.4014) (0.4223) (0.3867) Pushed/shaken/having things thrown at by husband Never 0.7409 1,293 0.7213 488 0.7528 805 0.0997 (0.4383) (0.4488) (0.4317) Sometimes 0.2428 1,293 0.2561 488 0.2348 805 (0.4290) (0.4370) (0.4241) Often 0.0162 1,293 0.0225 488 0.0124 805 (0.1265) (0.1486) (0.1108) Kicked/dragged/beaten up by husband Never 0.7797 1,312 0.7603 509 0.7920 803 0.0844 (0.4146) (0.4273) (0.4061) Sometimes 0.2005 1,312 0.2102 509 0.1943 803 (0.4005) (0.4079) (0.3959) Often 0.0198 1,312 0.0295 509 0.0137 803 (0.1394) (0.1693) (0.1163) Choked/burned on purposed by husband Never 0.8656 1,324 0.8369 515 0.8838 809 0.1228 (0.3413) (0.3698) (0.3207) Sometimes 0.1193 1,324 0.1456 515 0.1026 809 (0.3243) (0.3531) (0.3036) Often 0.0151 1,324 0.0175 515 0.0136 809 (0.1220) (0.1312) (0.1159) Forced to perform non- consensual sexual activities by husband Never 0.7983 1,304 0.7683 505 0.8173 799 0.1112 (0.4014) (0.4223) (0.3867) Sometimes 0.1787 1,304 0.2020 505 0.1640 799 (0.3832) (0.4019) (0.3705) Often 0.0230 1,304 0.0297 505 0.0188 799 (0.1500) (0.1699) (0.1358) Ensuring that daughters get enough food/attention is 0.9926 1,480 0.9931 579 0.9922 901 0.0109 important (0.0859) (0.0829) (0.0878) Husband supports attending 0.8720 375 0.8645 155 0.8773 220 0.1036 SHG (0.3345) (0.3433) (0.3289)

Goes to fewer SHG meetings because of lack of 0.6016 369 0.6400 150 0.5753 219 0.1092 support by husband/family

(0.4902) (0.4816) (0.4954) Group 3 PW or children cut size of 0.3333 96 0.3200 50 0.3478 46 0.3462 meal (0.4739) (0.4712) (0.4815) Ensuring a balanced diet to 0.9898 1,562 0.9920 627 0.9882 935 0.0541 family is important (0.1007) (0.0890) (0.1079) PW decides about family 0.3333 1,596 0.3181 635 0.3434 961 0.0900 diet (0.4716) (0.4661) (0.4751) Breastfeeding is important 0.8876 1,334 0.8870 522 0.8879 812 0.0158 (0.3160) (0.3169) (0.3156) Breastmilk after delivery 0.9275 1,324 0.9170 518 0.9342 806 0.1167 (0.2594) (0.2762) (0.2480) Complementary feeding 0.9692 1,297 0.9664 506 0.9709 791 0.0683 after 6 months (0.1730) (0.1804) (0.1681) Adding oil to meal of 0.7621 1,181 0.7667 463 0.7591 718 0.1090 children (0.4260) (0.4234) (0.4280) Smokes 0.1332 1,561 0.1426 624 0.1270 937 0.0339 (0.3400) (0.3500) (0.3332) Smokes ... Less than one cigarette 0.3173 208 0.3146 89 0.3193 119 0.3671 (0.4666) (0.4670) (0.4682) 1 to 5 cigarettes 0.6058 208 0.5843 89 0.6218 119 (0.4899) (0.4956) (0.4870) 6 to 10 cigarettes 0.0529 208 0.0674 89 0.0420 119 (0.2243) (0.2522) (0.2015) More than 10 cigarettes 0.0240 208 0.0337 89 0.0168 119 (0.1535) (0.1815) (0.1291) Chews tobacco 0.3915 1,558 0.4203 621 0.3725 937 0.0753 (0.4882) (0.4940) (0.4837) Chews tobacco ... Once a day 0.1459 610 0.1188 261 0.1662 349 0.0909 (0.3533) (0.3241) (0.3728) 1 to 5 times a day 0.7410 610 0.7625 261 0.7249 349 (0.4385) (0.4264) (0.4472) 6 to 10 times a day 0.1016 610 0.0996 261 0.1032 349 (0.3024) (0.3001) (0.3046) More than 10 times a day 0.0115 610 0.0192 261 0.0057 349 (0.1066) (0.1373) (0.0756) More than 2 cups 0.1465 1,590 0.1224 629 0.1623 961 0.1030 coffee/chai (0.3538) (0.3280) (0.3689) Treats water adequately 0.9344 61 0.8750 16 0.9556 45 0.1098 (0.2496) (0.3416) (0.2084) Using a toilet or cover excreta with mud is 0.8115 1,554 0.8312 616 0.7985 938 0.0836 important (0.3913) (0.3749) (0.4013)

