sign in sign up
<<
Home , Chladni (crater), Freda Sandstone, Gusev crater (Russia), Hypophylloceras, Montagnais crater

Index [Italic page numbers indicate major references]

Abathomphalus mayaroensis, 473, extinction, 519 immiser, 468 509 range, 519 quadrilobus, 468 Abathomphalus mayaroensis Zone, , 39 reductus, 468 402, 405, 430, 511, 512, 515, ammonoids, 39, 519 reticulatus, 463, 464, 468 521 Amors, asteroids, 155,162 Aquilapollenites province, 433, 457 Abiespollenites microreticulatus, Anagaudryceras, 523 Aragonia 227 analogs, 374 aragonenis, 489 abiogenesis, 183 analyses velascoensis, 487 ablation, meteriote, 360 compilation-based, 4 aragonite compensation depth (ACD), abrasion, 545 instrumental neutron activation 531 Abyssamina poagi, 488 (INAA), 322 Arava Valley, 472 acid rain, 2, 134, 178, 268, 271, 186, outcrop-based, 5 arcs, volcanic, 102, 103 297, 374, 384, 386, 388, 405, percent calcium carbonate, 472 Arecipites, 452 419, 538, 546 planktonic foraminiferal, 472 arenites, 209 accretion rates Q-mode, 42 Areoligera senonensis, 277 cosmic iridium, 189 R-mode, 42 argon, 216 total chondritis 192 radiochemical neutron activation Arizona crater, 150 accumulations, vegetative, 542 (RNAA), 322 Arkhangelskiella ACD. See aragonite compensation time series, 9,10 cymbiformis, 473 depth Anapiculatisporites, 586 cymbiformis/specillata, 502 acid, nitric, 271 Anconodon, 551 Arrowhead Buttes, South Dakota, 440 Acuturris sootus, 502 angiosperms, 448, 451, 453, 459, arthropods, marine, 40 Ada, Oklahoma, 49 462, 465 artifacts, survivorship, 551 Adnatosphaeridium sp., 227 Angola Basin, 320 Artocarpus sp., 441 aerosols, 133, 269, 405, 538 Angulogavelinella caucasica, 532 Asama volcano, 100, 107 atmospheric, 268 , marine, 43 ash, 132, 133, 140, 332 atmospheric yield, 104 anomalies accumulation, 104 basaltic, 130 carbon-isotope, 61,64,66 beds, 53, 57 impact-generated, 263 duration, 404 deep-sea volcanic layers, 104 iridium-enriched, 130, 302 fern-spore abundance, 446, 451 deposits, 320 production, 99 geochemical, 309, 457, 465 fly, 363 sulfate, 132 gravity, 212 sulfur, 133 volcanic, 99, 100, 104, 321, 461, iridium, 2, 45, 46, 48, 51, 58, 66, sulfuric acid, 99, 100 499 111, 125, 127, 184, 189, 302, volcanic, 99, 100, 102, 107, 332 ash fall, 72 339, 364, 391, 404, 445, 446, aggregates, 350 assemblages 447, 448, 457, 458, 483, 497, Agost, Spain, 336, 349, 427 angiosperm pollen, 465 506, 532, 537, 595, 596, 607, Agung eruption, 100 footprint, 589 608, 613 Ahmullerella regularis, 474 fossil vertebrate, 541 long-term, 406 Aira tephra, 102 molluscan, 565 short-term, 407 Akahoya eruption, 106 nannofossil, 501 structure, 404 Akahoya tephra, 102 terminal , 448 Anomalina spissiformis, 488 Alaska, 100, 103 Tuscan shocked mineral, 592 Anomalinoides albedos, 171, 172 asterism, 322 comet, 166 midwayensis, 532, 533 asteroids, 46, 87, 155,173,184, 223, planetary, 100 welleri, 532, 533 229, 240, 297, 425, 546 Alberta, Canada, 350 Anomoepus, 589 Amors, 155,162 Aldan River, Siberia, 46 Antarctic Bottom Water, 492 Apollos, 155,162, 174, 177, 178, Aleutians, 103 Antarctic snow, 189 181, 255 algae, prasinophyte, 420 Antarctica, 193 Atens, 155,162, 169, 174, 177, Alisporites, 586 Anticosti Island, 47 178 alkalinity, 117, 119 Apatopus, 589 dust production, 264 Allende , 373 aphelion distance, 155 Earth collision probabilities, 162 Alphadon, 551 Apollos asteroids, 155, 162, 174, Earth-crossing, 155,158, 162, 168, Alvarez Asteroid impact, 264 177, 178, 181, 255 174, 177, 264 Alvine Luebke farm, 209 apparent polar wander (APW), 403 impact, 263 Ameghinichnus sp., 589 Appenines, Northern, 608, 613 population, 158 ammonites, 427, 429, 528, 538, 577, APW. See apparent polar wander rediscoveries, 162 578 Aquilapollenites, 448, 452, 465 Atens, asteroids, 155, 162, 169, 174, amicus, 468 177, 178 aragonitic, 417 attenuatus, 468 Atlantic Ocean diversity, 521 conatus, 459, 468 northern, 491 extinction levels, 523 delicatus collaris, 460, 468 South, 127 extinction, 126, 367, 427 delicatus delicatus, 468 Atlantic passive margin, 585

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 618 Index

atmosphere, volcanic eruptions, 99, biotite, 140, 608 era, 61, 68 104 bioturbation, 426, 479, 497, 506 geochemistry, 368 atmospheric blowout, 200 macroscopic, 321 mineralogy, 368, 3 72 atmopsheric chemistry, 271 biozonation, 613 /, 49 Atreipus, 589 biozones, 598 /, 47 attenuation, shock pressure, 308 planktic foraminiferal, 598 /, 49, 64, 132 Aumühle outcrop, 202, 204 birds, 550 Pliocene/, 41, 413 Austrian Alps, 336 Biscutum, 503 /, 46, 66 Austrian Salzkammergut, 577 castrorum, 503 sediment, 414 parvulum, 474 Silurian/, 47, 413 backscatter, 100 romeinii, 474, 566 stratigraphic, 414 backswamps, 551 sparsum, 483 Triassic/, 51, 577, 578, Baculites baculus Zone, 437, 441 spp., 474, 533 585, 590 Baculites cliasi Zone, 440 Bishop Tuff, 330 Upper Cambrian biomere, 47 Baculites clinolobatus Zone, 441 bivalves, 578 Bourgetecrinus, 419 Baculites cuneatus Zone, 439 marine, 39 Braarudosphaera, 64, 475, 505, 538, Baculites grandis Zone, 440 Bivalvia, 509 566 Baoquing quarry, Meishan, 49 blast, volcanic, 72 bigclowii, 533 barriers, discipline boundary crossing, Blomidon Formation, 51, 590 parvulum, 505 94 blowout, atmospheric, 200 romeinii, 475 Blue Lias Formation, 51 basalts, 401 brachiopods, 39, 538, 565, 578 Bobcat Butte, 437 eruptions, 581 Brachychirotherium, 589 Boise, Idaho, 80 flood, 19, 23, 132, 184, 402, 538 Braggs, Alabama, 565 flows, 56 bolides, 27, 58, 68, 71, 115, 223, Bratzevaea am ur ens is, 468 mid-ocean ridge (MORB), 53, 130 224, 229, 230, 340, 374 Brazos River, Texas, 1, 129, 415, 420, pristine, 141 by-products, 1, 2 427, 472, 475, 479, 502, 527, basement, crystalline, 196, 312 impact, 10, 31, 32, 68, 125, 153, 565, 566, 571 Basilemys, 551 343, 346, 416, 491, 536, 564, , 308 basins 567, 580, 590 allogenic, 235 lunar, 151 retained mass, 295 Bunte, 196, 202 rift, 585 Bolivina clastic, 196 Basque section, 404 incrassata crassa, 532 dike, 309 Basque Zumaya section, 405 incrassata incrassata, 532 mixed, 309 Bath Cliff section, Barbados, 609, plaita, 532 Brevicolporites colpella, 464, 468 612, 613 Bolivinoides Bribrosphaena daniae, 533 Batodon, 551 decoratus giganteas, 532 Brownie Butte, Montana, 336, 338, Batrachopus, 589 delicatulus, 487 542 deweyii, 589 draco draco, 485, 532, 533 bryozoans, 39, 129, 538 sp„ 589 bombardment Bug Creek area, 1, 545 Bay of Biscay region, 509, 511, 519, heavy, 183 Bug Creek channel sequence, 559 521, 523, 524 post-heavy, 185 Bug Creek problem, 559 Beachy Head, England, 53 Bombay Coast, 406 Bulimina simplex, 487, 489 Bear Formation, 439 bombs, melt-glass, 224 Buliminacea, 485, 489 bedrock, 209, 213 Bonarelli Anoxic Event, 51 buliminid, 489 crystalline, 213 Botryococcus, 418, 419, 421 Bunte , 196, 202 belemnites, 126 Bottaccione Gorge, 497 Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland, 46 Ben Gurion section, Israel, 472 boundaries, 411 burrows, 498, 501 benthic extinction, 483, 489, 492 Cambrian/Ordovician, 47 Bushveld Complex, 129, 152 Berwind Canyon, 53, 344, 447 Camian/Norian, 590 Biantholithus sparsus, 474, 476, 501, Cenomanian/Turonian, 51, 58 C. chipolensis Zone, 599, 602 chemistry, 372 502, 533 C. semiinvoluta Zone, 608 Bidart section, 511, 524 clay, 3, 49, 62, 117, 118, 127, 184, C. tennis Zone, 475 Big Badlands secton, 610 286, 319, 350, 394, 405, 418, calcisponges, 578 Bighorn Basin, 436, 439 446, 458, 535 calcite, 419 Bikini atoll, 202 Cretaceous/Paleogene, 541 prisms, 511 biomass, 391, 395, 397 Cretaceous/Tertiary, 1, 9, 19, 45, veins, 368 carbon, 396 53, 58, 61, 111, 117,126, 132, calcium carbonate, 257, 476, 479 dead forest, 82 301,319, 335,343,349,359, data, 476, 478, 498, 506, 534 global, 78 367, 391, 401,415, 417, 433, calderas incinerated, 256 457, 474, 475, 476, 497, 563 formation, 140 land, 388 carbon data, 3 94 Kikai, 107 live forest, 82 defined, 411 Long Valley, 131 marine, 383, 384, 388 marine, 364 Toba, 131, 304 production, 77 nonmarine, 364 Yellowstone, 131 reduction, 66 dating, 413 Callistopollenites, 460 biosphere, 388 defined, 411 radiatostriatus, 468 biostratigraphy, 321,473,509, 546 Devonian/, 49 Callovian Stage, 41, 43 nannoplankton, 472 discipline, 94 Cambrian, 46, 66 shell fragments, 509 Eocene/Oligocene, 595, 614 Cambrian/Ordovician boundary, 47

