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Medical Heritage of the National Palace of Mafra Medical Heritage of the National Palace of Mafra Medical Heritage of the National Palace of Mafra Edited by Maria do Sameiro Barroso, Christopher J. Duffin and Germano de Sousa Medical Heritage of the National Palace of Mafra Edited by Maria do Sameiro Barroso, Christopher J. Duffin and Germano de Sousa This book first published 2020 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2020 by Maria do Sameiro Barroso, Christopher J. Duffin, Germano de Sousa and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-4426-5 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-4426-0 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations ................................................................................... vii Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Christopher J. Duffin and Maria do Sameiro Barroso Chapter 1 .................................................................................................... 9 The National Palace of Mafra and King John V – some historical and medical insights António Trabulo Chapter 2 .................................................................................................. 24 Nursing and the Infirmary – From the All Saints Hospital to the Infirmary of the Mafra Monastery Germano de Sousa Chapter 3 .................................................................................................. 43 The Hospital during the construction of the Mafra Convent and the monastic “Botica” Maria do Sameiro Barroso Chapter 4 .................................................................................................. 59 Enema syringes from the Mafra Monastery Pharmacy Joaquim Figueiredo Lima and Maria do Sameiro Barroso Chapter 5 .................................................................................................. 75 An Eighteenth century hospital – The Infirmary rooms of the Convent of Mafra Isabel Yglesias de Oliveira Chapter 6 .................................................................................................. 90 The challenges of scholarly publications. A 17th century edition of Hippocrates and Galen Alain Touwaide vi Table of Contents Chapter 7 ................................................................................................ 109 Mirabilia Terapêutica in the Pharmacopea Tubalense: Bezoar stones Maria do Sameiro Barroso Chapter 8 ................................................................................................ 128 On the relevance of heart and venous valves in the eighteenth century João Martins e Silva Chapter 9 ................................................................................................ 141 Paracelsus and the dawn of clinical chemistry Carlos Lemos Chapter 10 .............................................................................................. 162 Medicinal Quartz: Crystallus or rock crystal Christopher J. Duffin Chapter 11 .............................................................................................. 205 Dragonstones: Myth, magic, medicine and material culture Rachael Pymm and Christopher J. Duffin Appendix: The Library of the Palace of Mafra and its contents ............. 257 Teresa Amaral Contributors ............................................................................................ 266 Index ....................................................................................................... 270 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Introduction Fig. 1. Library, interior of the National Palace of Mafra. The National Palace of Mafra and King John V – some historical and medical insights Fig. 1.1 The Mafra Convent, before 1755. First half of the eighteenth century. Author unknown. Fig. 1.2 Portrait of King John V of Portugal by Pompeo Batoni, eighteenth century. From the All Saints Hospital to the Infirmary of the Mafra Monastery Fig. 2.1. The Rossio Square (facing All Saints' Royal Hospital) and St. George Castle, prior to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. First half of the eighteenth century. Author: Unknown. Fig 2.2. Title page of Ruy Diaz de Isla. Tractado contra el mal serpentine. Sevilla 1539. Fig 2.3. Ivory syringe. End of the sixteenth century/ First half of the seventeenth century. Fig. 2.4. Jan Huygen Van Linschoten. A Ilha e Cidade de Goa Metropolitana da India E Partes Orientais que esta en 15 Graos da Banda da Norte (Goa, India, Malabar Coast, 1595). Fig 2.5. Mafra Convent Infirmary-right wing. Photo Archive of the National Palace of Mafra Fig. 2.6. Lisbon before the earthquake of 1755. Author: John Cause. London, 1755-1760. The