Seen/heard/read messages about 0.2214 1,554 0.2048 620 0.2323 934 0.0669 malaria/dengue/chikungunya

(0.4153) (0.4039) (0.4225) Knows that danger signs of malaria are: Fever 0.2736 1,612 0.2598 639 0.2826 973 0.0941 (0.4459) (0.4389) (0.4505) Chills 0.1960 1,612 0.1800 639 0.2066 973 0.1373 (0.3971) (0.3845) (0.4051) Sweat 0.0533 1,612 0.0376 639 0.0637 973 0.0271 (0.2248) (0.1903) (0.2444) Headache 0.0347 1,612 0.0329 639 0.0360 973 0.0673 (0.1832) (0.1784) (0.1863) Vomit 0.0391 1,612 0.0297 639 0.0452 973 0.0336 (0.1938) (0.1700) (0.2079) Loose motions 0.0254 1,612 0.0329 639 0.0206 973 0.0353 (0.1575) (0.1784) (0.1420) Knows any danger sign of 0.3139 1,612 0.2958 639 0.3258 973 0.0880 malaria (0.4642) (0.4567) (0.4689) Knows two danger signs of 0.3668 1,944 0.3342 748 0.3871 1,196 0.0634 malaria (0.4820) (0.4720) (0.4873) Group 4 Meals per day 2.6436 1,602 2.6047 635 2.6691 967 0.0968 (0.5357) (0.5413) (0.5307) Child sleeps under bednet 0.9395 1,437 0.9326 564 0.9439 873 0.0436 (0.2386) (0.2509) (0.2303)

Bednet is insecticide-treated 0.0515 1,262 0.0455 483 0.0552 779 0.0372

(0.2211) (0.2087) (0.2285) Saw someone for ANC 0.5286 1,574 0.5194 620 0.5346 954 0.0698 (0.4993) (0.5000) (0.4991) ANC by skilled health 0.4946 1,561 0.4871 620 0.4995 941 0.0731 personnel (0.5001) (0.5002) (0.5003) ANC in health facility 0.9205 780 0.9381 291 0.9100 489 0.0438 (0.2707) (0.2413) (0.2864) Number of ANC visits 2.4760 708 2.6654 266 2.3620 442 0.0585 (1.7457) (2.0441) (1.5298) Months until first ANC 2.9771 700 3.0951 263 2.9062 437 0.0421 (1.8505) (1.8887) (1.8256) During antenatal care woman received advice on ... Post partum depression 0.6008 709 0.6204 274 0.5885 435 0.1142 (0.4901) (0.4862) (0.4927) Work during pregnancy 0.6676 722 0.6439 278 0.6824 444 0.0825 (0.4714) (0.4797) (0.4661) Breastfeeding 0.7211 717 0.7106 273 0.7275 444 0.2044 (0.4488) (0.4543) (0.4458) Keeping the baby warm 0.8249 708 0.7970 271 0.8421 437 0.1844 (0.3804) (0.4029) (0.3651) Cleanliness at delivery 0.8585 714 0.8602 279 0.8575 435 0.0924 (0.3487) (0.3474) (0.3500)