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 K/T boundary impact hypothesis and the paleontologicaI record61 9

Camparían eruption, 100 boundary, 372 coal, 209, 452, 460, 542, 546 Canada, 445 chemostratigraphy, 323 deposits, 447 western, 457 Chiasmolithus danicus, 533 lignite-grade, 542 Canning Basin, Australia, 48 Chihuahua Trough, 53 vitrinitic, 461 Cannonball Member, 434 China, South, 67 coccolithophorids, 426 Cape Basin, 320 Chirotherium, 589 coccoliths, 321, 418, 524 Cape Polkovnik, 235 Chispa Summit, 53 Cocculus flabella, 438 Caravaca, Spain, 127, 417, 419, 475, Chladni, E. F. F„ 149 Coconino Sandstone, 344 476, 498, 538, 566 chlorine, 108 Coelurosaurichnus, 589 spherules, 373 atomic, 108 , 234, 611 carbon, 132, 421, 566 chlorite, 321, 535 Colgate Member, 440 biomass, 396 chondrites, 72, 115 collisions detrital, 392 carbonaceous, 183, 374 extraterrestrial, 314 elemental, 392 type L, 178 probability, 163 fossil, 395 typett ordinary, 178 Colorado, 129 juvenile, 117 chondritic metals, 73 Colpectopollis, 586 metamorphic, 117 chondritic nickel, 72 Columbia River plateau, 106 organic, 384 chondrules, fluid-drop, 201, 202 combustion, 396 profiles, 392 Choristoceras, 577 global, 364 carbon dioxide, 117, 126, 133, 143 chromium, 421 natural, 363 atmospheric level, 417, 418, 421 Cibicides origin, 363 carbon-12, 62 kurganicus, 532, 533 Comet H alley, 166, 167, 171, 172, carbonates, 133, 213, 246, 303, 321, sp„ 534 264 326, 421, 477, 478, 483, 566 Cibicidoides Comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock, 167 deposition, 472 bembix, 532, 533 comets, 46, 173, 184, 223, 240, 264, biogenic, 532 hemicompressus, 533 295 marine, 209 spiropunctatus, 532, 533, 534 active, 166 carbonatites, 143 Cicatricosisporites delicatus, 227 albedo, 166 Carboniferous, 49 Cimolestes, 551 collision rate, 166 Carlile Shale, 209 Cimolodon, 551 double, 173 Carnian, 41 Cissites panduratus, 441 dust production, 264 Carnian/Norian boundary, 590 Cissus marginata, 437 Earth-crossing, 173, 177 Carnic Alps, Austria, 51 cladism, 5 flux, 155,166,173, 181 Carnisporites, 586 clams, 509 Halley, 166, 167, 171, 172, 264 Caroloameghiniidae, 558 clastics, 350 impact, 77, 153, 168, 183, 264, carriers, platinum group element, 372 red, 209 367 Cascades province, 103 clasts IRAS-Araki-Alcock, 167 Castle River, Alberta, 458, 459 transport, 544 long-period, 171, 172, 178, 297 catastrophes vitric, 338 nuclei, 223 global, 61, 84, 239 clay layer, 536, 566, 607 Oort cloud, 94, 125, 167, 171, 173, volcanic, 406, 451 boundary, 405, 446 174 catastrophists, 149 global, 271 P/Biela, 173 cathodoluminescence, 343 clays, 54, 320, 321, 339, 474, 475, P/Lexell , 173 quartz, 344 476, 477, 479, 499, 516, 567, short-period, 171, 172, 178, 255, causation, 590 580 297 cavity, transient, 211 boundary, 3, 49, 62, 117, 118, 127, showers, 2, 14, 23, 125, 171, 175, Celastrus taurenensis, 437 184, 286, 319, 350, 394, 405, 184, 224, 264, 374 Cenomanian, 51 418, 446, 458, 535 SP, 173 Cenomanian/Turonian boundary, 51, kaolinite, 339 storms, 87 58 laminae, 532 swarms, 46 Cenozoic, 413, 491 mineralogy, 535 competition, 4 Central Iowa arch, 209 partings, 532 condensates, 282 Cerithium Limestone, 419, 422 claystones, 335, 338 global fire, 284 Chiastozygus litterorius, 474 Clear Creek North site, 344 nitrous oxide production, 284 chalcophiles, 332, 405 , Quebec, 235, 322 rock vapor, 285 terrestrial, 127 climate, 31, 580 spherule beds, 284 chalks, 363, 473, 521, 531 change, 127 temperatures, 283 facies, 523 short-term change, 99 Condrites, 505 nannofossil, 499, 505 clinopyroxene, 608 cones, shatter, 234, 303, 308, 310, white, 419, 420, 532 clouds 311 Chancet Rocks, 392 eruption-type, 204 conifers, 453 Changxing, China, 64 giant molecular (GMCs), 174 conodonts, 2, 578 channel thalwegs, 542, 546 hemispherical gas, 278 contamination, 370, 406, 498 channels, 543,545 high-altitude dust, 263 extraterrestrial, 271 charcoal, 363, 392, 394, 397 interesteller, 15 Contessa section, 610, 613 source, 395 vapor, 247, 256 Contessa sequence, 608 Charlevoix, 307 vapor-plume, 340 Contessa Valley, 497, 608 chemistry, 235, 319, 329, 351 coagulation, 3 94 continental break up, 407 Coal Valley, Alberta, 458, 459 atmospheric, 271 Converrucosisporites, 586

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 620 Index

cooling, 323, 607 349,383, 391, 401,412,417, perturbation, 117 climatic, 100, 564, 580 425,433,457, 497, 491,521, Deccan volcanism, 22, 68, 117, 388, dust-induced, 268 563 401,406, 421, 538 global, 133, 178, 263, 398, 538, quiet interval, 15, 20, 132 age, 402 596 Cretaceous/Paleogene, 541 duration, 402 land surface, 265, 267 Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, 1, 9, 19, decompression, 14, 144 surface, 100 45, 53, 58, 61, 111, 117,126, sustained, 140 Copernican craters, 167, 305 132, 301,319, 335,343,349, Deflandrea phosphoretica, 227 copper, 72 359,367,391,401,415,417, deformation, 209, 311 corals, 37, 578, 581 433, 457, 474, 475, 476, 497, episodes, 309 core, 21 550, 563 planar, 303 Corollina meyeriana, 586 Cribrosphaerella plastic, 322 Coryphostoma incrassata, 485, 490 daniac, 502 shock, 305, 319, 322, 329, 332, Corystospermaceae, 579 ehrenbergi, 474 405, 406, 580 coupling, magnetic, 21 Cruciplacolithus, 503, 504 degassing, 102, 105, 107, 108, 114, Cranwellia edwardsii, 533 117, 134, 216, 240 edmontonensis, 468 primus, 476, 503, 506, 533 Deltoidospora, 586 rumseyensis, 468 tenuis, 476, 503 Deltoispora hallei, 227 craterages, 11 tenuis zone, 533 demagnetization, 360 cratering, 195 crust Denmark, 472, 476 efficiency, 241 continental, 14, 127, 184, 186, 355 density, body-fossil, 516 fluxes, 176, 185 fusion, 373 deposition impact periodicity, 9 oceanic, 184, 186, 349, 354, 355 net, 544 lunar, 176 , 209, 301,310 rapid, 414 Mars, 189 crystallites, 419 deposits Mercury, 189 crystallization, 143 anoxic, 581 , 176, 183, 185 instantaneous, 142 ash, 320 rates, 171, 178,184 crystals, 140 carbonate, 472 record, 181, 183, 185, 189 euhedral, 359 channel, 559 craters, 11, 87, 131, 150, 152, 153, magnesioferrite, 339, 340, 364 coal, 447 168, 181, 182, 186, 234, 252, skeletal, 359 distal levee, 542 305, 336 spinel, 359 flood-plain, 542, 545 Arizona, 150 Culpeper Basin, 589 fluvial, 542 basement, 309 Cuneatisporites, 586 glacial, 208, 311 Copernican, 167, 305 curves ignimbrite, 203 density, 181 distribution, 182 impact-melt, 203 diameter, 186 extinction, 229 point bar, 542 ejecta, 197 kill, 28, 31, 32 posteruption dome, 304 form, 305 rarefaction, 485 toe-of-point bar, 542 formation, 196 Cyclagelosphaera reinhardtii, 503 volcanic, 304 Gusev, 235 Cyclaster danicus, 534 volcanic-ash, 130 high-explosive, 308 Cyclonephelium distinctum, 227 Desmophyllites, 523 impacts, 9, 10, 11, 87, 131, 150, Cylagelosphaera detritus, 349 152, 153, 168, 181, 186, 234, margerelii, 533 detritus feeders, 4, 481, 491 305, 336 reinhardtii, 533 Kamensk, 235 Devon Island, Canada, 307, 344 Kara, 131, 228, 233,237 Devonian, 49 lunar, 151, 176 dacites, calc-alkaline, 140 Devonian/Carboniferous, 49 Manicouagan, 580 Dakota Formation, 209 diagenesis, 498 Manson, 126 darkness, global, 134, 153, 178, 263, diamonds, 143 Messier, 252 398, 538 diapir, 132 Meteor, 151, 344 data, paleomagnetic, 402 magmatic, 134 Montagnais, 28, 131 debris diatoms, 426, 538 Moon, 14, 178 clastic, 309 diatreme, 310 morphology, 310 clouds, 195, 196, 200, 204 Dicotylophyllum anomalum, 438 production, 168 cosmic, 189 Dictyonema, 47 Ramgarh, 404 lithic, 309 flabelliforme, 47 Ries, 28, 131, 195 orbital injection, 258 Dictyophyllidites, 586 saturation, 182 organic, 551 dieback, 82 secondary, 197 surge, 197 diffusion, 143 sizes, 184 decay, shock pressure, 308 dikes, breccia, 309,310 , 198, 204 Deccan eruptions, 538 dinocysts, 388, 418 terrestrial, 150, 184, 305 Deccan flood basalt, 56, 57, 58, 103, dinoflagellates, 321, 426, 491, 538 transient, 22, 184, 306 130 dinosaurs, 421, 551, 564 Ust-Kara, 131, 228, 233,237 Deccan-Reunion chain, 22 eggs, 421 craton, Indian, 404 Deccan Traps, 9, 22, 117, 130, 132, extinction, 126, 367, 545, 549, 564 Crazy Mountain Basin, 436, 439 256, 332, 340, 401, 538, 580 Diplomoceras labmi, 527 Cretaceous, 1, 9, 19, 27, 45, 53, 61, basalts, 111, 114 Disc oast er 117, 301, 309, 319, 335, 343, emissions, 120 lodoensis, 226 lavas, 143 multiradiatus, 483

