THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF ANCIENT ISRAEL PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Amnon Ben-Tor, R. Greenberg | 460 pages | 23 Feb 1994 | Yale University Press | 9780300059199 | English | New Haven, United States ANE TODAY - - Genetics and the Archaeology of Ancient Israel -

As noted by a reviewer on Salon. Ze'ev Herzog , professor of archaeology at Tel Aviv University , wrote a cover story for Haaretz in in which he reached similar conclusions following the same methodology; Herzog noted also that some of these findings have been accepted by the majority of biblical scholars and archaeologists for years and even decades, even though they have only recently begun to make a dent in the awareness of the general public. Early biblical archaeology was conducted with the presumption that the Bible must be true, finds only being considered as illustrations for the biblical narrative, and interpreting evidence to fit the Bible. Some archaeologists such as Eilat Mazar continue to take this "Bible and spade" approach, or, like the journal Bible and Spade , attempt to treat archaeology as a tool for proving the Bible's accuracy, [ citation needed ] but since the s most archaeologists, such as Kenneth Kitchen , [3] [ original research? The Bible Unearthed begins by considering what it terms the 'preamble' of the Bible—the Book of Genesis —and its relationship to archaeological evidence for the context in which its narratives are set. Archaeological discoveries about society and culture in the ancient Near East lead the authors to point out a number of anachronisms, suggestive that the narratives were actually set down in the 9th—7th centuries BCE: [6]. The book comments that this corresponds with the documentary hypothesis , in which textual scholarship argues for the majority of the first five biblical books being written between the 8th and 6th centuries. The book remarks that, despite modern archaeological investigations and the meticulous ancient Egyptian records from the period of Ramesses II , also known as Ozymandias 13th century B. Although the Hyksos are in some ways a good match, their main centre being at Avaris later renamed 'Pi-Ramesses' , in the heart of the region corresponding to the 'land of Goshen', and Manetho later writing that the Hyksos eventually founded the Temple in Jerusalem , [17] it throws up other problems, as the Hyksos became not slaves but rulers, and they were chased away rather than chased to bring them back. Finkelstein and Silberman argue that instead of the Israelites conquering Canaan after the Exodus as suggested by the book of Joshua , most of them had in fact always been there; the Israelites were simply Canaanites who developed into a distinct culture. The authors take issue with the book of Joshua 's depiction of the Israelites conquering Canaan in only a few years—far less than the lifetime of one individual—in which cities such as Hazor , Ai , and Jericho , are destroyed. Finkelstein and Silberman view this account as the result of the telescoping effect of the vagaries of folk memory about destruction caused by other events; [22] modern archaeological examination of these cities shows that their destruction spanned a period of many centuries, with Hazor being destroyed to years after Jericho, [23] [ citation needed ] while Ai whose name actually means 'the ruin' was completely abandoned for roughly a millennium "before the collapse of Late Bronze Canaan. Like Jericho, there was no settlement at the time of its supposed conquest by the children of Israel. Although the Book of Samuel and initial parts of the Books of Kings , portray Saul , David and Solomon ruling in succession over a powerful and cosmopolitan united kingdom of Israel and Judah , Finkelstein and Silberman regard modern archaeological evidence as showing that this may not be true. Archaeology instead shows that in the time of Solomon, the northern kingdom of Israel was quite small, too poor to be able to pay for a vast army, and with too little bureaucracy to be able to administer a kingdom, certainly not an empire; [25] it only emerged later, around the beginning of the 9th century BCE, in the time of Omri. There are remains of once grand cities at Megiddo , Hazor and Gezer , with archeological evidence showing that they suffered violent destruction. The Tel Dan Stele , the Mesha Stele , the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser , and direct evidence from excavations, together paint a picture of the Omride kings ruling a rich, powerful, and cosmopolitan empire, stretching from Damascus to Moab , [33] and building some of the largest and most beautiful constructions of Iron Age Israel; [34] by contrast, the Bible only remarks that the Omrides 'married foreign women' presumably to