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Fake Prophecy and Polluted Sacraments

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Fake Prophecy and Polluted Sacraments Fake Prophecy and Polluted Sacraments Tabbernee_f1_i-xxxvii.indd i 6/27/2007 4:54:03 PM Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae Formerly Philosophia Patrum Texts and Studies of Early Christian Life and Language Editors J. den Boeft – J. van Oort – W. L. Petersen† D. T. Runia – C. Scholten – J. C. M. van Winden VOLUME 84 Tabbernee_f1_i-xxxvii.indd ii 6/27/2007 4:54:05 PM Fake Prophecy and Polluted Sacraments Ecclesiastical and Imperial Reactions to Montanism By William Tabbernee LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 Tabbernee_f1_i-xxxvii.indd iii 6/27/2007 4:54:05 PM This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISSN 0920-623x ISBN 978 90 04 15819 1 © Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands Tabbernee_f1_i-xxxvii.indd iv 6/27/2007 4:54:06 PM To the Faculty of Phillips Theological Seminary Tabbernee_f1_i-xxxvii.indd v 6/27/2007 4:54:06 PM Tabbernee_f1_i-xxxvii.indd vi 6/27/2007 4:54:06 PM CONTENTS Preface ......................................................................................... ix Abbreviations .............................................................................. xi List of Maps ............................................................................... xxvii Introduction ................................................................................ xxix Part One Church Opposition to Montanism ca. 165–324 c.e. Chapter One Ecclesiastical Opponents to Montanism ca. 165–199 C.E. .................................................................... 3 Chapter Two Ecclesiastical Opponents of Montanism ca. 200–324 C.E. .................................................................... 45 Chapter Three Ecclesiastical Charges against Montanism ca. 165–324 C.E. .................................................................... 87 Chapter Four Montanist Reaction to Ecclesiastical Opposition ca. 165–324 C.E. .................................................................... 125 Part Two State Opposition to Montanism ca. 165–324 c.e. Chapter Five Montanists and Persecution .............................. 167 Chapter Six Montanists and Voluntary Martyrdom .............. 201 Chapter Seven Montanists and Flight during Persecution ..... 243 Part Three Church-State Opposition to Montanism ca. 324–550 c.e. Chapter Eight Ecclesiastical Opponents of Montanism ca. 324–550 C.E. .................................................................... 263 Chapter Nine Imperial Opponents of Montanism ca. 324–550 C.E. .................................................................... 307 Chapter Ten Church-State Charges Against Montanism ca. 324–550 C.E. .................................................................... 339 Tabbernee_f1_i-xxxvii.indd vii 6/27/2007 4:54:06 PM viii contents Chapter Eleven Montanist Reaction to Church-State Opposition ca. 324–550 C.E. ................................................. 389 Conclusion .................................................................................. 403 Bibliography ................................................................................ 425 Index Locorum ........................................................................... 445 General Index ............................................................................. 470 Tabbernee_f1_i-xxxvii.indd viii 6/27/2007 4:54:06 PM PREFACE When I was sixteen years old, someone gave me a copy of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs. I was immediately captivated by the poignant stories of the heroic deaths of Polycarp at Smyrna, of Blandina at Lyons, and of Perpetua and Felicitas at Carthage. I could hardly put down the beauti- ful, leather-bound volume with its graphic illustrations of men being beheaded and women being burned at the stake for the sake of the Christian faith. Naively, I did not yet understand the peculiar nature of the kind of literature which comprises the “Acts of the Martyrs” (Acta martyrum) or how to interpret the data presented by these acta. All I knew is that the stories of the martyrs fascinated me and that, somehow, these stories were important. As an undergraduate, I stumbled upon the Montanists and was quickly attracted to them. Here were, or so I thought at the time, early Christians who invariably not only stood fast in times of persecution but who actually volunteered for martyrdom in ‘times of peace.’ Again naively, I accepted the caricatures of Montanists and Montanism drawn by early opponents and nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholars of Montanism. The more I read, however, both about martyrdom and persecution and about Montanism itself, the more I came to realize that a total re-evaluation of the extant sources about Montanism and Montanism’s relationship to the state was required. This book has its origins in my Ph.D. dissertation, completed at The University of Melbourne in 1978, but informed by my life-long engage- ment with the literary, epigraphic, and archaeological sources relevant to Montanism. The discovery of and current archaeological \ eld work at, what my colleagues and I believe to be, the site of ancient Pepouza—for more than four hundred years Montanism’s most important center—has provided signi cant insights into the geographic and topographic con- texts of Phrygian Montanism. Walking along some of the same ancient roads which the earliest Montanists and their opponents traversed and gazing with wonderment at the spectacular scenery is not only inspir- ing but helps to explain why the New Prophecy, as Montanism was called originally, ourished in West-Central Phrygia. I am grateful to Peter Lampe, Vera Hirschmann, Robert Jewett, Richard Petrovszky, Bärbel Hanemann, Reinhard Stupperich, Ay-e Çalk-Ross, Jürgen Otto, Tabbernee_f1_i-xxxvii.indd ix 6/27/2007 4:54:06 PM x preface Richard Engle, David and Donna Killen, Hüsam Süleymangil, and the other members of our ‘Pepouza team’ for sharing their specialized skills with me in recent years. Richard Engle also prepared the three maps printed on the inside covers of this book. I am grateful to the many colleagues and friends who have read and commented on drafts of various parts of this book or on earlier versions of some of the material contained in the book. Special thanks are due to Timothy Barnes, Graeme Clarke, William Culican, Greg Horsley, Edwin Judge, and Kay Bessler Northcutt for helping me to avoid numer- ous potential historical and literary pitfalls. They, of course, bear no responsibility for any errors and inaccuracies this work still contains. Toni Imbler, Bethany Imbler Albrecht, and Victoria Fishel were my research assistants for this project, and I am thankful to them and to Sandy Shadley (director), Clair Powers (reference librarian), and other staff members of the Phillips Theological Seminary Library for track- ing down even the most obscure references. Julia Chastain, my secretary for more than fteen years and without whom it would have been impossible to continue my scholarly pursuits in the midst of demanding administrative responsibilities, has typed and re-typed countless drafts of the manuscript of this book. I thank her both for her technical expertise and for her patience with a boss who keeps tinkering with what he has already written and re-written and re-written again! The board of trustees of Phillips Theological Seminary, and espe- cially Dr. Chester Cadieux, the board’s chair, deserve special thanks for kindly granting me a sabbatical leave in the Fall Semester of 2006, enabling the completing of this book. I am delighted that this book is published in the Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae series, and I am grateful to Professor Jan Den Boeft for reading and accepting the manuscript on behalf of the editorial board. Special thanks are also due to Louise Schouten, Ivo Romein, Caroline van Erp, and the whole editorial staff at Brill for their excel- lent production of this book. My closest conversation partners during the past decade and a half have been my faculty colleagues at Phillips Theological Seminary. I dedicate this book to them with profound gratitude for the many ways in which they continue to enrich my life academically and personally. William Tabbernee October 6, 2006 Tabbernee_f1_i-xxxvii.indd x 6/27/2007 4:54:06 PM ABBREVIATIONS Ancient Authors and Works (Biblical, Apocryphal, and Pseudepigraphical Texts are abbreviated according to conventional standards) Act. Achat. Acta disputationis Achatii Act. Marcell. Acta Marcelli centurionis Act. Maximil. Acta Maximiliani Act. Paul. Acta Pauli Act. Perp. Acta Perpetuae et Felicitatis Act. procons. Acta proconsularia martyrii Cypriani Act. Troph. Acta Trophimi Ambrosiaster Comm. 2 Thess. Commentariorum in epistulam II ad Thessalonicenses Comm. 1 Tim. Commentariorum in epistulam I ad Timotheum Anastasius of Sinai Hod. Hodegus Aristides
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