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Kupasan Bukti Teks Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, Al Tarikh Salasilah Jurnal Dunia Pengurusan e-ISSN: 2682-8251 | Vol. 3, No. 1, 96-113, 2021 http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jdpg Perajaan dan Pengislaman Kedah: Kupasan Bukti Teks Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, Al Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah dan Abbasiyah (630 - 1136 Masihi) (Kedah Reigning and Islamization: Examining the Evidence of the Manuscripts of the Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa, Al Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah and Abbasiyah (630 - 1136 AD)) Shukri Janudin1*, Zaimilah Yusoff1 1 Persatuan Seni Silat Cekak Malaysia (PSSCM) *Pengarang Koresponden: [email protected], [email protected] Accepted: 15 February 2021 | Published: 1 March 2021 _________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstrak: Pengkisahan kehebatan perajaan dan pengislaman negeri Kedah sememangnya penuh dengan keajaiban yang masih banyak belum terungkai. Keadaan ini menyebabkan kedua-dua peristiwa tersebut masih dianggap sebagai sebuah lagenda dan mitos yang diselubungi misteri. Kertas kerja ini akan mengkaji dua naskah utama iaitu Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (HMM) dan Al Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah (ASNK) dari sudut sejarah perajaan serta pengislamannya. Kedua-dua naskah ini mempunyai kekuatan tersendiri dan tidak boleh dinafikan apa yang telah dicatatkan walaupun terdapat beberapa unsur yang dianggap mitos, dongeng, penglipurlara dan tidak masuk akal namun secara kiasan cuba menggambarkan sesuatu keadaan dengan cara tersirat. Kertas kerja ini menggunakan kaedah kajian dokumentasi dengan mengambil kerangka waktu utama dari tahun 630 hingga 1136 masihi bagi mengupas secara ringkas dua aspek penting dalam kedua-dua karya tersebut. Ini termasuk bukti-bukti dari catatan Abbasiyah yang antaranya memberi kesan terhadap perkembangan awal ilmu tasawuf serta kesenian kaligrafi Turki Seljuk ke wilayah nusantara, terutamanya di Kedah. Kata kunci: Perajaan, pengislaman, Kedah, Abbasiyah, kaligrafi Abstract: The narration of the greatness of the Kedah’s reigning and Islamization is indeed full of wonders that are still unresolved. The situation causes both events to still be considered a legend and myth shrouded in mystery. This paper will examine two main manuscripts, namely Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa (HMM) and Al Tarikh Salasilah Negeri Kedah (ASNK) from the point of view of royal installation history and Islamization. Both manuscripts have their own strengths and there is no denying that what has been recorded although there are some elements that are considered mythical, fairy tales, forklore and absurd but figuratively try to describe a situation in an implicit way. This paper uses the method of documentation study by taking the main time frame from 630 to 1136 AD to briefly examine two important aspects in both works. This includes evidence from Abbasid records which among others affect the early development of Sufism as well as the art of Seljuk Turkish calligraphy to the archipelago, especially in Kedah. Keywords: Reigning, islamization, Kedah, Abbasid, calligraphy ___________________________________________________________________________ 96 Copyright © 2021 ASIAN SCHOLARS NETWORK - All rights reserved Jurnal Dunia Pengurusan e-ISSN: 2682-8251 | Vol. 3, No. 1, 96-113, 2021 http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jdpg 1. Pengenalan Menurut Harun (2011:27-28) cerita-cerita hikayat lama Melayu kebiasaannya sarat dengan kisah-kisah teladan yang