make alliances and upheld Canaanite religion, both of which it regards as wicked. The Book of Kings, as it stands today, seems to suggest that the religion of Israel and Judah was primarily monotheistic, with one or two wayward kings such as the Omrides who tried to introduce Canaanite polytheism, the people occasionally joining in this 'apostasy' from monotheism, but a close reading and the archaeological record reveals that the opposite was true. Judah was flooded with refugees; the population of Israel had been nine times larger than that of Judah, so many small Judean villages suddenly became cities, [39] archaeology evidencing that the population of Jerusalem itself expanded by about fold, turning it from a small hilltown into a large city. By BCE, the Assyrians had captured most of Judah, and then they besieged Jerusalem ; the Bible's coverage of the events leading up to the siege is sparse, briefly listing only a few refortifications of Jerusalem, giving a passing mention to the Siloam tunnel , and briefly admitting to the loss of most of Judah's cities, but archaeology gives much more detail. For example, the fortifications of Lachish were heavily strengthened by Hezekiah, [43] but it was besieged, fell, and was then burnt to the ground; according to an illustration on the walls of the Assyrian palace at Ninevah , the Assyrians deported the city's population and religious objects before they burnt it. The Bible claims that nearly , men in the army besieging Jerusalem were slaughtered one night by an angel , causing the Assyrian king Sennacherib to relent and return to Assyria; it immediately goes on to state that Sennacherib was killed by his sons, while he was praying to his god, implying that this was shortly after the battle. However, as The Bible Unearthed points out, this contrasts with the Assyrian record on the Taylor Prism , [45] in which Hezekiah's mercenaries abandoned him, and he only then convinced the Assyrian army to leave by handing over not only vast amounts of money, jewels, and high quality ivory-inlaid furniture, but also his own daughters, harem, and musicians, and making Judah into a tributary state of the Assyrians. Hezekiah predeceased Sennacherib, dying just a couple of years after the siege. His successor and son , Manasseh , reversed the religious changes, re-introducing religious pluralism; Finkelstein and Silberman suggest that this may have been an attempt to gain co-operation from village elders and clans, so that he would not need so much centralised administration, and could therefore allow the countryside to return to economic autonomy. Hezekiah's actions had given away the gold and silver from the Jerusalem Temple , [50] impoverished his state, lost him his own daughters and concubines, [46] and reduced his territory to a small region around Jerusalem, most of the people elsewhere in Judah being deported; Manasseh had brought peace and prosperity back to the country, [51] but because the Book of Kings bases its decisions on theological prejudice, it condemns him as the most sinful monarch ever to rule Judah and hails instead Hezekiah as the great king. As recorded in the Book of Kings, Manasseh's grandson, Josiah , enacted a large religious reform soon after he became king; he ordered renovations to the Jerusalem Temple, during which the High Priest 'found' a scroll of the law , which insisted on monotheism with sacrifice centralised at a single temple—that in Jerusalem. Finkelstein and Silberman note that most scholars regard the core of Deuteronomy as being the "scroll of the law" in question, and regard it as having been written not long before it was 'found', rather than being an ancient missing scroll as characterised in the Bible; [54] Deuteronomy is strikingly similar to early 7th century Assyrian vassal -treaties, in which are set out the rights and obligations of a vassal state in this case Judah to their sovereign in this case, Yahweh. The sudden collapse of the Assyrian Empire in the last decades of the 7th century BCE offered an opportunity for Josiah to expand Judah's territory into the former kingdom of Israel, abandoned by the Assyrians. Archaeology suggests that Josiah was initially successful, extending his territory northwards towards Bethel , a cult-centre of the kingdom of Israel; [58] however he then rode out to meet the Egyptian Pharaoh— Necho —at Meggido. Necho had been merely 'passing through', leading an army to join the Assyrian civil war on the side of the Assyrian rather than Babylonian faction, [59] but Josiah was killed; the circumstances of his death are uncertain, though the Book of Chronicles claims that despite Necho's lack of enmity for Josiah, Josiah insisted on attacking him. Finkelstein and Silberman suggest that Necho may have objected to Josiah's expansionist