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 K/T boundary impact hypothesis and the paleontologicaI record 621

discontinuities, 11 curtain, 198 magnitude, 100 Discoscaphites cheyennensis, 441 deposits, 203 Minoan, 102 disease, 4 dust, 388 Mount St. Helens, 72, 100, 142, Disko Island, West Greenland, 363 fallout, 384 386 dispersal, global, 73 impact, 195, 351 Nevada del Ruiz, 105 dissipation, core, 20 plume, 272, 285 plinian, 140 dissolution, 418 reentry, 255, 272, 280 sulfur yield, 106 distribution curves, 182 solid, 290 Tambora, 100, 106, 108, 190 Dob's Linn, Scotland, 47 volcanic, 304 Tarawera, 104 Dombeyopsis trivialis, 437, 441 ejection Toba, 100, 101, 105, 107, 131, Dorothia trochoides, 487 atmospheric, 291 337, 386, 388 Douglasville, Pennsylvania, 589 hyperbolic, 174 volcanic, 99, 337, 538, 590 Dryophyllum Ekalaka, Montana, 436, 440 volcanic arc, 108 subfalcatum, 437 Ekman-Hartmann layer, 21 Etra volcano, 106 tennesseensis, 441 El Chichon eruption, 105, 133 Eubaculites, 523 DSDP Site 21, 511 El Kef, Tunisia, 1, 2, 62, 66, 126, 427, Europe, northern, 523 DSDP Site 94, 602 472, 475, 476, 479, 490, 498, evaporation, 492 DSDP Site 111, 511, 512, 516 502, 538, 566, 571, 572 events DSDP Site 208, 490 elasmobranchs, 551 calcium carbonate, 471 DSDP Site 284, 104 Elendgraben, 394 cratering, 195 DSDP Site 356, 505 Elverum, Norway, 396 duration of Cretaceous/Tertiary, 388 DSDP Site 363, 602 emissions era-boundary, 66 DSDP Site 384, 498 aerosol, 130, 581 erosional, 471 DSDP Site 483, 62 carbon dioxide, 117 faunal, 471 DSDP Site 516F, 498 Deccan Traps, 188 /Famennian, 47 DSDP Site 524, 66, 359, 505 sulfur, 133 mass extinction, 577 DSDP Site 525A, 498 volatile, 133, 538 terminal Cretaceous, 445 DSDP Site 527, 75, 319, 498 volcanic, 111, 118, 537 Exogyra, 126 chemistry, 319 wildfire soot, 77 expansion mineralogy, 319 endemism, 519 gas, 299 DSDP Site 530, 511, 516 environment gas cloud, 292 DSDP Site 538, 472 explosions DSDP Site 577, 62, 359, 472, 497 fallout effects, 386 chemical, 142 DSDP Site 592, 613 global, 77, 263 fireball, 152 DSDP Site 605, 395 marine, 386 gas, 310 DSDP Site 612, 602, 611 Eocene, 607,611 DSDP Site 690, 498 early, 481 nuclear, 77, 78, 142, 196, 336 dust, 80, 237, 421 later, 595, 602, 608 Tunguska, 189 accumulation, 104 Eocene/Oligocene boundary, 595, 614 wave, 189 airborne, 416 Eoglobigerina, 475 exsolution, 142 asteroid, 264 eobulloides, 483 volatile, 143 cloud, 207, 448 fringa, 483 extensions, submarine, 538 comet, 264 pentagona, 478 extinction horizons, 426, 446, 448 ejecta, 388 episodicity, 103 apparent, 427 glass, 340 era boundaries, 61, 68 real, 427 Erdtmanipollis procumbentiformis, extinction patterns, 35, 41, 43, 389, global coverage, 265 468 509, 565 injection, 265 Ericaceoipollenites ralius, 468 asynchronous, 302 loading, 268 Ericsonia spp., 476 extended, 302 production, 264, 265 erosion, 14, 311, 475, 479 simulation, 29 volcanic, 100 atmospheric, 289 extinction peaks, 41, 425 differential, 306 extinctions, 23, 223, 388, 465, 510, Earth sediment, 472 538, 549, 589 crater production, 168 eruptions accelerated, 125, 564 cratering rate, 176, 185 Agung, 100 ammonite, 126, 367, 427, 519, 523 emerging life, 183 Akahoya, 106 analysis, 4 heavy bombardment, 186 Asama, 107 background, 30 magnetic field, 14, 20 atmospheric impact, 99 benthic, 483, 489, 492 East Clearwater Lake, 307 basaltic, 332, 581 Big Five, 3 echinoderms, 40 caldera-forming, 140 catastrophic, 1, All, 428 echinoids, 534, 538 catastrophic, 140 cause, 27 ecosystems catastrophic volcanic, 406, 451 Cretaceous/Tertiary, 425, 549 forest, 77, 78, 84 continental, 10 Cretaceous/Tertiary precursor, 428 marine plankton, 570 El Chichon, 105, 133 curve, 229 Eiffellithus turriseifelli, 474 explosive volcanic, 100, 140, 142 diachronous, 417 Ein Mor section, Israel, 472, 474 flood basalt, 10, 14, 46, 107 differential, 551 ejecta, 78, 196, 201, 208, 240, 258, Galunggung, 190 dinosaur, 67, 126, 367, 545, 549, 337, 343, 346, 388, 394, 398 intensity, 100 564 blanket, 2 81 Katmal, 100 family, 3 crater, 197 Laki, 99, 104, 106, 107, 118, 132 foraminifera (benthic), 485