Family planning for spacing 0.6716 676 0.6923 260 0.6587 416 0.1725

(0.4700) (0.4624) (0.4747) Family planning for limiting 0.6312 686 0.6320 269 0.6307 417 0.1094 (0.4828) (0.4832) (0.4832) Maternal nutrition 0.9154 733 0.9085 284 0.9198 449 0.0143 (0.2785) (0.2889) (0.2719) Child nutrition 0.8580 704 0.8382 272 0.8704 432 0.1324 (0.3493) (0.3689) (0.3363) Need for institutional 0.6928 677 0.7026 269 0.6863 408 0.1766 delivery (0.4617) (0.4580) (0.4646) Danger of malaria infection 0.5331 664 0.5271 258 0.5369 406 0.1965 (0.4993) (0.5002) (0.4992) During antenatal care woman was informed about ... Bleeding 0.6129 726 0.6113 283 0.6140 443 0.1756 (0.4874) (0.4883) (0.4874) Convulsions 0.6551 722 0.6763 278 0.6419 444 0.1355 (0.4757) (0.4687) (0.4800) Prolonged labour 0.6000 725 0.6250 280 0.5843 445 0.1230 (0.4902) (0.4850) (0.4934) Preterm labour 0.4930 712 0.4855 276 0.4977 436 0.1177 (0.5003) (0.5007) (0.5006) Measures taken at antenatal care visits BP measured at ANC 0.7206 741 0.7192 292 0.7216 449 0.0418 (0.4490) (0.4502) (0.4487) Weight measured at ANC 0.7709 742 0.7679 293 0.7728 449 0.1179 (0.4205) (0.4229) (0.4195) Urine taken at ANC 0.5978 741 0.5959 292 0.5991 449 0.0739 (0.4907) (0.4916) (0.4906) Blood taken at ANC 0.6599 741 0.6701 291 0.6533 450 0.0616 (0.4741) (0.4710) (0.4764) Ultrasound during ANC 0.4581 740 0.4589 292 0.4576 448 0.1161 (0.4986) (0.4992) (0.4988) Tetanus injection during 0.9215 1,427 0.9286 560 0.9170 867 0.0579 pregnancy (0.2690) (0.2578) (0.2761)

Number of tetanus injections 1.9392 1,299 1.9163 514 1.9541 785 0.0851

(0.5369) (0.4784) (0.5718) Number of iron & folic acid 18.8004 992 18.6373 397 18.9092 595 0.1080 tablets (25.2940) (24.9203) (25.5606) Number of iron & folic acid 1.0649 817 1.0954 325 1.0447 492 0.0000 bottles (8.3493) (8.9681) (7.9234) Days of iron & folic acid 28.0942 531 29.3720 207 27.2778 324 0.1596 intake (27.8130) (26.9087) (28.3866) Other nutritional supplements during 0.4399 1,389 0.4384 552 0.4409 837 0.1619 pregnancy (0.4966) (0.4966) (0.4968) Accompanied to antenatal care by ... Anyone 0.8347 744 0.8562 292 0.8208 452 0.1029 (0.3717) (0.3515) (0.3839) Husband 0.5604 621 0.5240 250 0.5849 371 0.1344 (0.4967) (0.5004) (0.4934) Satisfied with ANC 0.9015 751 0.9116 294 0.8950 457 0.0364 (0.2982) (0.2844) (0.3069) How often stressed or strongly worried in the past 12 months ... Never 0.0890 1,596 0.0839 632 0.0923 964 0.0415 (0.2848) (0.2774) (0.2896) Sometimes 0.7638 1,596 0.7373 632 0.7811 964 (0.4249) (0.4404) (0.4137) Often 0.1472 1,596 0.1788 632 0.1266 964 (0.3545) (0.3835) (0.3326) Satisfied with family life 0.7565 1,499 0.7325 587 0.7719 912 0.1489 (0.4293) (0.4430) (0.4198) Group 6 Woman's self-assessed health very bad 0.0137 1,603 0.0220 637 0.0083 966 0.1139 (0.1164) (0.1467) (0.0907) bad 0.0911 1,603 0.0926 637 0.0901 966 (0.2878) (0.2901) (0.2864) moderate 0.2396 1,603 0.2229 637 0.2505 966 (0.4269) (0.4165) (0.4335) good 0.6051 1,603 0.6201 637 0.5952 966 (0.4890) (0.4857) (0.4911) very good 0.0505 1,603 0.0424 637 0.0559 966 (0.2191) (0.2016) (0.2298) Feels chronically tired 0.3880 1,598 0.3978 631 0.3816 967 0.0974 (0.4874) (0.4898) (0.4860) Husband's self-assessed health very bad 0.0038 1,580 0.0048 625 0.0031 955 0.1142 (0.0615) (0.0692) (0.0560) bad 0.0576 1,580 0.0560 625 0.0586 955 (0.2330) (0.2301) (0.2351) moderate 0.2373 1,580 0.2176 625 0.2503 955 (0.4256) (0.4129) (0.4334) good 0.6443 1,580 0.6576 625 0.6356 955 (0.4789) (0.4749) (0.4815) very good 0.0570 1,580 0.0640 625 0.0524 955 (0.2318) (0.2449) (0.2229) Feels chronically tired 0.2996 1,572 0.3019 626 0.2981 946 0.1187 (0.4582) (0.4595) (0.4577) Note: This table presents means, standard deviations, observation numbers, and intra class correlation coefficients for outcome variables based on the pregnant women sample. Statistics are given for the full sample and separately for control and treatment group. Standard deviations are shown in parentheses below means.