policies, which could have threatened the Egyptian dominance of the region to the west of Judah the Philistine lands or of the strategically important Jezreel Valley to its north, or could equally have objected to the effect of the new deuteronomic social policies on the caravan routes, which ran through southern Judah. With Josiah's death Egypt became suzerain over Judah. The new king, Egypt's vassal ruler, undid Josiah's changes, restoring the former shrines and returning the country once again to religious pluralism. But when the Babylonian faction eventually won the Assyrian civil war, they set out to forcibly retake the former Assyrian tributaries. Judah, as a loyal Egyptian vassal-state, resisted, with disastrous consequences: the Babylonians plundered Jerusalem in BCE and imposed their own vassal king; these events are described in the Bible and confirmed, with variations, in the Babylonian Chronicle. In BCE, the Achaemenids conquered Babylon, and, in accordance with their Zoroastrian perspective, allowed the people deported by the Babylonians to return; this is described by the Cyrus Cylinder , which also indicates that the Persians repaired the temples in these conquered lands, returning any sacred artifacts to them. The conflict between the returnees and those who had always been in Judah evidently required resolution; the two groups had to be reintegrated. Finkelstein and Silberman argue that the Deuteronomic law advanced by parts of the deported elite the ancestors of the returnees , [65] and the laws and legends of the inveterate inhabitants, were melded together into a single Torah so that it could form a central authority able to unite the population. Hitherto unpublished 2,year-old engraved menorah, forgotten in archives for 40 years, shores up hypothesis that ancient Michmas was a priestly settlement, study says. Gold bead, apparently lost on Temple Mount 3, years ago, found by 9-year-old. Ancient forgers? Newly discovered Greek inscription depicts how Athenaeus son of Susipater came all the way from Antioch to dedicate a stone pillar to the god Pan. Cache of gold coins from Islamic period discovered at Western Wall dig. Expert says currency reflects political turmoil in region over 1, years ago, with 2 coins minted in Ramle, 2 in Cairo; find made during excavations for new elevator. Donald T. In 2,year-old Apollo seal, a sunny glimpse of pluralism in ancient Jerusalem. Sun god, a symbol of health and prosperity, was the only member of the pagan pantheon used by Jews during the Second Temple period, says City of David archaeologist Eli Shukron. By Ilan Ben Zion. Ancient church found where Jesus said to tell Peter to establish Christianity. Early humans used green Levant, including Israel, as steppingstone out of Africa. Prehistoric homo sapiens exploited a favorable climatic window to move north into Eurasia over some 8, years, establishing settlements at a fertile Dead Sea, researchers say. By Luke Tress. Ancient Israel - Biblical Archaeology (Bible History Online)

Unique archaeological findings displayed in a Nazareth hotel The hotel, located near the Annunciation Church at the heart of the city, has been previously used as a garage for buses owned by the Afifi family who runs the Nazareth Transport and Tourism company. A 12th century Canaanite fortress excavated near Gal On opens to public It is likely that the fortress was build some 3, years ago to protect the local Caanites inhabitants from foreign incursions, possibly from the Philistines. The ashes of Jerusalem's biblical fall still show at dig near Old City The researchers have been able to pin down the moment of the destruction to BCE, when the Babylonians conquered Jerusalem and devastated its temple. Archaeologists propose new identification for biblical Tel Rosh First documented in the midth century, Tel Rosh presents remains dating back to periods spanning over the millennia. Mysterious fortress may hold key to solve enigmas of biblical Galilee Pottery unearthed in the area reveals a mixture of Canaanite, Phoenician and even Cypriot influences. Meet the man in charge of archaeology in Jerusalem Yuval Baruch has headed the Jerusalem division at the Israel Antiquities Authority for over ten years. In Hasmonean times, lamps and burials became a symbol of Jewish identity Archaeological findings indicate a concentration of the phenomena in the region of Jerusalem and the Judean hills. Hebrew U. New outdoor exhibit showcases rich history of ancient Ashkelon Ashkelon has over 3, years of history. Third Crusade site where Christian forces defeated Muslim army identified Framework used to pinpoint site involves historical records, archaeological remains, and environmental studies. Jerusalem vs. Underwater bricks show skills of prehistoric inhabitants of Israel Atlit