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 622 Index

fossil record, 29 Fishclay, 128, 129, 418, 419, 524, Furio, Italy, 359 gradual, 1, 19, 127, 427, 428, 434 532 fusinite, 364, 391 impact-driven, 1 Flagstaff Rim section, Wyoming, 610 Inoceramus, 509, 510, 516 flint fragments, 532 G. cerroazulensis Zone, 612, 614 intensity, 34 flood basalts, 19, 23, 132, 184, 402, G. ganserri/A. mayaroensis zonal marine realm, 425, 607 538 boundary, 516, 517 mass, 1, 9, 20, 30, 71,93, 125, causes, 22 Gabbs Formation, 581 132, 171, 223, 227, 263, 287, impacts, 22 Galunggung eruption, 190 289, 297, 367, 425, 448, 481, periodicity, 9 Garfield County, 549 492, 561, 563, 564, 566, 577, floodplains, 545, 546 gases, toxic, 81, 84 581, 603, 607, 608 floras, terrestrial, 595 gastropods, 39, 538, 578 models, 428 flows Gavelinella nannofossils, 565 heat, 407 beccaniformis, 487, 491 Paleocene/Eocene, 491 ignimbrite, 203 danica, 532 palynofloral, 457 lava, 14 grandis, 533 percentages, 34, 35 pyroclastic, 140 hyphalus, 487 periodic, 33 Roza, 133 geochemistry, 533 physical causes, 31 tholeiitic, 590 boundary, 368 plankton, 126, 134 fluxes trace-element, 367 plant microfossil, 446 cometary impact, 171 geochronology, 207, 213, 402, 607 radiolarian, 126 comets, 155,166,173, 181 geology, 207, 305 reptile, 126 cratering, 176, 185 geophysics, 207,211 selective, 72, 531 impact, 27, 240 Gering Formation, 610 species, 596 iridium, 114 Germany, 131 stepwise, 2, J, 127, 405, 427, 434, oceanic, 118 Gettysburg Basin, 589 442, 448, 608 riverine, 118 Ghareb Formation, 473, 474 taxic, 600, 603, 604 fog, dry, 99 Ghats, western, 402 food reserves, 82 Gilbert, Grove Karl, 150 facies, patterns, 543 footprint assemblages, 589 Glasbuis, 551 Falkland Plateau, 489 foraminifera, 36, 134, 418, 476, 478 glass, 87, 99, 322 fallout benthic, 62, 426, 481,482,485, basaltic, 210 effects, 386 487, 490, 492 bombs, 197, 198, 201, 202 ejecta, 384 benthonic, 531, 538 diaplectic, 303, 304 Famennian, 47 plank tonic, 62, 224, 321, 368, 473, dust, 340 Fasciculithus sp., 533 479, 491, 534, 538, 566, 571, fragments, 200 Fasciculithus tympaniformis Zone, 572, 573, 595, 611 impact, 235, 250, 361 533 planktic, 4, 126, 426, 595, 604 melt, 339, 340 faults, normal, 209 forests mineral, 308 fauna biomass, 82 quartz, 303 benthic, 492 ecosystems, 77, 78, 84 Ries, 196 benthic foraminiferal, 485 global, 78 silica, 337 marine, 41 seasonal kill effects, 80 spherules, 210, 202 Midway-type, 490 wildfires, 78, 82 glauconite, 608 terrestrial, 595 Fort Union Formation, 434, 436, 437, Glendive, Montana, 440 Velasco-type, 490 439, 440, 541 global warming, 389 feldspar, 304, 321, 350 sedimentation rate, 544 global wildfires, 83, 178 clastic, 354 fossil carbon, 395 global winter, 2 grains, 329, 338 fossil record, 45, 87, 171 Globigerina microcline, 312 extinction, 29 ampliapertura, 602 plagioclase, 354 fossils, vertebrate, 559 edita, 474 fems, 453 Hills Formation, 440 eugubina, 368, 566, 571 spike, 446, 451, 587 Fox Hills sea, 436 fringa, 474, 533, 536 spores, 451, 565 fractionation, 112, 115 moskvini, 478 Ficus artocarpoid.es, 437 photosynthetic, 62 pseudobulloides, 533, 534, 536 fire fountains, 107, 108 fragile grains, 354 Globigerinatheka, 599, 602 fireballs, 75, 202 fragmentation, 241 semiinvoluta, 596, 602 debris, 374 fragments, meteoritic, 309 Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta Zone, explosion, 152 Frasnian, 47 596, 598, 599, 602, 603, 611, layer, 340 Freda Sandstone, 310 614 Revelstoke, 3 74 Frenchman Valley, Saskatchewan, 458 globigerinellids, 572 fires, 388, 389 , global hard, 84 Globigerinelloid.es delayed, 397 Frutexites, 48, 49 area, 532 effects, 398 fuel, 396 asper, 532 forest, 395 fumaroles, 106 Globocassidulina subglabosa, 488 global, 284, 391 fumes Globoconusa global hazard, 83 ash-laden, 112 conusa, 474, 475, 478, 479, 571 post-nuclear forest, 397 volcanic, 115 daugjergensis zone, 533, 534, 536 fish bones, 532 Fundy basin, Nova Scotia, 51, 588, Globorotalia fish scales, 532 590 inconstans, 476, 478

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 K/T boundary impact hypothesis and the paleontologicaI record 623

pseudobulloides, 475, 478 Hedbergella monmouthensis, 32 illite/smectite layer, 535 compressa, 478 hedbergellids, 572 ilmenite, 336 Globotruncana Hell Creek area. United States, 434, Imbrium Basin, 151 area, 532 436, 438, 451 , 322 morozovae, 532 palynomorphs, 437 impactors, silicate, 295 stuarti, 532 Hell Creek Formation, 436, 437, 439, impacts, 11,19, 27, 71, 78,147,151, Globotruncana ganserri Zone, 511 440, 541, 546, 550, 558 153, 184, 207, 233, 263, 309, Glossopteridaceae, 579 sedimentation rate, 544 595, 614 Glyptostrobus europaeus, 438 sedimentation system, 544 Alvarez Asteroid, 264 GMC. See giant molecular cloouds Henbury, Australia, 152 analogs, 3 74 gneiss, 208, 311 Hendaye section, 511, 524 angles, 240, 241, 243, 250, 253, goethite, 321 Heterochefix globolusa, 532 258 Gosses Bluff, 305, 307, 308 heterohelcids, 483, 572 asteroid, 19, 77, 78, 263, 367, 442, goyasite, 339 Heterohelix 565 Grallator, 589 globulosa, 571, 572 atmospheric chemistry, 271 Graneros Shale, 209 heterohelix, 571 atmospheric erosion, 290 granite, 141, 209, 311 striata, 570 bolide, 10, 31, 32, 68, 125, 153, Granulatisporites, 586 High Plains, 610 343, 346, 416, 491, 536, 564, graupen, 339, 340 Holmes, Arthur, 413 567, 580, 590 gravity anomaly, 212 Homo sapiens, 67 comets, 77, 153, 168, 183, 264, Great Plains, northern, 433, 435 Hoploscaphites 367 Greenhorn Limestone, 209 nebrascensis, 441 craters, 9, 10, 11, 87, 131, 150, Greenhorn Sea, 53 nicolletti Zone, 440 152, 153, 168, 181, 186, 234, greenhouse effect, 117, 122, 268, 389, Hor HaHar section, Israel, 472, 474 305, 336 398, 417 horizons crises, 94 Greenland ice cap, 193 bio-event, 45 debris, 367 Greenland ice cores, 107 biological crisis, 58 distribution, 305 Greenland section, James Land, 65 hard ground, 532 ejecta, 195, 351 Gubbio, Italy, 1, 53, 129, 319, 330, soil, 542 enviromental effects, 383 395, 472, 489, 497, 608, 610, hornblende, 140 extraterrestrial, 498, 571 613 Hornibrookina, 503, 504, 505 fallout, 536 Guembelitria, 475, 476, 477, 479 edwardsii, 502 flux, 27, 240 cretacea, 475, 476, 477, 566, 567, hot spots, 11,102, 108, 115, 130, glasses, 235, 250, 361 571, 572 132 high-velocity, 272 danica, 475, 571 Hawaiian, 103 hypervelocity, 257, 302 trifolia, 475, 476, 477 islands, 23 hypotheses, 1, 207, 335, 425, 538, guembelitrids, 572 House Range, Utah, 47 549, 566, 604 Guizhou Province, 49 Hubei Province, 49 Iron Asteroid, 264 Gulf Coast region, 521 Hutton, James, 147 large, 271,289 Gulf of St. Lawrence, 47 hydrosphere, 388 large-body, 11, 14, 27, 51, 53 Gulf Plain, 523 Hypophylloceras ramosum, 524 low-angle, 256 , 235 hypotheses Manson, 208 Gwyneddichnium, 589 catastrophic, 551 melt sheet, 306 gymnosperms, 448, 453 bolide imact, 111, 125 melts, 184, 201, 235, 250, 361 Gypsonictops, 551 boundary impact, 563 meteorite, 68, 147, 153, 301, 309, gypsum, 209 comet-shower, 23, 178 405, 607 Gyroidinoides quadratus, 487 competitive replacement, 590 Montagnais, 227 dissolution 418 multiple, 355, 498 habitats, 551 extinction events, 33 near-vertical, 258 Haiti, 2 impact, 1, 207, 335, 425, 538, 549, nitric acid amount, 272 Halifax, Nova Scotia, 224 566, 604 nitrous oxide, 271 Halley's Comet, 166, 167, 171, 172, large-body impact, 45 oblique, 239, 241, 252, 253, 258, 264 multiple interaction, 531 274, 286 halloysite, 364 Nemesis, 87 Orcus Patera, 252 halogen, 108, 118, 126, 132, 133 null, 589 periodicity, 9 Hanzawaia ekblomi, 532 oceanic impact, 349 probability, 172 Haughton Dome, 307 scavenging, 386 process, 147 Haughton , 344 volcanic, 340, 401 Pucheezh-Katunki, 228 Hawaii, 23 wildfire, 465 rates, 172, 240 Hawaiian-Emperor chain, 103 research, 93 Hawaiian hot spot, 103 ice, dry, 244, 257 signatures, 335 Hawaiian volcanoes ice ages, 20, 22 single oceanic, 349 iridium. 111 ice caps, polar, 21 site, 398 trace-metal enrichments, 111 Iceland, 99, 107 Small Asteroid, 264 heat budget, global, 417 ignimbrites, 140, 203, 337 spherules, 607 heat flow, 407 ignition structures, 224, 233, 237, 305 Earth's interior, 417 mechanisms, 398 terminal, 383, 610 heavy bombardment period, 183 problem, 397 terminal Eocene, 607 late, 176, 177 illite, 321, 535 theory, 1