Table 1.6: Descriptive Statistics at endline, anthropometric measurements

Full sample Control Treatment ICC Mean N Mean N Mean N Household Sample Health of woman respondent Weight (kg) 45.0710 2,144 44.6997 1042 45.4221 1,102 0.0232 (8.1616) (8.0765) (8.2294) Height (cm) 150.2630 181 150.4290 93 150.0875 88 0.0000 (7.9085) (9.6135) (5.6222) Haemoglobin level (g/dl) 12.0043 2,053 12.0190 993 11.9905 1,060 0.0348 (1.4044) (1.3724) (1.4342) Health of all women,

20-49 years Weight (kg) 45.1630 2,600 44.9631 1257 45.3502 1,343 0.0288 (8.3547) (8.5585) (8.1581) Height (cm) 149.5625 128 149.7345 58 149.4200 70 0.0188 (7.4901) (8.3425) (6.7618) Haemoglobin level (g/dl) 12.0184 2,467 12.0123 1,186 12.0240 1,281 0.0472 (1.4344) (1.4301) (1.4389) Health of all men, 20-

49 years Weight (kg) 54.8469 1,062 54.5479 524 55.1381 538 0.0407 (9.7376) (9.9929) (9.4825) Height (cm) 160.0913 46 160.4500 30 159.4187 16 0.0000 (7.7333) (8.9615) (4.8381) Haemoglobin level (g/dl) 13.9596 1,006 13.9261 499 13.9925 507 0.0835 (1.5661) (1.5556) (1.5772) Health of last born child Weight (kg) 11.9117 639 11.8602 309 11.9600 330 0.0000 (2.6630) (2.6877) (2.6428) Height (cm) 89.3436 645 89.5087 309 89.1917 336 0.0194 (11.3940) (11.7130) (11.1080) Haemoglobin level (g/dl) 11.0510 475 10.9996 228 11.0985 247 0.0853 (1.4113) (1.5399) (1.2826) Oedema 0.0092 651 0.0063 315 0.0119 336 0.0059 (0.0956) (0.0796) (0.1086) Middle upper arm 143.8930 542 143.0152 264 144.7266 278 0.2038 circumference (15.0553) (15.0275) (15.0613) Health of all children under age 5 Weight (kg) 10.4449 1,582 10.4621 775 10.4283 807 0.0000 (3.3374) (3.3478) (3.3293) Height (cm) 81.7593 1,701 82.3425 817 81.2204 884 0.0307 (15.1688) (15.2494) (15.0824) Haemoglobin level (g/dl) 10.8427 1,048 10.7935 513 10.8898 535 0.1055 (1.3961) (1.4598) (1.3319) Oedema 0.0154 1,758 0.0178 845 0.0131 913 0.0108 (0.1230) (0.1321) (0.1140) Middle upper arm 143.5487 1,345 142.8949 666 144.1900 679 0.1319 circumference (15.4599) (15.4077) (15.4955) Pregnant Woman