Yam and Bene Beraq — located in the Sharon Plain - date back to the pre-pottery Neolithic C, when pottery was not manufactured yet. Could archeology and modern medicine help validate the Bible? Archaeologists discover 2,year-old unique complex by the Western Wall The structure was sealed later in the Byzantine period under the floors of a large building about 1, years ago and was left untouched for centuries. The enigma behind the 1,year-old Christian communities in the Negev Remains of over houses were also revealed by the researchers, together with many agricultural installations including dams, cisterns, wine presses and a pigeon tower. Christian, Muslim symbols found in 7th century shipwreck in Israel Moreover, the ship also offers important insights in terms of ship construction techniques. Here are some of the archaeological sites located in the West Bank. Trump peace plan puts hundreds of biblical sites under Palestinian rule There are about 6, sites of historical and archaeological importance in the parts of Area C that are supposed to transfer to the Palestinians on July 1. New study dates Temple arch at 2,years-old The research also led to the discovery of a previously unknown theater-like structure. Subscribe for our daily newsletter. Most Read. About Us. Advertise with Us. Terms Of Service. Privacy Policy. Subscriber Agreement. JPost Jobs. Cancel Subscription. The Jerusalem Post Group. Breaking News. Iran News. World News. JPost NY Conference. Diplomatic Conference. IvritTalk- Free trial lesson. The Jerusalem Report. Jerusalem Post Lite. March of the living. Kabbalat Shabbat. Shapers of Israel. Maariv Online. Maariv News. According to Revelation , Megiddo also known as Armageddon is the location for the final world battle, where Jesus Christ will defeat the forces of Satan and establish His glorious kingdom for all time. Uncover More Now! Yes, I want to follow Jesus. I am a follower of Jesus. I still have questions. What do you think? God , the Father, sent His only Son to satisfy that judgment for those who believe in Him. Jesus , the creator and eternal Son of God, who lived a sinless life, loves us so much that He died for our sins, taking the punishment that we deserve, was buried , and rose from the dead according to the Bible. If you truly believe and trust this in your heart, receiving Jesus alone as your Savior, declaring, " Jesus is Lord ," you will be saved from judgment and spend eternity with God in heaven. What is your response? Read More. Learn More! Or Philosophically? Is the Bible True? Who is God? Fortunately, the book does not achieve its goal: "to attempt to separate history from legend. What actually happened and what a people thought happened belong to a single historical process. That understanding leads to a sobering thought. Stories of exodus from oppression and conquest of land, stories of exile and return and stories of triumphal vision are eerily contemporary. If history is written for the present, are we doomed to repeat the past? Evangelical Christian biblical scholar Kenneth Kitchen was critical, writing that "[A] careful critical perusal of this work—which certainly has much to say about both archaeology and the biblical writings—reveals that we are dealing very largely with a work of imaginative fiction, not a serious or reliable account of the subject", and "Their treatment of the exodus is among the most factually ignorant and misleading that this writer has ever read. Thus the book is ideologically driven and controlled. A review of the book by fellow archeologist William G. Dever published in the Biblical Archaeology Review and subsequently in the Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , resulted in heated exchanges between Dever and Finkelstein. Dever's review noted that the book had many strengths, notably archaeology's potential for re-writing the history of "Ancient Israel", but complained that it misrepresented his own views and concluded by characterizing Finkelstein as "idiosyncratic and doctrinaire"; Finkelstein's reaction was to call Dever a "jealous academic parasite," and the debate quickly degenerated from that point. The book became a bestseller within its field. In February , Amazon. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. July Dewey Decimal. Archived from the original on 10 October Retrieved 30 January Tel Aviv. Retrieved 16 February On the reliability of the Old Testament, p. Eerdmans Publishing, Hidden categories: Pages using the EasyTimeline extension Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from September Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. ANE TODAY - - Genetics and the Archaeology of Ancient Israel -