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 624 Index

vaporization, 256 Jacksonwald syncline, 586, 590 language, technical, 95 vertical, 244, 253 James Land, Italy, 65 Lapideacassis sp., 503 volcanic eruptions, 99 Japan volcanic arc, 103 lapilli, accretionary, 199, 200, 204 imprints, leaf, 565 Japan, 100 Late Cretaceous, 233, 417, 481, INAA. See instrumental neutron jargon, 95 521 activation analysis jarosite, 364 Late Devonian, 47 inclusions, crystalline, 196 Jiangsupollis, 460 , 176, 177 Indian cration, 404 major, 459, 468 latitude, high southern, 497 Indonesia, 100 Judy Creek, Alberta, 458, 459, 461, Lattengebirge section, Bavaria, 129, infall 465 363 cosmic-dust, 191 Jupiter, 174 Laue spots, 322 iridium, 193 Jurassic, 51,585 lava flows, 14 South Pole iridium, 192 lavas, 56, 130, 402 injection, orbital, 257 Kamensk crater, 235 Deccan Traps, 143 Inoceramidae, 429, 509 Kamptnerius magnificus, 502 Hawaiian tholeiitic, 57 inoceramids, 430, 509 kaolinite, 321, 339 Lazarus effect, 560 Inoceramus, 213, 509, 517 Kara crater, 131, 228, 233, 237 leaching, 546 extinction, 509, 510, 516 Kara , age, 236 lead, 72 instabilities, mantle-core, 46 Kara impact structure, 234 Lemna scuta, 438 instrumental neutron activation Kara River, 235 Lenticulina sp., 571 analysis (INAA), 322 Kara Sea, 235 Lentinia sp., 227 interval, quiet, 15, 20, 132 Karlstrup Quarry, 419 Lepidopteris, 579 intrusions, 103 Karoo volcanics, 581 Leptopecopites pocockii, 468 carbonatite, 10 Katmal eruption, 100 Lesser Antilles, 103 kimberlite, 10 Kendelbach, Austria, 51, 580 lightening strikes, 84 invertebrates, marine, 565 Kendelbach Formation, 51 lignite, 437 Iowa, 126, 311, 355 Kendelbach graben, 577 Liliacidites complexus, 468 IRAS-Araki-Alcock Comet, 167 kerogen, 383, 384, 391 Lilstock Formation, 51 iridium, 2, 56, 111, 117, 127,130, resistant, 392 limestones, 196, 367, 511, 516, 531, 184, 190, 224, 236, 256, 263, Kessel, Ries, 152 531, 580, 581, 608 271, 289, 297, 301, 309, 323, Kiaman, quiet interval, 15 reef, 580 332, 338, 340, 341, 349, 350, Kikai caldera, 107 lithic fragments, 140 361, 367, 368, 385, 394, 405, Kilauea volcano, 57, 106, 111, 112, lithosphere, 14, 132, 134, 407 416, 421, 445, 446, 458, 487, 114, 130, 132, 536 Lithraphidites quadratus, 473 498, 505, 506, 563, 565, 566, kill curve, 28, 31, 32 loess, 545 590, 607 kill effects, seasonal, 80 Long Normal Superchron, 406, 407 abundance patterns, 45 kill mechanisms, 71, 73, 77 Long Valley caldera, 131 accretion rate, 189 primary, 132 Lord Howe Rise, 490 anomalies, 2, 45, 46, 48, 51, 58, kills, depressed-temperature, 78 Lorisporites, 586 66, 111, 125, 127, 184, 189, kimberlites, 143 Lucky Peak Nursery, Idaho, 80 302, 339, 364, 391, 404, 445, kinetics, crystallizatinon, 412 Ludlow Member, 436, 438, 440 446, 447, 448, 457, 458, 483, Kitchinites sp., 527 lunar basins, 151 497, 506, 532, 537, 595, 596, Kj0lbgaard, 419 lunar cratering, 176 607, 608, 613 Klonk, Czechoslovakia, 47 concentration, 1, 536 , 151 Kossen Formation, 51, 578, 580 cosmic, 189 lunar impact record, 240 Krakatau Island, 451 deposition, 319 lunar mare, 182, 184 Kurtzipites, 452, 453 distribution, 535 Lyell, Charles, 148 circularis, 463, 468 element ratios, 115 Lynn Creek, 307 tripissatus, 459, 468 flux, 114 Kyrtomisporis, 586 Maastrichtian Stage, 519, 521 Hawaiian volcanoes. 111 Kyzylsay River, 531 late, 492 minerology, 536 macrofossils, 426 peaks, 498, 505, 506, 537 Laevigaosporites sp., 464 macroorganisms, 126 spikes, 330, 392, 497, 498, 505, Lagerstätten, 40, 41 magma chamber 506, 571, 612 Lake Superior, 307, 310 pressures, 141 iron, amorphous, 336 Laki eruption, 99, 104, 106, 107, 118, replenishment, 143 Iron Asteroid impact, 264 132 magma, 99, 104, 106, 107, 143 iron , 152 lamellae, 304, 305 chemical composition, 108 island chains, formation, 22 planar, 234, 343 intermediate, 108 island/seamont chains, 13 pressure, 224 output, 107 islands quartz shcok, 330, 591 production rates, 102, 103 hot spot, 23 shock, 322, 336, 337, 338, 343, silicic, 107, 108, 140 volcanic, 22 607 trachytic, 108 isotopes tectonic, 330, 337 magmatism, 153 carbon, 533, 536 laminae, clay, 532 magnesioferrite, 338, 340, 359, 364 oxygen, 472, 533, 536 lamproites, 143 origin, 360 Israel, 363, 472, 473, 475 Lance Creek, Wyoming, 434, 436, magnetite metasomatism, 209 440, 447, 451, 452 magnetization, 214 Jacksonwald Basalt, 586 Lance Formationn, 439, 440 reversed, 402

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 K/T boundary impact hypothesis and the paleontologicaI record 625

Maidiping section, Sichuan Province, research, 93 microstructures, shock, 322 46 selectivity, 4 microtektites, 595, 596, 602, 607, mammals, survivorship, 561 Massignano section, 608, 610, 613 608, 611, 614 Mancicorpus Maud Rise, 330, 482, 488, 491, 492, Micula gibbus, 468 498, 503 decussata, 473 notabile, 459, 468 Mauna Loa volcano, 112, 405 mura, 524, 525 tripodiformis, 460, 468 enrichment factors, 112 murus, 533 Mangyshlak chalks, 531 iridium fluxes, 114 prinsii, All, 524, 525, 526, 533 Mangyshlak Peninsula, USSR, 420, McCone County, 549, 559 Micula prinsii Zone, 473, 475 531,536 McCoy Brook Formation, 588, 589 Midcontinent Rift System, 209 Mangyshlak sections, 536 McWhae Ridge, 48 Middle Jurassic, 41, 42 Manicouagan, Quebec, 307 mechanisms mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), 53, Manicouagan crater, 580 depressed-temperature kill, 77 130 Manicouagan event, 228 mechanisms, extinction, 178, 287 migration, upward, 127 Manicouagan structure, 590 mechanisms, ignition, 398 mineral fragments, 200 Manitoba, 53 mechanisms, kill, 71,73, 77 mineral grains, 607 Manson, Iowa, 208 mechanisms, seasonal kill, 77 shock-deformed, 302, 497, 563 Manson 2-A core, 209, 214 mechanisms, seed stock kill, 71 mineral melting, 303 , 126 mechanisms, temperature-determining, mineralogy, 319, 367 Manson event, 131, 208 417 boundary, 368, 372 Manson impact structure, 207, 302, Meeteetse Formation, 439 clay, 535 310, 311,355 megabreccias, 235 minerals geochronology, 207, 213 megafloras, 433, 435 igneous, 608 geology, 207 Maramarth zones, 439 shock-metamorphosed, 446 geophysics, 207, 211 Meishucun section, China, 46 shocked, 131, 302, 304, 314, 319, gravity model, 312 melt glass, 339, 340 405, 406, 537, 565, 591, 607 reflection seismic data, 313 melt rock, 224 spinel-group, 336 mantle, 21, 22, 184, 407 melt sheet, 309, 339 Minoan eruption, 102 convection, 407 impact, 306 Mississippian, 49 convective flow, 14 melting Mississippian/Pennsylvania, 49 D-layer, 126, 131, 132 decompressive, 22, 23 mobile, primum, 401 deep, 143 mineral, 303 models iridium, 404 partial, 23, 224 plumes, 11, 131 acid-rain, 287 whole-rock, 303 reservoirs, 186 asteroid impact, 374 melts, 78, 105, 224, 309 upper, 23, 57, 129 atmospheric mass, 279 Maorites densicostatus, 527 impact, 184, 201, 235, 250, 361 Buerk-Wanke, 21 mare, lunar, 182, 184 partial, 23 comet-shower, 20 Marianas arc, 103 Melvius, 551 end-Cretaceous simulations, 120 Markalius inversus, 503, 533 Mercury, 181, 182, 305 endogenous, 126 marls, 363, 367, 368, 473, 474, 511, cratering record, 183 exploding silicic magma chamber, 516, 531, 532, 608 volcanism, 184 142 boundary, 368, 374, 418 Mesodma, 551 explosion, 299 Marmarth megafloral zonation, 439 Mesozoic, 413, 531 explosive basaltic eruption, 143 Marmarth region, North Dakota, 436 Messier crater, 252 extinction, 428 Marquez Dome, Texas, 307 metaquartzites, 337 gas expansion, 299 Mars, 182, 203, 251, 305 Metasequois occidentalis, 438 general circulation, 263 cratering record, 183 metasomatism, magnetite, 209 geochemical cycle, 118 impact record, 240 , Arizona, 151, 344 gradualist, 388 plains, 182, 229 meteorites, 128, 149, 373 gravity, 312 ablation, 360 soil, 203 impact, 20, 23, 127, 302, 312 Allende, 373 volcanism, 184 isotope fractionation, 61 H-chrondite, 87 marsupials, 551 mantle convection, 22 impact, 301, 309 Marsypiletes cretaceus, 468 mantle plume, 13 iron, 152, 224 Martha's Vineyard, 67 Muller-Morris, 20 , 373 mass, atmospheric, 294 multiple bolide, 374 Micrantholithus, 475 mass extinctions, 1, 9, 20, 30, 71, 93, numerical, 258 Microbiotheriidae, 551 125, 132, 171, 223, 227, 263, Pal-Creer, 20 microcline, shocked, 215 287, 289, 297, 367, 425, 448, plume, 126,134 microfauna, 498, 537 481, 492, 561, 563, 564, 566, plume-related, 24 577, 581, 603, 607, 608 calcareous, 532 radiative-convective atmospheric, breath, 3 microfossils, 426, AA1 263 deep sea, 481 planktic, 2 , 139 defined, 2 plant, 445, 453 33-m.y. periodicity, 15 duration, 3 micrometeoroid infall, 189 , 196 microorganisms, marine, 126 molluscan clades, 4 endogenous causation, 125 micropaleontology, 532 molluscs, 429, 565, 581 geography, 3 Microrhabdulus decoratus, 474 , 519 magnitude, 3 microspherules, 363, 607 marine, 2 periodicity, 9 microstratigraphy, 338 Momipites, 452, 453