Sample Health of woman respondent Weight (kg) 41.5027 1,279 41.4672 487 41.5245 792 0.0230 (6.3698) (5.9459) (6.6205) Haemoglobin level (g/dl) 11.7583 1,242 11.6803 471 11.8060 771 0.0441 (1.4510) (1.4570) (1.4461) Health of all men, 20-

49 years Weight (kg) 51.7157 450 51.0003 178 52.1839 272 0.1045 (8.9342) (8.7148) (9.0603) Haemoglobin level (g/dl) 14.2720 422 14.1380 171 14.3633 251 0.1018 (1.8066) (1.8408) (1.7808) Health of last born child Weight (kg) 7.9558 1,201 7.9051 464 7.9877 737 0.0814 (1.9280) (1.8815) (1.9572) Height (cm) 70.7244 1,194 70.4350 454 70.9019 740 0.0361 (8.1399) (8.3058) (8.0370) Haemoglobin level (g/dl) 10.2870 893 10.2719 345 10.2966 548 0.0938 (1.3728) (1.3702) (1.3756) Health of all children under age 5 Weight (kg) 9.3808 1,985 9.3084 769 9.4265 1,216 0.0154 (2.6894) (2.6458) (2.7167) Height (cm) 77.1471 1,981 76.7604 757 77.3864 1,224 0.0202 (11.8769) (11.8588) (11.8866) Haemoglobin level (g/dl) 10.5791 1,461 10.4931 564 10.6332 897 0.0889 (1.3963) (1.3892) (1.3989) Note: This table presents means, standard deviations, observation numbers, and intra class correlation coefficients for outcome variables based on anthropometric measurements, for the household sample and the pregnant women sample. Statistics are given for the full sample and separately for control and treatment group. Standard deviations are shown in parentheses below means.

Names of gram panchayats and villages randomly assigned to receive Gram Varta in Madhepura district

Block Panchayat Name of village Madhepura Sadar 8. Khopaiti Tuniyahi 1. Tuniyahi Uttarbadi Madhepura Sadar 8. Khopaiti Tuniyahi 2. Tuniyahi Dakshinbadi Madhepura Sadar 8. Khopaiti Tuniyahi 3. Murballa Uttarbadi Madhepura Sadar 8. Khopaiti Tuniyahi 4. Murballa Dakshnbadi Madhepura Sadar 8. Khopaiti Tuniyahi 5. Khopaiti Madhepura Sadar 8. Khopaiti Tuniyahi 6. Khopaiti Goth Madhepura Sadar 9. Dhurgaon 1. Dhurgaon Madhepura Sadar 9. Dhurgaon 2. Bakhri Madhepura Sadar 11. Sahugarh 2 sahugarh 2 Madhepura Sadar 2. Sukhasan 1. Uttarbadi Madhepura Sadar 2. Sukhasan 2. Dakshinbadi Madhepura Sadar 2. Sukhasan 3. Chakla Uttarbadi Madhepura Sadar 2. Sukhasan 4. Chakla Dakshinbadi Madhepura Sadar 4. Bhadaul Budhma 1. Budhma Madhepura Sadar 4. Bhadaul Budhma 2. Lakhraj Madhepura Sadar 4. Bhadaul Budhma 3. Bhadaul