What you'll learn Skip What you'll learn. How Archaeologists work Recent archaeological discoveries and findings The archaeology and history of ancient Israel and Judah The meaning of Biblical Archaeology and its relationship with the Hebrew Bible How to determine if archaeology - and biblical archaeology - is a potential career for you. Syllabus Skip Syllabus. What time periods and areas will the course cover? What is the relationship between archaeology and the Bible? What is the "toolbox" of the modern archaeologist? How does science impact modern biblical archaeology? The Bronze Age background of biblical Israel and Judah. How do we define them? How, when, and where did the early Israelites appear? How does the archaeological evidence for the appearance of early Israel compare to the biblical description? Week 3: The First Kingdoms? A "United Monarchy" of David and Solomon? Was there a "United Monarchy"? What does archaeology and the Bible tell us and how does this compare? What are the historical and archaeological evidence of this kingdom and these figures? Week 4: The Northern Kingdom of Israel: ca. What is the archaeological evidence of the Israelite Kingdom? The end of the Israelite Kingdom. Hebrew U. New outdoor exhibit showcases rich history of ancient Ashkelon Ashkelon has over 3, years of history. Third Crusade site where Christian forces defeated Muslim army identified Framework used to pinpoint site involves historical records, archaeological remains, and environmental studies. Jerusalem vs. Underwater bricks show skills of prehistoric inhabitants of Israel Atlit Yam and Bene Beraq — located in the Sharon Plain - date back to the pre-pottery Neolithic C, when pottery was not manufactured yet. Could archeology and modern medicine help validate the Bible? Archaeologists discover 2,year-old unique complex by the Western Wall The structure was sealed later in the Byzantine period under the floors of a large building about 1, years ago and was left untouched for centuries. The enigma behind the 1,year-old Christian communities in the Negev Remains of over houses were also revealed by the researchers, together with many agricultural installations including dams, cisterns, wine presses and a pigeon tower. Christian, Muslim symbols found in 7th century shipwreck in Israel Moreover, the ship also offers important insights in terms of ship construction techniques. Here are some of the archaeological sites located in the West Bank. Trump peace plan puts hundreds of biblical sites under Palestinian rule There are about 6, sites of historical and archaeological importance in the parts of Area C that are supposed to transfer to the Palestinians on July 1. New study dates Temple arch at 2,years-old The research also led to the discovery of a previously unknown theater-like structure. Subscribe for our daily newsletter. Most Read. About Us. Advertise with Us. Terms Of Service. Privacy Policy. Subscriber Agreement. JPost Jobs. Cancel Subscription. The Jerusalem Post Group. Breaking News. Iran News. World News. JPost NY Conference. Diplomatic Conference. IvritTalk- Free trial lesson. The Jerusalem Report. Jerusalem Post Lite. March of the living. Kabbalat Shabbat. Shapers of Israel. Maariv Online. Maariv News. Tools and services. JPost Premium. Ulpan Online. JPost Newsletter. JPost News Ticker. Our Magazines. Learn Hebrew. The book comments that this corresponds with the documentary hypothesis , in which textual scholarship argues for the majority of the first five biblical books being written between the 8th and 6th centuries. The book remarks that, despite modern archaeological investigations and the meticulous ancient Egyptian records from the period of Ramesses II , also known as Ozymandias 13th century B. Although the Hyksos are in some ways a good match, their main centre being at Avaris later renamed 'Pi-Ramesses' , in the heart of the region corresponding to the 'land of Goshen', and Manetho later writing that the Hyksos eventually founded the Temple in Jerusalem , [17] it throws up other problems, as the Hyksos became not slaves but rulers, and they were chased away rather than chased to bring them back. Finkelstein and Silberman argue that instead of the Israelites conquering Canaan after the Exodus as suggested by the book of Joshua , most of them had in fact always been there; the Israelites were simply Canaanites who developed into a distinct culture. The authors take issue with the book of Joshua 's depiction of the Israelites conquering Canaan in only a few years—far less than the lifetime of one individual—in which cities such as Hazor , Ai , and Jericho , are destroyed. Finkelstein and Silberman view this account as the result of the telescoping effect of the vagaries of folk memory about destruction caused by other events; [22] modern archaeological examination of these cities shows that their destruction spanned a period of many centuries, with