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 626 Index

Monograptus uniformis, 47 semireticulata, 487 Ordovician/Silurian, 47 Montagnais bolide, 227 Neoplagiaulax, 551 organisms, benthic, 481 , Nova Scotia, 28, Nephrolithus frequens, 502, 533 ornithischians, 561 131 Nephrolithus frequens Zone, 482, 501, ostracodes, deep-water, 481 Montagnais impact, 227 502 Otozoum, 589 Montagnais structure, 224, 226, 230 Netherlands, 521 outgassing, 536 Montana Nevada del Ruiz Ovalipollis ovalis, 586 eastern, 541 eruption, 105 overkill, 2 northeastern, 549 magmas, 104 overpressures, 142, 143, 144 Monte Carlo simulation, 29 New York Canyon, Nevada, 577, 581 oxygen, high atmospheric, 397 Moon, 151, 181, 182, 251, 252, 305 New Zealand, 394, 472, 490 cratering record, 183, 185 Newark Basin section, 585, 590 P. micro Zone, 599, 602 craters, 14, 178 Newark Supergroup, 579, 585, 590 P/Biela comet, 173 mare, 229 nickel, 72, 74,374 P/Lexell comet, 173 volcanism, 184 chondritic, 72 pachyrhizodontids, 551 moonlets, 151 Niger Delta, 420 Pacific Ocean, western, 497 MORB. See mid-ocean ridge basalt Niobrara Formation, 210 Pacific Site, 465, 489 Moreau River, 436, 440 Nishnabotna Member, 209 PAH. See polynuclear aromatic Morgan Creek, Saskatchewan, 448, nitric oxide, 271 hydrocarbons 451, 458, 465 nitrogen, 385 paleobiogeography, 551 Morozovella aragonensis Zone, 602 nitrogen oxide, 80, 287, 389 Paleocene, 482, 492 Morozovella lehneri Zone, 602 nondeposition, 472, 479, 544 early, 492 morphology, crater, 310 Norian Event, 51 lower, 474 mosaicism, 304, 305, 330, 332, 337 North America Paleocene/Eocene, extinction, 491 shock, 322 eastern, 585 Paleogene, 541 mosses, 453 western, 2, 349 paleomagnetism, 402 Mt. Etna, 363 North Atlantic Tertiary Province paleontology, 402 Mount Hyatt Member, 581 (NATP), 404 paleosois, 542, 544 Mount St. Helens, 105, 131 North Dakota, 307 paleotemperatures, 417 eruption, 100, 142, 386 western, 541 Paleozoic, 412 Mt. Simon Formation, 209 North Jylland, 419 Palmotolepis mudstone, 416, 447, 451, 459, 460, North Ponil, 447 gigas, 48 461, 462, 499, 542, 543, 544 Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria, 580 triangularis, 48 Muller Canyon Member, 581 Northern Temperature Zone, 82, 84 Palomar Asteriod and Comet Survey, Murchison crust, 373 Northern Territory, Australia, 307 158 Murchison meteorite, 373 NP1/NP2 Zone boundary, 476 palygorskite, 321, 535 murchisonacean, 578 nucleation, 142 palynoflora, 587 mutagens, 398 nuclei, cometary, 171, 172 palynology, 458 Myritipites nutrients, depleted, 492 palynomorphs, 433, 579 scabratus, 460, 468 Nuttallides truempyi, 489 Pandaniidites, 452 Myrtaceidites solidus, 468 Nye, Kl0v, Denmark, 418, 419, 565 typicus, 459 Nyssoidites anultaus, 468 Paraalnipollenites alterniporus, 468 nannoflora, 537 Paragloborilu siphongonuchites Zone, calcareous, 533 ocean 66 narmofossils, 134, 226, 321, 368, respiring, 65 parameterization, microphysics, 269 473, 476,506, 532, 565, 611 strangelove, 68 Paranymphaea crassifolia, 438 calcareous, 491, 498, 499 Odessa, Texas, 152 Paratethys Province, 531 extinction, 565 Odontochitina costata, 227 Pardaniidites typicus, 468 nannoplankton, 62, 67, 126, 134 ODP Leg 114, 492 particles, silicate dust, 99, 100 calcareous, 479 ODP Leg 115,447 particulates, 83 Narsapur well, 402 ODP Site 689, 482, 485, 492, 499 partitioning, layer, 339 Nasilow, Poland, 420 ODP Site 690, 482, 485, 492, 498, Partschiceras, 523 NATP. See North Atlantic Tertiary 499, 503, 505, 506 Parvulorugoglobigerina eugubina, Province Old Raton Pass, 447 474, 475, 479 nautiloids, 538 Onaping Tuff, 204 Passaic Formation, 586, 588, 590 Navy Island, Nova Scotia, 47 Oort comet cloud, 94, 125, 167, 171, path, radial, 279 Needles Point, New Zealand, 129 173, 174 Patinasporites densus, 586 Negev sections, Israel, 472 inner, 171, 174 patterns Nemesis, 87, 224 orbital periods, 176 extended extinction, 566 hypothesis, 87 population, 175, 176, 178 extinction, 29, 550 lifetime, 88 star passage, 174, 175 facies, 543 orbit, 88 ooze survival, 550 Neochiastozygus carbonate, 498, 566 palynofloras, 457, 465 modestus, 533 nanno-foram, 516 PDF. See planar deformation features saepes, 533 Orange Mountain, 586 Pediomys, 551 Neocrepidolithus sp., 503, 533 Orbiculapollis lucida, 459, 468 Peltaspermaceae, 579 Neoeponides lunata, 487 orbits, Jupiter-crossing, 174 Pennsylvanian, 49 Neoglabellina Orcus Patera impacts, 252 Peradectes, 551 jarvisis, 487 Ordovician, 47 perihelion distance, 155

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 K/T boundary impact hypothesis and the paleontologicaI record62 7

perihelion distribution, 173 plug, boundary, 329 aluminum, 248, 249, 250 perihelion passage, 172 plumes, 23, 204, 280, 291, 363, 407 basalt, 248, 250 periodicity, 9,87, 178, 184 ejecta, 272 disruption, 248 26-m.y., 1, 2, 34, 35, 41, 43, 45, expanding vapor, 293 inbound passage, 272 90, 177, 223, 230, 596 formation, 23 ricochet, 251 28-m.y., 234 mantle, 11, 131, 401, 404 size, 184, 186, 309 30-m.y., 20, 135, 402 nitrous oxide production, 275 properties, aerosol radiative, 269 31-m.y., 234 smoke, 394 Proteacidites, 448, 452 33-my, 10, 15, 408 vapor, 340 globosiporus, 459, 468 flood basalts, 9 yields, 285 thalmanni, 468 impact cratering, 9 plutonism, 103 protists, photosynthetic, 137 mass extinctions, 9 plutons, Sierra Nevada, 103 Protodiploxypinus, 586 statistics, 9 Podocarpidites, 586 Pseudoguembelina Permian, 35, 41,49, 64 poisoning, atmospheric, 178 costulata, 570 Permian-Carboniferous, quiet interval, poisons, 398 cylindrica Pflaumann, 322 20 polarity reversals, causes, 20 eugubinus, 322 Permian/Triassic, 49, 64, 132 Poland, central, 521 excolata, 322 perturbations, 117, 174, 175 polar wander, 401 globoso, 322 Deccan Trap, 117 polarity, reversed, 402 krasheninnikovi Bolli, 322 galactic, 174 Polarity Chron 29R, 437, 439 parva, 322 global atmospheric, 77 Police Island, Northwest Territories, sp., 322 random, 171 458, 459, 460, 465 Pseudophyllites indra, 526 sunlight, 80 pollen, 445, 448, 453, 458, 565, 577, pseudotachylites, 309 temperature, 80 586 Pseudotextularia elegans, 532, 536 Petriccio, Italy, 359, 360 anemophilous, 465 pseudotextularids, 572 petrography, 350 angiosperm, 459, 462 Psilastephanocolpites, 452, 453 PGE. See platinum group elements gymnosperm, 464 Psiloceras, 577 Phanerozoic, 27, 29, 34, 58, 412, 577 taxodiaceous, 452 pteridophytes, 448, 453 phenocrysts, 140, 142 polymorphs, high-pressure, 303 pterosaurs, 550 feldspar, 304 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Pu'u O'o vent, 112 Phillips, J., 413 (PAH), 386 Pucheezh-Katunki impact, 228 photosynthesis ponding, 542 Pueblo, Colorado, 51 halted, 263, 388, 448 ponds, organic-rich, 542 Puercan Mammal Age, 559 phytoplankton, 68 Popigai event, 228 Pulcheripollenites, 460 phytosaurs, 588 population inrasus, 468 phytoplankton, 68, 72 asteroids (Earth-crossing), 158 Pullenia piercement, 310 impacting objects, 183 bulloides, 488 Pierre Shale, 210, 437 Oort cloud, 175, 176, 178 coryelli, 487 Pine Ridge section, 610 Populus nebrascensis, 438 pumice, 140, 304 Piton de la Foumaise, 15, 405 Porcellispora, 586 Pyramid Butte, 437, 447 Pitosporites, 586 porosity, 304 Pyramidina rudita, 487 plagioclase, 140 potassium feldspar, 215 plains, martian, 182, 229 Powder River basin, 339 quartz, 140, 224, 234, 303, 310, 321, planar deformation features (PDF), 336 Praebulimina reussi, 485, 490 322, 329, 336, 367, 434, 532, planar features, 303, 304, 310, 336 Prasinophyte, 419 580, 591 Planet X, 88 prasinophytes, 421 cathodoluminescence, 343, 344 plankton, 61, 133, 386, 394, 429, Precambrian, 46, 66 dislocation-free, 322 431 Precambrian/Cambrian, 46, 66 grains, 336, 367, 434, 580 calcareous, 418, 536 precipitation, 458 polycrystalline, 350 extinctions, 126, 134 Prediscosphaera shock expression, 354 marine, 367, 478, 531 cretacea, 473, 502 shocked, 68, 126, 131,139, 144, siliceous, 287 quadripunctata, 502 184, 207, 219, 304,335, 338, plant microfossils, 445, 453 stoveri, 502 340, 343, 465, 537, 611 plants, 565 preservation, bone, 545 single-crystal, 350 terrestrial, 72 pressures Quebec, 51, 580 Platanophyllum montanum, 437 high shock, 303 Quereuxia angulata, 438 Platanus raynoldsii, 438 magma chamber, 141 Quiriquina Island, Chile, 521, 523, plate tectonics, 153 shock, 307 526 Plateau Basalts, 407 Prinsius martinil, 533 plateaus, oceanic, 13 prism density, 516 platinum, 374 radiation, solar, 100 prism stratigraphy, 512 radiochemical neutron activation grains, 368, 372, 374 prisms, calcite, 511 analysis (RNAA), 322 platinum group elements (PGE), 127, probabilities, asteroid collision, 162 radiolarians, 426, 538, 595 447 problem, ignition, 397 extinctions, 126 carriers, 372 Procolophonichnium, 589 Raibl Formation, 580 platinum metal group, 223 procolophonids, 588 rain, meteoric, 150 Platysaccus, 586 Proctor, Richard A., 150 rainfall, global, 84 Pleurostomella spp., 485 production, biomass, 77 Rajasthan Province, 404 Pliocene/Pleistocene, 41 projectiles Rajmahal Traps, 15

