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Heredity and Eugenics

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Heredity and Eugenics ;mij!|!ni|i|i!!!t|||ii|[i|!ii' I; iliiiii mijp ^. p. pm pbrarg 5.- -' ^ *-. QH4-5I NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES S00612362 K i^atc Due ~E rs '3 Inn 77 i /liar 3 4 TJHTT-4; 1985 3ijan;i§ 3 0ec^ ir»^; APR 2 3 1986 ^Pfi \ 2 1994 SDec'SB HEREDITY AND EUGENICS HEREDITY AND EUGENICS BY R. RUGGLES GATES, Ph.D., F.L.S. PROFESSOR OF EOTAKY IN 1 HE UNIVERSITY OK LONDO.N A.ND HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AT KING'S COLLEGE: SOMETI.ME ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFoKNIA; AUTHOR OF "the MUTATION FACTOR IN EVOLUTION," ETC. CONSTABLE AND CO. LTD, LONDON BOMBAY SYDNEY 1923 fltO^ERTT mRARY N. C. SiMte C^Uegf PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY BILLING AND SONS, LTD., GUILDFORD AND ESHER TO MY MOTHER THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED QlH-i „ .r.,; PREFACE This book has been written partly by the accident of circumstances and partly by request. It is based upon a couple of articles which appeared in the Eugenics Review for January and April, 1920, and part of it was written during a holiday in America in 1 92 1. Although m}' present interests are occupied with the field of modern botany, I was impelled to write this book by my interest in Eugenics, which is in turn founded upon a knowledge of genetics. The actual writing of it was, however, only made possible by the many friends in various parts of the world who have sent me their publications. It is clear to scientific men, although rarely to statesmen and law-makers, that any intelligent attempt to improve the conditions and qualities of the human race must be founded upon some knowledge of the manner in which these qualities arise and are inherited and maintained or lost. In this book I have confined myself as strictly as possible to an examina- tion of the facts of human inheritance, in so far as they are at present known, and I have laid particular emphasis—possibly too much—upon the many cases now known of Mendelian inheritance in man. This is not on account of any partiality for this particular form of inheritance; but because the Mendehan differences are clear cut and more easily recognised, and the manner of their inheritance is more easil}^ traced and analysed and investigated than that of differences which can only be recognised as quantita- vii viii PREFACE tive, and whose precise manner of inheritance must still be regarded as under discussion. The literature of the last two decades has recorded many cases of Mendelian inheritance in man, as the present book will, I think, testify. But it will also be seen that even the pre-Mendelian literature contained many scattered records of great interest which are now seen to fall into the Mendelian categories of explanation. I have made no attempt to search the literature exhaustively, as the work is really only a by-product of my own evolutionary interests, but I hope that no records of first-rate importance have been omitted, and I believe that several valuable early papers are here for the first time brought into orientation with the twentieth-century literature. The book might easily have grown to considerably greater proportions, but I have endeavoured to include only the more essential subjects and discussions which a book of this kind, written from the biological point of view, ought to contain. Whenever experiments with animals or plants bear directly on the topic in hand, I have not hesitated to use them, and I trust this will add to the value of the w^ork, both to the general public interested in Eugenics, and the medical profession, who should always be on the alert to detect the inheritance element which so frequently is present in the functional derangements with which they have to deal. Many matters which are primarily of genetic interest, but without at present any special bearing on human heredity, have been omitted altogether. If this work aids in the diffusion of an intelligent interest and understanding of heredity in its bearing on the welfare of future generations, its object will have been achieved. The conceptions of heredity are no longer vague and ill-defined, as in the writings of a generation ago. They are clear and sharply PREFACE ix defined, and are based on much accurate knowledge of organic structure and development. The germ plasm of the race is a uniquely precious material, and its conservation and improvement in each genera- tion should be the first aim of the State. The first essential for such a conservation is the recognition of the inherent (inherited) differences in the capacities of individuals. Everything goes to show that once a particular strain of germ plasm is lost, it is gone for ever. In State recognition of the value of human germinal qualities, perhaps no country has equalled Sweden, where family records and genealogies have been kept for centuries in an exceptionally complete form, and where race biology is already