Hazor being destroyed to years after Jericho, [23] [ citation needed ] while Ai whose name actually means 'the ruin' was completely abandoned for roughly a millennium "before the collapse of Late Bronze Canaan. Like Jericho, there was no settlement at the time of its supposed conquest by the children of Israel. Although the Book of Samuel and initial parts of the Books of Kings , portray Saul , David and Solomon ruling in succession over a powerful and cosmopolitan united kingdom of Israel and Judah , Finkelstein and Silberman regard modern archaeological evidence as showing that this may not be true. Archaeology instead shows that in the time of Solomon, the northern kingdom of Israel was quite small, too poor to be able to pay for a vast army, and with too little bureaucracy to be able to administer a kingdom, certainly not an empire; [25] it only emerged later, around the beginning of the 9th century BCE, in the time of Omri. There are remains of once grand cities at Megiddo , Hazor and Gezer , with archeological evidence showing that they suffered violent destruction. The Tel Dan Stele , the Mesha Stele , the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser , and direct evidence from excavations, together paint a picture of the Omride kings ruling a rich, powerful, and cosmopolitan empire, stretching from Damascus to Moab , [33] and building some of the largest and most beautiful constructions of Iron Age Israel; [34] by contrast, the Bible only remarks that the Omrides 'married foreign women' presumably to make alliances and upheld Canaanite religion, both of which it regards as wicked. The Book of Kings, as it stands today, seems to suggest that the religion of Israel and Judah was primarily monotheistic, with one or two wayward kings such as the Omrides who tried to introduce Canaanite polytheism, the people occasionally joining in this 'apostasy' from monotheism, but a close reading and the archaeological record reveals that the opposite was true. Judah was flooded with refugees; the population of Israel had been nine times larger than that of Judah, so many small Judean villages suddenly became cities, [39] archaeology evidencing that the population of Jerusalem itself expanded by about fold, turning it from a small hilltown into a large city. By BCE, the Assyrians had captured most of Judah, and then they besieged Jerusalem ; the Bible's coverage of the events leading up to the siege is sparse, briefly listing only a few refortifications of Jerusalem, giving a passing mention to the Siloam tunnel , and briefly admitting to the loss of most of Judah's cities, but archaeology gives much more detail. For example, the fortifications of Lachish were heavily strengthened by Hezekiah, [43] but it was besieged, fell, and was then burnt to the ground; according to an illustration on the walls of the Assyrian palace at Ninevah , the Assyrians deported the city's population and religious objects before they burnt it. The Bible claims that nearly , men in the army besieging Jerusalem were slaughtered one night by an angel , causing the Assyrian king Sennacherib to relent and return to Assyria; it immediately goes on to state that Sennacherib was killed by his sons, while he was praying to his god, implying that this was shortly after the battle. However, as The Bible Unearthed points out, this contrasts with the Assyrian record on the Taylor Prism , [45] in which Hezekiah's mercenaries abandoned him, and he only then convinced the Assyrian army to leave by handing over not only vast amounts of money, jewels, and high quality ivory-inlaid furniture, but also his own daughters, harem, and musicians, and making Judah into a tributary state of the Assyrians. Hezekiah predeceased Sennacherib, dying just a couple of years after the siege. His successor and son , Manasseh , reversed the religious changes, re-introducing religious pluralism; Finkelstein and Silberman suggest that this may have been an attempt to gain co- operation from village elders and clans, so that he would not need so much centralised administration, and could therefore allow the countryside to return to economic autonomy. Hezekiah's actions had given away the gold and silver from the Jerusalem Temple , [50] impoverished his state, lost him his own daughters and concubines, [46] and reduced his territory to a small region around Jerusalem, most of the people elsewhere in Judah being deported; Manasseh had brought peace and prosperity back to the country, [51] but because the Book of Kings bases its decisions on theological prejudice, it condemns him as the most sinful monarch ever to rule Judah and hails instead Hezekiah as the great king. As recorded in the Book of Kings, Manasseh's grandson, Josiah , enacted a large religious reform soon after he became king; he