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Intellectual Property for Agri-Food Small and Medium Enterprises 2015 for Agri-Food and Small 2015 Intellectual Property Property Intellectual Medium Enterprises

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Intellectual Property for Agri-Food Small and Medium Enterprises 2015 for Agri-Food and Small 2015 Intellectual Property Property Intellectual Medium Enterprises Intellectual Property for Agri-food Small and Medium Enterprises 2015 for Agri-food Small and Agri-food for 2015 Intellectual Property Medium Enterprises Medium Guide Intellectual Property for Agri-food Small and Medium Enterprises 1 A. Abbreviations and acronyms……….……………………………………………….7 B. Foreword……………………………………………………………………………..17 C. Acknowledgements..…………………………………………………………..……25 D. Disclaimer…………………………………………………………………………....26 1. Purpose, Intended Audience and Structure of the Guide………………28 1.1 Purpose of the Guide…………………………………………………………………28 1.2 Intended audience ..................................................................................... 30 1.3 Structure of the guide ............................................................................... 31 2. Historical Context of the Intellectual Property (IOP) System………….34 2.1 Nature of IP and its different types ........................................................... 38 2.2 Snapshots of historical contexts of different types of IPRs .................. 42 2.2.1 Patents ..................................................................................................... 43 2.2.2 Safeguarding the interests of plant breeders; role of patent law and of sui-generis law for protection of new plant varieties ..................... 47 2.2.3 IPRs, animals and animal breeders ...................................................... 61 2.2.4 Trade Secrets .......................................................................................... 68 2.2.6 Rights related to or neighboring to copyright ..................................... 73 2.2.7 Industrial designs ................................................................................... 74 2.2.8 Trademarks .............................................................................................. 76 2.2.9 Geographical Indications (GI) ................................................................ 77 2.3 Plant breeding, access to seeds, control of breeders over plant varieties, farmer’s right to save, use, exchange and sell versus farmer’s privilege to save and reuse seeds ................................................................................ 79 2.4 Relevance of different types of IPRs to genetic resources, including seeds ................................................................................................................ 89 3. Protection of Different Types of Intellectual Property Rights with examples from the Agri-Food Sector………………………………………….92 3.1 Different Types of IPRs .............................................................................. 92 3.1.1 How is IP defined and how are IP rights obtained in practice? ......... 93 3.1.2 Why is IP protected and who benefits? ................................................ 94 3.1.3 How is IP protected? ............................................................................... 96 3.1.4 Key characteristics of IP ........................................................................ 97 3.1.5 Overview of IP rights .............................................................................. 98 3.1.6 Relevance of trademarks to the agri-food sector .............................. 100 2 3.2 Trademarks ................................................................................................ 101 3.2.1 What is a trademark? ............................................................................ 102 3.2.2 What is the difference between a trademark and a brand? .............. 102 3.2.3 Examples of trademarks ...................................................................... 103 3.2.4 What are trademarks for? .................................................................... 106 3.2.5 Types of Trademarks ............................................................................ 110 3.2.6 What are service marks? ...................................................................... 110 3.2.7 What are well-known marks? ............................................................... 110 3.2.8 What are collective marks? .................................................................. 111 3.2.9 What are certification marks? .............................................................. 114 3.2.10 What is the relationship between trademarks, collective marks and certification marks? .............................................................................. 117 3.2.11 Why is it important to have a strong trademark? .............................. 118 3.2.12 How can you increase the distinctiveness of a trademark? ............ 120 3.2.13 What should be kept in mind when selecting or creating a trademark? ............................................................................................. 121 3.2.14 Managing the Creation of New Trademarks ....................................... 122 3.2.15 How can your business protect its trademark(s)? ............................ 122 3.2.16 What other legal instruments are available for protecting your brand image or other aspects of your products? ......................................... 124 3.2.17 Why should your business register its trademark(s)? ..................... 126 3.2.18 What rights does trademark registration provide? ........................... 127 3.2.19 Is the registration of the company/trade name of your business the same thing as trademark registration? .............................................. 128 3.2.20 What are the main reasons for rejecting an application? ................. 129 3.2.21 Can you get a trademark free of charge or buy it from someone who does not need the trademark anymore? ............................................ 131 3.2.22 How can you find out if the proposed sign conflicts with the trademark of a competitor? ................................................................. 132 3.2.23 What are the costs associated with trademark creation and protection?............................................................................................. 134 3.2.24 Who is authorized to apply for trademark registration? ................... 134 3.2.25 Do you need a trademark agent to file a trademark application? .... 135 3.2.26 How long does it take to register a trademark?................................. 135 3.2.27 How do you apply for trademark registration? .................................. 135 3.2.28 For how long is your registered trademark protected? .................... 137 3.2.29 Can identical trademarks co-exist? .................................................... 137 3.2.30 Do you need to register all small modifications to your trademark?138 3.2.31 What happens if you want to use your trademark for a different product? 3.2.32 How to protect the shape of your product? ....................................... 139 3.2.33 Trademarks Abroad: Is trademark registration in your home country valid internationally? ............................................................................ 140 3.2.34 Should you consider protecting your trademarks abroad? ............. 140 3.2.35 How and when can you register the trademark of your business abroad? .................................................................................................. 140 3.2.36 Using Trademarks: What is meant by use of a trademark? What is its relevance for a trademark owner? ................................................. 145 3.2.37 Can you register a trademark without having used it? ..................... 146 3 3.2.38 Can your business use the same trademark for different products?147 3.2.39 How to properly use your trademark? ................................................ 148 3.2.40 Can you use a competitor's trademark in your advertising? ........... 148 3.2.41 What is a domain name and what does it have to do with trademarks? ........................................................................................... 149 3.2.42 What should be kept in mind when using trademarks on the Internet? ................................................................................................. 152 3.2.43 What is the role of a trademark supervisor or coordinator? ............ 153 3.3 Geographical indications (GIs) ............................................................... 154 3.3.1 What is a GI? ......................................................................................... 154 3.3.2 Why protect a geographical indication? ............................................ 154 3.3.3 What rights does a geographical indication provide? ...................... 155 3.3.4 How can I obtain protection for a geographical indication? ............ 155 3.3.5 What is the difference between a geographical indication and an appellation of origin? ............................................................................ 155 3.3.6 The Lisbon System ............................................................................... 156 3.3.7 The case of European Union recognition ........................................... 162 3.3.8 What is a Code of Practice for a GI? ................................................... 168 3.4 Trade Secrets ............................................................................................ 168 3.4.1 What is a Trade Secret? ....................................................................... 168 3.4.2 What types of information may be protected as a trade secret? ..... 169 3.4.3 What is the difference between confidential information, trade secrets and know-how? ......................................................................
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