recognised as a subject of the greatest national importance. While it is necessary to recognise the fundamental importance of inherited physical and mental differ- ences, as the foundation of Eugenics, one must also remember that environment counts in the sense that a favourable or suitable environment is required to bring out the potential qualities of any develop- ing organism. Nevertheless, it is these potential (germinal) differences on which the Eugenist must rely in any effort to improve the race or direct the selection of germinal qualities which is going on in every generation. In conclusion, I wish to thank those who, in various ways, have contributed to the production of this book. I am indebted to Professor R. C. Punnett, F.R.S., for permission to publish Figs. 4, ii, and 12, from the Journal of Genetics ; to Sir Arthur Keith, F.R.S., for the loan of the blocks from the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, January, 191 6, which illustrate Figs. 13 and 14; to the Royal Society of Medicine for permission to reproduce Fig. 15 (from Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. {Path.), vol. x., p. 60); and to the editorial board of the Journal of Heredity, for X PREFACE permission to republish the photographs of twins in Figs. 29 to 34. Professor J. A. Piatt has kindly supplied the original reference to Caesar's horse, and I am indebted to Professor F. J. C. Hearnshaw for certain historical references. I am very much in- debted to Professor E. W. MacBride, F.R.S., for kindly reading the proof-sheets and offering many valuable suggestions and criticisms; also to Professor A. Dendy, F.R.S., for certain suggestions. I alone, however, am responsible for the views expressed. R. RUGGLES GATES. King's College, University of London, December 27, 1922. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION - - - - - - I DEFINITION OF HEREDITY. II. THE GENERAL ASPECTS OF HEREDITY - - - 8 INHERITANCE OF DIFFERENCES—MENDELISM—INHERIT- ANCE OF RESEMBLANCES DEVELOPMENT. III. INHERITANCE OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERS IN MAN - 27 y STATURE EYE COLOLfR SKIN COLOUR AND HAIR CHARACTERS ALBINISM LEFT-HANDEDNESS DIGITAL ABNORMALITIES VARIOUS ABNORMALI- TIES. IV. INHERITANCE OF MENTAL CHARACTERS IN MAN - - I45 FEEBLE-MINDEDNESS INSANITY CACOGENIC FAMI- LIES MUSICAL ABILITY HANDWRITING. V. THE LIMITS OF HEREDITY - - - - 1 75 TWINS FINGER PRINTS INHERITANCE OF TWINNING LETHAL FACTORS. VI. SOCIAL AND WORLD ASPECTS OF EUGENICS - - 204 THE BASIS OF RACIAL AND TEMPERAMENTAL DIFFER- ENCES THE RESULTS OF CROSSING BETWEEN RACES THE PROBLEMS OF POPULATION POPULA- TION AND QUALITY. LIST OF GENERAL WORKS BEARING ON EUGENICS - - 252 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PAPERS CITED IN THE TEXT - -254 INDEX - - - - - - - 273 7 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIC" I'AGE 1. DIAGRAM OF NORMAL X BRACHYDACTYL - - - lO 2. DIAGRAM OF BRACHYDACTYL X BRACKYDACTYL - - II 3. DIAGRAM OF HETEROZYGOTE X HOMOZYGOTE - - 12 4. ANTHER SHOWING SEGREGATION - - - I5 5. DIAGRAM OF DOMINANT X RECESSIVE, F^ - - 18 6. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE Fo IN THE ABOVE CROSS - 18 7. DIAGRAM OF SEX CHROMOSOMES - - - I9 8. DIAGRAM OF INHERITANCE OF SEX-LINKED CHARACTERS- 23 9. PEDIGREE OF TORTOISESHELL-COLOURED EYES - - 49 10. PEDIGREE OF BOLLENBACH FAMILY - - " 5^ 11. PEDIGREE OF WHITE FORELOCK - - - 62 12. PEDIGREE OF ALBINIS:\I - - - - 67 13. BRACHYDACTYLOUS AND NORMAL HANDS - - 79 14. RADIOGRAM OF A BRACHYDACTYLOUS HAND - - 80 15. ABNORMAL SEGMENTATION OF FINGERS - - - 84 16. RADIOGRAPH OF HANDS OF A GIRL IN THE SAME FAMILY 85 17. SKIAGRAM OF HANDS OF A.T. - - - - 87 18. PEDIGREE OF HEXADACTYLY - - - - IO4 19. PEDIGREE OF HEXADACTYLOUS FAMILY - - IO5 20. PEDIGREE OF COLOUR-BLINDNESS - - - 112 21. PEDIGREE OF FEMALE SEX-LINKED BLINDNESS - - II 22. PEDIGREE OF MALE SEX-LINKED BLINDNESS - - II7 23. PEDIGREE OF MALE SEX-LINKED ICHTHYOSIS - - I18 24. PEDIGREE OF FEMALE SEX-LINKED COLOUR-BLINDNESS- I18 25. PEDIGREE OF CLEFT IRIS - - - - I20 26. PEDIGREE OF EARLY DECAY OF TEETH - - 1 24 27. PEDIGREE OF RIGHT BILOBED Ex\R _ - - 13^ 28. PEDIGREE OF SMALL PIT IN LEFT EAR- - - I36 - 29. PEDIGREE OF IMBECILITY IN FEMALE LINE - 1 54 30. IRISH SAILOR TWINS - - - - - 1 82 31. THEIR FINGER PRINTS - - - - - 1 83 32. TWINS FROM YORK, PENN. - - - - 1 84 33. TWINS, MEN -__--_ 185 34. TWINS, WOMEN, MICHIGAN - _ - - 186 35. TWIN SISTERS, SWITZERLAND - - - - 1 86 XUl HEREDITY AND EUGENICS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The central problem of evolution is still the nature and causes of variation, while the practical problems of eugenics centre about heredity. Variation in past ages has already endowed the human race with an almost infinite variety of types and characters, many of the latter alternative in their inheritance. We have only to compare those we know best with their relatives and ancestors to realise how minute are the resemblances and differences which ma}^ be handed on to descendants and collateral lines.
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