ordered renovations to the Jerusalem Temple, during which the High Priest 'found' a scroll of the law , which insisted on monotheism with sacrifice centralised at a single temple—that in Jerusalem. Finkelstein and Silberman note that most scholars regard the core of Deuteronomy as being the "scroll of the law" in question, and regard it as having been written not long before it was 'found', rather than being an ancient missing scroll as characterised in the Bible; [54] Deuteronomy is strikingly similar to early 7th century Assyrian vassal -treaties, in which are set out the rights and obligations of a vassal state in this case Judah to their sovereign in this case, Yahweh. The sudden collapse of the Assyrian Empire in the last decades of the 7th century BCE offered an opportunity for Josiah to expand Judah's territory into the former kingdom of Israel, abandoned by the Assyrians. Archaeology suggests that Josiah was initially successful, extending his territory northwards towards Bethel , a cult-centre of the kingdom of Israel; [58] however he then rode out to meet the Egyptian Pharaoh— Necho —at Meggido. Necho had been merely 'passing through', leading an army to join the Assyrian civil war on the side of the Assyrian rather than Babylonian faction, [59] but Josiah was killed; the circumstances of his death are uncertain, though the Book of Chronicles claims that despite Necho's lack of enmity for Josiah, Josiah insisted on attacking him. Finkelstein and Silberman suggest that Necho may have objected to Josiah's expansionist policies, which could have threatened the Egyptian dominance of the region to the west of Judah the Philistine lands or of the strategically important Jezreel Valley to its north, or could equally have objected to the effect of the new deuteronomic social policies on the caravan routes, which ran through southern Judah.

The Bible Unearthed - Wikipedia

Since then, archaeologists have uncovered a wealth of information about the history, language and culture of a people considered "imaginary" to many scholars prior to that time. Babylon , the ancient capital of the Babylonian Empire , covers nearly 3, acres about 55 miles south of current- day Baghdad in Iraq. The ruins include the famous ziggurat structures ex. The Philistines were known as one of the "Sea Peoples" that constantly warred against the Israelites for control of early Canaan. Mentioned over times in the Old Testament, the Philistines had a major fortified seaport at Ashkelon on the Mediterranean Sea, which was discovered just north of present-day Gaza. Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Ashkelon in BC, as predicted by Jeremiah and other prophets. Bible Archaeology: Cities of Ancient Israel Bible archaeology finds its ultimate significance in the cities of ancient Israel. Mentioned more than 50 times in the Bible, Jericho was the initial entry point into the Promised Land for the Israelite people Joshua 6. Archaeology has now confirmed the location of this fortified city of walls and towers that guarded entry to the land of Canaan from the east. Shechem was an important city throughout the Old Testament. In fact, Jeroboam made it the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel in the 10th century BC 1 Kings Excavations have uncovered huge walls and a fortified gate system containing such important finds as the temple of Baal from the story of Abimelech Judges Excavations in the north have also revealed the city of Dan , which was a Canaanite stronghold conquered by Israel specifically, the tribe of Dan around BC Judges The rebuilt city, which became the northern boundary of Israel, has delivered a wealth of artifacts with biblical importance. The southern boundary of Israel was Beersheba , which became a fortified city during the period of King Solomon 1 Kings On the basis of the pottery found beneath the Large Stone Structure, she dated the first phase of its construction to the beginning of the Iron Age IIa, likely around the middle of the tenth century BC, precisely the time the Bible describes King David ruling over the United Kingdom of Israel. If a united monarchy existed in the 10th century BC, as described in the Bible, one might expect to find evidence of a common political administration throughout the kingdom. Some archaeologists claim to have found such evidence of a complex society in the archaeological remains at several sites. It is located 30 km southwest of Jerusalem, on the summit of a hill that is strategically located within the kingdom of Judah and on the road from Philistia to Jerusalem. The excavators have identified it as biblical Shaarayim 1 Sam. A lack of pig bones, an ostracon identified as one of the earliest Hebrew inscriptions ever discovered, and cultic shrines absent of any images of people or animals