Hospital during the construction of the Mafra Convent and the monastic “Botica” Fig. 3.1 Relief of the white stone pediment of the “Botica” with white stone pediment relief. Fig. 3.2 Mafra Museum. Table displaying artefacts of the “Botica”. Fig. 3a Drug jar for mercury pills. Fig. 3b Small albarello drug jar for spermaceti. Fig. 4 The Count of Chinchon receiving Cinchona-root from a Peruvian Indian. Fresco painting in the Ospedale di Santo Spirito, Rome. viii List of Illustrations Fig. 5a Quinine plant from medicinal plants by Robert Bentley, 1880. Fig. 5b Glass pharmacy jar for powdered quinine, Europe, 1601-1700. Enema syringes from the Mafra Monastery Pharmacy Fig. 4.1 Clysters syringes from the Mafra Museum. Fig. 4.2 “Jug, Spain, 1601-1700”. Fig. 4.3 Maya jar, eighth/ninth century AD, Guatemala. Fig. 4.4 “Les Remedes à tous maux: Le Tout Par Precaution”. Fig. 4.5 “Doctor dismissing death.” Hand-colored etching and aquatint, 1785. An 18th century hospital-The Infirmary rooms of the Convent of Mafra Fig. 5.1. Holy Field Chapel. Fig. 5.2. Infirmary Kitchen. Fig. 5.3. Mafra’s tableware. Fig. 5.4. Apothecary table (replica). The challenges of scholarly publications. A seventeenth century edition of Hippocrates and Galen Fig. 6.1. Title page of Renatus Charterius, Magni Hippocratis Coi et Claudii Galeni Pergameni Archiatron Universa quae extant opera, 1679. Mirabilia Terapêutica in the Pharmacopea Tubalense – Bezoar stones Fig. 7.1. Title page of Farmacopea Tubalense. Fig. 7.2a. The Basilisk in Topsell, 1658. Fig. 7.2b. The Regulus in Hudson, 1954. Fig. 7.3. Oriental bezoar mounted on Indo-Portuguese golden filigree pendant in the form of a fruit. seventeenth century. Távora Sequeira Pinto Collection (Oporto). Fig. 7.4. Bengcao 1st edition- 1590, page depicting bezoar stones from the following animals: Donkey, donkey hide glue (ejiao), E Well, horse bezoar (zhada), camel (tuo), like the wild camel, cow bezoar (niuhuang), dog bezoar (goubao) ('Bencao Gangmu -- C.16 Chinese materia medica, Bezoars, etc.' by Li Jianyuan (Ming period, 1368- 1644). Fig. 7.5. Two llama bezoars from Bolivia. Medical Heritage of the National Palace of Mafra ix Cardiac valves and blood circulation in the book by Feliciano Brandão, a surgeon of the eighteenth century Fig. 8.1. Francisco Joze Brandam, Instrucçaõ Breve sobre a Circulaçam do Sangue. Paracelsus and the dawn of clinical chemistry Fig. 9.1. Frontispiece of Avreolvs Philippvs Theophrastvs Bombast, Opera Omnia Medico-Chemico-Chirvrgica, 1658. Copy from the Mafra Palace Library. Fig. 9.2. Title page of Opera Omnia Medico-Chemico-Chirvrgica, 1658. Fig. 9.3. Preface to Chirvurgia Magna, 1536 where Paracelsus mentions his trip to Portugal. Fig. 9.4. Correspondence between Paracelsus and Erasmus of Rotterdam in Opera Omnia Medico-Chemico-Chirvrgica, 1658. Medicinal Quartz: Crystallus or rock crystal Fig. 10.1. Portrait of Jacques Manget (1652-1742). Fig. 10.2. Title page of Manget’s (1703) Bibliotheca pharmaceutico- medica. Fig. 10.3. Entry for Crystallus in Hortus Sanitatis (1491). Fig. 10.4. Specimen of Crystallus from the Corbyn Cabinet held by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society in London. Figure 10.5. Quartz amulet (Schreckstein), Bavaria circa 1800; M.30-1917 Victoria and Albert Museum. Fig. 10.6. Specimens of Euphorbium from the Corbyn Cabinet at the Royal Pharmaceutical Society Museum in London, Drawer 6, Row 2 cell number 5. Figure 10.7. Euphorbium from Weinmann (1739, No. 497). Fig. 10.8. Detail of a painting by Jan Van Noort (The National Museum, Gdansk, Inv. No. MNG/SD/289/M) showing a crystal teether in the hand of a small child. Dragonstones: Myth, magic, medicine and material culture Fig. 11.1. Portrait of Ulisse Aldrovandi by Pierre Roch Vignéron. Fig. 11.2. Serpentum et draconum historiae, frontispiece. Fig. 11.3. Aldrovandi, serpentum et draconum historiae, p. 379. Fig. 11.4. Aldrovandi, serpentum et draconum historiae, p. 420. Fig. 11.5. Carnelian sealstone. Fig. 11.6. Portrait of Pliny the Elder. Fig. 11.7. Portrait of Albertus Magnus. x List of Illustrations Fig. 11.8. Extraction of the Dragonstone, Hortus Sanitatis by Johannes de Cuba (1491). Fig. 11.9. British Library, Add. MS 11695, Beast of Revelation, f. 147v. Fig. 11.10. British Library, Royal MS 20 B XX, Alexander fighting against dragons with emeralds in their foreheads, f. 73r. Fig. 11.11. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, KK 1851, lapis lazuli cup. Fig. 11.12. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, KK 2014, prase bowl. Fig. 11.13. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, KK 1113, unicorn horn goblet. Fig. 11.14. Nautilus
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