Murliganj 10. Bhathkhora 1. Bhathkhora Murliganj 10. Bhathkhora 2. Musrniyarahii Murliganj 10. Bhathkhora 3. Bhairopatti Murliganj 10. Bhathkhora 4. Bhathkhora Bajar+Dwarika+Sonvarsa Tola Murliganj 2. Rampur 1. Rampur Tola Murliganj 5. Raghunathpur 1. Raghunathpur Murliganj 5. Raghunathpur 2. Ratanpatti Murliganj 7. Rajani 1. Rajani Murliganj 7. Rajani 2. Pratapnagar Murliganj 8. Singhyon 1. Ranipatti Murliganj 8. Singhyon 2. Dharhara Murliganj 8. Singhyon 3. Singhyon Murliganj 8. Singhyon 4. Manhara Murliganj 9. Haripurkala 1. Pakilpar Murliganj 9. Haripurkala 2. Haripurkala Murliganj 9. Haripurkala 3. Tinkonma

Kumarkhand Baisarh Baisarh Kumarkhand Baisarh Karuvaeli Kumarkhand Bisanpur Korlahi Gidrahi Kumarkhand Bisanpur Korlahi Jamuaha Kumarkhand Bisanpur Korlahi Kohwara Kumarkhand Bisanpur Korlahi Korlahi Kumarkhand Bisanpur Korlahi Parariya Kumarkhand Bisanpur Sunder Bishanpur Kumarkhand Bisanpur Sunder Kankar Kumarkhand Bisanpur Sunder Patharaha Kumarkhand Bisanpur Sunder Satver Kupari Kumarkhand Bishanpur Bazar Bishanpur Kumarkhand Bishanpur Bazar Tikuliya Kumarkhand Bishanpur Bazar Tulsi Nagar Kumarkhand Israin Bela Belasadi Kumarkhand Israin Bela Israin Bela Ansh Kumarkhand Israin Kala Israin Kala Ansh Kumarkhand Israin Kala Joraverganj Kumarkhand Israinkhurd Khurda Kumarkhand Israinkhurd Yadua Patti Kumarkhand Laxmipur Bhagwati Chainpur Milik Kumarkhand Laxmipur Bhagwati Chakla Biran Kumarkhand Laxmipur Bhagwati Hanuman Nagar Kumarkhand Laxmipur Bhagwati Khuta Rajai Kumarkhand Laxmipur Bhagwati Laxmipur Bhagwati Kumarkhand Laxmipur Bhagwati Raghunia rasan Laxmipur Chandi Kumarkhand sthan Chandisthan Laxmipur Chandi Kumarkhand sthan Charrapatti Laxmipur Chandi Kumarkhand sthan Kewatgama Laxmipur Chandi Kumarkhand sthan Laxmipur Kumarkhand Mangalwara Khas Mahal Kumarkhand Mangalwara Mangalwara Khas Kumarkhand Mangalwara Rahta Nawabganj Kumarkhand Siripur Rauta Siripur

Uda Kishanganj Kishunganj Kishunganj Uda Kishanganj Madhuban Madhuban Uda Kishanganj Madhuban Uda Uda Kishanganj Pipra Karauti Pipra Karauti Uda Kishanganj Rahta Fanhan Phanhan Uda Kishanganj Rahta Fanhan Rahta Uda Kishanganj Rampur Khora Haraili Uda Kishanganj Rampur Khora Rampur Khora

Bihariganj Bihariganj Bihariganj Bihariganj Bihariganj Vishunpur Bihariganj Hathaundha Hathaundha Bihariganj Madhukar chak Madhukar chak Bihariganj Madhukar chak Parmanandpur Bihariganj Mohanpur Gaugora Bihariganj Mohanpur Mohanpur Chomukh Bihariganj Mohanpur Mohanpur Nif

Gwalpara Pirnagar Amoja Gwalpara Pirnagar Mohammadpur Gwalpara Pirnagar Pirnagar Gwalpara Pirnagar Shyam Gwalpara Saroni Fakirana Gwalpara Saroni Saroni Gwalpara Virgaw Chatra Chtra Gwalpara Virgaw Chatra Virgaw