ie. Two large structures were identified as royal public buildings: one was a palatial residence, the other a storehouse. Another site, El Eton, was recently excavated by archaeologists from Bar-Ilan University, who unearthed an ancient city that also dates to the time of King David. Scholars suggest that this too is evidence of a complex society and strong political administration during the construction phase. Numerous archaeological discoveries relating to these Davidic kings have been unearthed. This direct evidence is supported by the other finds in Jerusalem and other cities within the kingdom of Judah, which also point to the existence of a complex united monarchy in the 10 th century BC, as described in the Bible. Other inscriptions affirm specific kings in the Davidic line. Prior to , there was very little archaeological evidence to support the historicity of King David. Since that time, numerous discoveries have confirmed his existence and indicate he ruled over a significant kingdom. In light of these discoveries it seems reasonable to stop comparing King David to King Arthur. Dig Refutes Naysayers. April 12, While this stele is most often used to highlight the historicity of David and rightly so! You are commenting using your WordPress. You are commenting using your Google account. You are commenting using your Twitter account. You are commenting using your Facebook account. Notify me of new comments via email. Notify me of new posts via email. Finkelstein and Silberman argue that the Deuteronomic law advanced by parts of the deported elite the ancestors of the returnees , [65] and the laws and legends of the inveterate inhabitants, were melded together into a single Torah so that it could form a central authority able to unite the population. The Bible Unearthed was well received by some biblical scholars and archaeologists and critically by others. Baruch Halpern , professor of Jewish Studies at Pennsylvania State University and leader of the archaeological digs at Megiddo for many years, praised it as "the boldest and most exhilarating synthesis of Bible and archaeology in fifty years", [70] and Jonathan Kirsch , writing in the Los Angeles Times , called it "a brutally honest assessment of what archeology can and cannot tell us about the historical accuracy of the Bible", which embraces the spirit of modern archaeology by approaching the Bible "as an artifact to be studied and evaluated rather than a work of divine inspiration that must be embraced as a matter of true belief". Finkelstein and Silberman have themselves written a provocative book that bears the marks of a detective story. In juxtaposing the biblical record and archaeological data, they work with tantalizing fragments of a distant past. Assembling clues to argue their thesis requires bold imagination and disciplined research. The Bible Unearthed exhibits both in abundance. Imagination invariably exceeds the evidence; research makes plausible the reconstruction. Fortunately, the book does not achieve its goal: "to attempt to separate history from legend. What actually happened and what a people thought happened belong to a single historical process. That understanding leads to a sobering thought. Stories of exodus from oppression and conquest of land, stories of exile and return and stories of triumphal vision are eerily contemporary. If history is written for the present, are we doomed to repeat the past? Evangelical Christian biblical scholar Kenneth Kitchen was critical, writing that "[A] careful critical perusal of this work—which certainly has much to say about both archaeology and the biblical writings—reveals that we are dealing very largely with a work of imaginative fiction, not a serious or reliable account of the subject", and "Their treatment of the exodus is among the most factually ignorant and misleading that this writer has ever read. Thus the book is ideologically driven and controlled. A review of the book by fellow archeologist William G. Dever published in the Biblical Archaeology Review and subsequently in the Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , resulted in heated exchanges between Dever and Finkelstein. Dever's review noted that the book had many strengths, notably archaeology's potential for re-writing the history of "Ancient Israel", but complained that it misrepresented his own views and concluded by characterizing Finkelstein as "idiosyncratic and doctrinaire"; Finkelstein's reaction was to call Dever a "jealous academic parasite," and the debate quickly degenerated from that point. The book became a bestseller within its field. In February , Amazon. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. July Dewey Decimal. Archived from the original on 10 October

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