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 628 Index

Ramgarh Crater, 404 Ries Basin, impact deposits, 196 scavenging, marine environment, 386 Raphanus sativus, 72 Ries Crater, Germany, 28, 131, 195 schlieren, 201, 236 rapid temperature reduction, 81 ejecta deposits, 204 sciences, hierarchy, 94 rare earth elements (REE), 349, 351 formation, 195 Scollard Canyon, Alberta, 75, 344, 350 rates Ries glasses, 196 average sedimentation, 414 Ries structure, Germany, 306, 307 Scotts Bay Formation, 51 cometary impact, 172 rift basins, 590 sea level, 31 cosmic iridium acretion, 189 rifting, 538 changes, 2, 20, 22,581 cratering, 176, 184 continental, 13 sea estimated cratering, 171, 184 rim zone, faulted, 306 deep, 481 geomagnetic reversal, 126 ripples, climbing, 414 epicontinental, 572 lunar cratering, 176 River Podkamennaya Tunguska basin, warm epicontinental, 531 magma extrusion, 102 189 sea-floor spreading, 11, 12, 102, 407 per-genus extinction, 35 RNAA. See radiochemical neutron seamounts, chain, 406 sedimentation, 414, 483, 489, 564, activation analysis sections, stratigraphic, 428 610, 613 rocks sedimentaion, 476 slow sedimentation, 415 bituminous, 363 rates, 414, 415, 483, 489, 564, snow-accumulation, 190 carbonate, 117 610, 613 total chondritic accretion, 192 continental, 585 record, 472 volcanic, 102 country, 140, 236, 306, 363, 590 sediments, 359, 549 Raton Basin, New Mexico, 53, 127, crystalline, 303, 309, 354 bituminous, 363 128, 330, 336, 338, 344, 350, granitic, 209 Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, 359 391, 446, 447, 448, 451, 452, impact-melt, 309 deep-sea, 595 457 marine, 453 marine, 224, 226, 608, 611 Raton Formation, 344 melt, 224, 309 ocean, 14 Recent, 35,41 metamorphic, 344, 346 seed, 72 recovery, post-extinction, 570 nonmarine, 445, 446 selectivity, 4, 34, 42,120, 125, 388, Red Deer Valley, Alberta, 350, 458, sedimentary, 203, 209, 212, 303, 398, 538, 572 460 309, 313, 546, 608 sepiolite, 321 Red Wing Creek, 305, 307 shocked, 308 Serra Geral basalts, 10 rediscoveries, asteroids (Earth- siliceous, 336 Seychelles Islands granites, 406 crossing), 162 target, 340, 346, 354, 384, 388 Seymour Island, Antarctica, 521, 523, redoxcline, 127 volcanic, 235 526 REE. See rare earth elements Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, 80 shales, 196, 209, 235, 543, 581 reefs Rocky Mountains, 433 black, 47, 364 assemblages, 580 Rotalipora carbonaceous, 542 communities, 578 cushmani, 51, 58 Shangsi, Sichuan Province, 51 complexes, 581 greenhornensis, 51, 58 Shatsky Rise, Central Pacific, 62 limestones, 580 Roza flow, 133 sheet, melt, 309, 339 rudist, 430 rudistids, 126 Sheridan Delta, 440 regression, 430, 581 Rugoglobigerina Sheridan Delta lobe, 436 epicontinental seaways, 551 kelleri, 532 shock wave, decay, 277 sea-level, 127, 564 ordinaria, 532 shock seawater, 405 rugosa, 532 atmospheric, 272 relics, event, 189 spp., 536 deformation, 319, 322,329, 332, remains, tetrapod skeletal, 588 rugoglobigerinids, 536, 572 405, 406 reptile extinction, 126 Rugubivesiculties, 586 diagnostic features, 302 research, 93 runoff, continental, 405, 406 metamorphism, 234, 301,311, 336, resolution, temporal, 3 Ruqubivesiculates rugosus, 227 337, 351 retene, 396 Russia, northern, 233 microstructures, 322 retention, impactor, 289 Russian Platform, 531 mosaicism, 322 Reticulatisporites, 586 nitrous oxide production, 272 Reunion hotspot, 406 St. Audries Bay section, Somerset, 51 shocked mineral grains, 497, 563 Reunion Island, 22, 23, 115 salinity, fluctuations, 538 showers Revelstoke fireball, 374 salts, nitrate, 75 comet, 2, 14, 23, 125, 171, 175, Revelstoke meteor, 374 sampling, biostratigraphic, 426 177, 184, 224, 264, 374 reversals San Juan Mountains, 69 GMC, 175 frequency, 20, 408 sand, 250, 344 Siberia, 152 geomagnetic, 19, 87, 125, 126 silica, 244 Siberian traps, 408 magnetic, 11, 14 sandstone, 196, 209, 235, 344, 544 Siberiapollis spp., 460 polarity, 20 cross-stratified, 542 Sichuan Province, 46, 51 reworking, 544 sanidine, 140 siderophile, 224, 236, 301, 302, 309, Rhaetavicula, 591 saturation isothermal remanent 332, 335, 345, 607 Rhynchosauroides, 589 magnetization (SIRM), 360 Sierra Aspera, Chile, 577 sp., 589 saurischians, nonavian, 561 Sierra Madera, 307, 308 rhyolites, 140 Scaglia Cinerea, 608 Sierra Nevada plutons, 103 ricochet debris, 255 scalenohedrons, 419 signatures, 128 ricochet process, 251, 252 scales, planetary, 252 Signor-Lipps effect, 36 ridges, aseismic submarine, 13 scaphopods, 538 silicates, 337

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 K/T boundary impact hypothesis and the paleontologicaI record 629

silicoflagellites, 538 chondriet, 373 fallout, 198, 200, 204 structure, 306 glassy, 363 origin, 203 siltstone, 290, 542 iron, 373 sorted, 199 Silurian/Devonian boundary, 47, 413 potassium-calcium alumino Sugarite, 447 simulations silicates, 373 sulfates, 126 end-Cretaceous, 120 magnetite, 374 sulfur, 80, 104, 105, 118, 132 Monte Carlo, 29, 88, 174 sanidine, 349 sulfur yield, atmosphere, 106 nuclear winter, 265 smectite, 349 sulfuric acid, 100 Sinai section, western, 473, 474, 479 Zumaya, 347 Sumatra, 101, 107, 131 sinking 492 spikes Sumbawa Island, 106 Sinsin, Belgium, 47 fern, 446, 451, 587 Sun, motion, 176, 178 Siphogenerinoides brevispinosa, 489 iridium 330, 392, 497, 498, 505, sunlight, 417 Siphonodella presulcata, 49 506, 571, 612 cutoff, 263, 265 SIRM. See saturation isothermal spinels, 370,373 reduction, 78, 80 remanent magnetization ferrian, 364 transmitted, 78 Site 329, 489 magnesioferrite, 367 Sunset Butte, 437 Site 516, 485 Spiniferites nomosus, 227 Superior Craton, 208 Site 527 Spiriferida, 578 Superior Province, 209 chemistry, 330 Spiroplectammina spectabilis, 485 Survivor taxa, 504 chemostratigraphy, 323 spores, 445, 448, 458, 565, 577, 586 survivorship mosaicism, 332 ferns, 451, 565 artifacts, 551 shock data, 330 monolete, 464 mammals, 561 trace elements, 326 spikes, 465, 565 vertebrate, 550, 560 skeletons, calcareous, 62 spurts, 23 suspension, 414 , 302, 307, 308, 310 reversal, 20 Sussex, 447, 451 Small Asteroid impact, 264 Sputnik I, 142 swamps, peat, 542 smectite, 321, 339 squamates, 551 swarms, comet, 46 snow, Antarctic, 189 star, solar companion, 87, 88, 178, Sweden, 306 soils, modern, 545 224 swells, hot-spot, 14 Solar System, 15, 58, 94 syncline, ring, 306 Starkeville South section, 330, 344, Syncolporites minimus, 462, 463, inner, 173, 181,186 350 solids, 78 Starkville North, 344, 447 465, 468 Solnhofen Limsetone, 41, 42 Steinbruch Schmidt section, Germany, Syrian Arc fold belt, 472 solutions, MORB, 58 48 Sonnwend Mountains, 580 Steinheim basin, 151 T. imperforata, 475 soot, 367, 386, 391, 394, 398 Stevns Klint, Denmark, 384, 388, tagamites, 235 atmospheric, 78, 82 392, 394, 395, 418, 419, 420, Tambora eruption, 100, 106, 108, 190 layer, 287 521, 524, 532, 565 Tambora volcano, 106 measurement, 391 Stevns Klint Fish clay, 128, 130 Tappanina selmensis, 489, 492 particles, 363, 364 Stevns Klint section, 127, 129 Taqiye Formation, 474, 476 source, 395 Stilostomella spp., 485 Tarawera eruption, 104 wildfire emissions, 77, 84 , 303, 336, 338 Tasman Sea, 613 yield, 397 stocks, root, 72 taxa, rarity, 558 soot/charcoal ratio, 394 storms, comet, 87 taxonomic structure, 33 soot/iridium ratio, 394 strangelove, 65 tectonism, 11 Sopelana, Spain, 419, 511, 512, 524 strata tectosilicates, 337 Soret convection, 142 heterolithic, 542 , 362, 608, 609, 611, 614 Soret effect, 142 missing, 306 , 196 Soret fractionation, 142 stratigraphy, 542 strewnfield, 595 source, sea water, 388 prism, 512 temperate zone, northern, 7 South Africa, 472 stratosphere, 106, 108, 133, 140 temperatures South Atlantic Ocean, 319 stress, global, 517 air, 538 South Pole Staion, 190 Striatellipollis change, 78 Southern Alps, Italy, 65 radiata, 460, 468 decrease, 106 South-West Africa basalts, 10 striatella, 460, 464, 468 decreased land, 263 spacecraft flybys, 171 strontium, sea water, 405 depression, 78, 80 spalls, 281 Strophomenida, 578 land surface, 265 species studies, sensitivity, 120 lethal, 80 survivor, 572 Subbotina post-shock, 303 tropical, 4 angiporoides, 602, 603 sea-surface, 538 Sphagnum, 451 galavasi, 602 Tenuipteria, 430, 509 Sphenolithus primus, 533 linaperata, 602 tephra, 387 spheroids submersion, 545 Aira, 102 magnetic, 359, 360 Sudbury, 204, 310 Akahoya, 102 nonmagnetic, 359 , 152 fallout, 100 spherules, 284, 338, 339, 340, 370, Sudbury impact structure, 14, 302, 306 Tertiary, 1, 9, 19, 27, 45, 53, 61,117, 374, 607, 611 suevites, 196, 202, 235 301, 319, 335, 343, 349, 359, alumino silicate, 374 agglomeratic, 235 391,401,417, 425,433,457, Caravaca, 373 crater, 198, 204 497, 549, 563

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 630 Index

early, 451,471 true polar wander (TPW), 407, 408 vertebrate assemblages, fossil, 541 Tethyan province, 472 Tsugoepollenites sp., 459 vertebrate survivorship, 550, 560 Tethys, eastern, 471, 472, 475 tsunamis, 2, 153, 523, 565, 568, vertebrate taxa, 550 Tetracolpites, 452 571 vertebrates tetrapod, 579 tuffites, 460 aquatic oviparous, 551 nonmarine, 590 tuffs, 460 marine, 40 text, feasibility, 27 Tullock Formation, 440, 550, 558 nonmarine, 549 Thalassophora pelagica, 227 Tunguska, 152, 189 terrestrial, 577 thalwegs, channel, 542, 546 Tunguska event, 152, 191, 192 Vieja Group, 610 Thaumatopteris, 579 Tunguska explosion, 189 volatiles, 140, 203, 295, 310, 388 theory Tunguska-scale ricochet clusters, content, 304 bolide impact, 45, 111 256 emission, 133 boundary impact, 563 turbidite, 129, 367, 416, 511 exsolution, 142, 143 impact, 1 Turborotalia, 599 volcanic, 105, 120 volcanic. 111 cerroazulensis, 596, 599 volcanic catastrophe, 406 Thoracosphaera, 64, 505, 533, 538, cerroazulensis, 599 volcanic eruptions, atmospheric 566 cunialensis, 599 impact, 99 sp„ 503 possagnoensis, 599 volcanism, 2, 22, 56, 58, 99, 103, spp., 473 rohri, 599 122, 130,151,184, 302, 388, Thoracosphaera operculata Zone, 474 Turborotalia cerroazulensis Zone, 596, 406, 538, 581 till, 311 598, 601, 602 basaltic, 332 time scale Turborotalia rohri Zone, 599 Deccan, 22, 68, 117, 388, 401,406, geologic, 412 turnovers 421, 538 marine, 610 evolutionary, 551 explosive, 68, 139, 343, 406 terrestrial, 610 faunal, 472, 476,560, 604 flood-basalt, 9, 10, 107, 407 time series, 35, 41 rates, 561 global, 538 analysis, 9, 10 species, 579 historic, 132 titanomagnetite, 336 Turonian, 51 hotspot, 22, 132, 404 Toba, Indonesia, 69 turtles, 550 intrusive, 10 Toba Caldera, 131, 304 marine, 538 large-scale, 491 Toba eruption, 100, 101, 105, 107, Tyaughton Creek, British Columbia, Mars, 184 131, 337, 386, 388 577 massive, 46 Toba ignimbrites, 304, 330 Tympanuchus cupido cupido, 66 Mercury, 184 Toba Tephra Layer, 386 mid-ocean ridge, 102 Todisporites, 586 Ukrainian Member, 589 Moon, 184 Torasovery Island, 235 Ulmipollenites, 452 post-impact, 416 Toweius hebridicus, 463, 468 post-tsunami, 416 petalosus, 505 Ulmoideipites, 459 protracted period, 319 selandianus, 533 krempii, 468 recurrent, 537 toxicity, 72 tricostatus, 463, 468 regional explosive, 77 chondritic metal, 71 uniformitarianism, 147,153 sediment-contaminated, 364 chondritic nickel, 72 United States, western, 445 submarine, 13 TPW. See true polar wander uplift, 22, 224, 235, 308, 313, 582 surface, 407 volcanoes, 78 trace elements, 319, 326 central, 306, 308, 311 Asama, 100 trachyandesite, 106 Upper Cambrian, 47 Etra, 106 transition, Cretaceous/Tertiary, 550 Upper Cretaceous, 417 Hawaiian, 111 transparency, normal, 538 Upper Maastrichtian-Micula prinsii hot-spot, 421 tree budbreak, 81 Zone, 473 Triadispora spp., 586 Ust-Kara crater, 131, 228, 233, 237 Kilauea, 106, 111, 112, 130, 132 Triassic, 49, 51, 64, 577, 585 size, 234 Mauna Loa, 112, 405 Tribrachiatus Utcubamba Valley, Peru, 577 subaerial, 102 bramlettei, 227, 483 Tambora, 106 orthostylus, 227 Vallisporites ignacii, 586 Vredefort, 302, 306, 308, 310 Tricolpites Van Horn, Texas, 53 Vredefort Dome, 152 microreticulatus, 459, 468 vapor cloud, impact-generated, 257 vulcanian stage, 141 parvistriatus, 463, 468 vapors, 78 Trinidad, 489 cold, 257 Wabar, Arabia, 152 Trinidad Canyon, 53 impact-generated interaction plume, Wachapo Mountain, 49 tripartite zonation, 546 290 Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic, 75, 131, Triporopollenites, 452 internal energy, 292 319, 402, 405, 485, 602 plektasus, 463, 468 mass, 277,292 Walvis Ridge Site 525, 489 Triprojectus unicus, 459, 460, 468 partial, 278 Walvis Ridge Site 527, 489 Tritaxia rock, 272, 275, 276 warming havanensis, 487 water, 275 global, 389 paleocenica, 487 vaporization, impact, 256 greenhouse 117, 122 Trithelodontidae, 589 velocities, particle, 276 surface, 100 Trocholina, 227 Venusian plains, 182 water column, 384, 416, 571 troposphere, 106, 108, 132, 276 Verneuilina kelleri, 533 waters trough, annular, 306, 310 Verrucosisporites, 586 bottom, 491, 492, 536, 581, 582

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 K/T boundary impact hypothesis and the paleontologicaI record63 1

intermediate, 492 global, 83, 178 Yamal peninsula, 235 magmatic, 108 major, 391 Yellowstone caldera, 131 meteoric, 479 winter York Canyon, 53, 447, 451 surface, 491, 536 global, 2 Yunnan Province, 46 well, 209 nuclear, 80, 265 Walznaueria barnesai, 474 Wodehouseia, 459, 465 Z-coals, 542 wave fimbriata, 464, 468 Zelandites varuna, 527 explosion, 189 fimbriata constricta, 459, 468 Zhejiang Province, 49 shock, 21, 22, 58, 196 octospina, 468 Zlambach Formation, 578 weathering, 117, 118, 122, 128 quadrispina, 459, 461, 468 Zofar section, Israel, 472, 473, 475 Weddell Sea, Antarctica, 131, 319, spinata, 464, 468 zooplankton, calcareous, 421 482, 491, 492, 498, 564 Wodehouseia spinata Assemblage Zumaya, Spain, 1, 367, 374, 419, 421, Wells Creek, 308 Zone, 437, 438, 448, 451, 452, 427, 509, 565 West Germany, 195 460 spherules, 347 West Greenland, paleotemperature Woodbury member, 209 Zumaya ammonite gap, 427 values, 417 Woodringina hornerstownensis, 474, Zumaya section, 511, 524 Wetzeliella articulata, 227 475, 478 Zumaya spinel grains, 373 Whewell, William, 149 Woodside Creek, New Zealand, 127, Zumaya-Algorta Formation, 411 Whiston, William, 148 383, 384, 392, 395, 396 Zunyi, 46 White River Group, 61 Wyoming, 339 Zygodiscus wildfires, 2, 77, 84, 153 sigmoides, 503, 505 forest, 78, 82 xenoliths, 143 spp., 474

Typeset by WESType Publishing Services, Inc., Boulder, Colorado Printed in U.S.A. by Malloy Lithographing, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958054/spe247-bm.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021