bertujuan menunjukkan kehebatan golongan Raja serta bangsawan. Kisah-kisah mereka ditulis atas titah perintah diraja yang kebiasaanya sarat dengan unsur mitos, hikayat dan kisah pengagungan raja (Denisova, 2012:1). Menurut Nor et al., (2017:209), cerita-cerita hikayat yang dipercayai oleh sesebuah masyarakat silam tempatan terpendam selama beberapa generasi sebenarnya menggambarkan pola pemikiran, identiti dan kepercayaan sesebuah bangsa hasil interaksi mereka dengan alam sekeliling, budaya persekitaran serta kepercayaan tradisi nenek moyang. Walau bagaimanapun tradisi penulisan klasik Melayu yang sering mengagung-agungkan golongan istana kian terhakis setelah penjajah Barat mengambil alih peranan tersebut lalu memberikan penilaian berdasarkan perspektif mereka (Siti Fatimah, 2014:55-62). Dalam konteks HMM, unsur mitosnya tidak boleh ditolak sama sekali cuma ia memerlukan penelitian lebih mendalam dan akal yang panjang untuk mentafsirnya melalui kajian silang dan perbandingan dengan fakta-fakta dokumentasi dari pelbagai sudut serta sumber-sumber luar. Ini bagi membuktikan perkaitan seterusnya untuk membuat sebuah kesimpulan baharu. Berkaitan HMM, tiada siapa yang tahu siapa yang menulisnya. Namun menurut Salleh (1998), terdapat petunjuk tahun penulisan yang tercatat di mukadimmahnya; “Adalah pada suatu masa zaman Sultan Muazzam Shah ibnu Sultan Muzalfal Shah yang maha mulia kerajaan negeri Kedah, pada suatu hari baginda keluar ke penghadapan, dihadapi oleh segala menteri, hulubalang serta ‘alim muta‘alim, maka fakir pun hadirlah mengadap baginda, penuh sesak di penghadapan itu membicarakan negeri dan mengaji kitab. Setelah itu maka titah baginda yang maha mulia, junjungkan ke atas jemala fakir, demikian titah yang maha mulia: ‘Bahawa hamba pinta perbuatkan hikayat pada tuan, peri peraturan segala raja-raja Melayu dengan istiadatnya sekali, supaya boleh diketahui oleh segala anak cucu kita yang kemudian daripada kita ini, serta dikurniai dengan sejarahnya”. Sultan Muazzam Shah merupakan Raja Islam ke dua yang memerintah Kedah dari tahun 1179 hingga 1201. Penulisan HMM di atas titah baginda mempunyai tujuan untuk merekodkan kembali sejarah kehidupan raja-raja terdahulu serta sistem perundangan yang sedia ada. Sudah pasti sumber-sumbernya adalah berdasarkan cerita-cerita lisan dan bingkisan warkah-warkah lama yang tersimpan di dalam khazanah negeri tersebut. Menurut Anuar et al,. (2010:82), HMM telah ditulis sepanjang pemerintahan kesultanan Kedah sehingga ke saat-saat akhir pemerintahan Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah dari tahun 1804 sebelum Kedah diceroboh oleh tentera Sukhothai pada 1821. Namun naskah asal teks tersebut dipercayai telah dirampas atau musnah akibat serangan tentera Sukhothai yang menceroboh Kota Kuala Kedah pada 12 November 1821 tersebut1. 1 Suku Thai atau Sukhothai adalah bangsa berketurunan Sino Thai atau Sino Tibetian yang berasal dari barat daya China. Suku ini berhijrah ke selatan dan menubuhkan dinasti baharu berasaskan Sukhothai pada tahun 1238 setelah mengalahkan kerajaan Benua Siam yang diasaskan oleh keturunan Merong Mahawangsa sejak tahun 700an. Pada tahun 1376, dinasti ini dikalahkan oleh puak Ayodhya dan menubuhkan Dinasti Ayutthaya. Namun dalam Perang Thai - Burma (1765 - 1767), kerajaan Ayutthaya ini dihancurkan oleh Burma. Walau bagaimanapun, tentera Sukhothai pimpinan Jeneral Thaksin telah berjaya mengalahkan Burma dan mengasaskan Dinasti Thonburi. Namun baginda akhirnya digulingkan oleh sahabatnya; Jeneral Phra Phutthayotfa Chulalok yang mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai Raja pertama bagi Dinasti Rattanakosin atau Cakri pada 1782 dengan gelaran Rama I. Sepanjang pemerintahannya hingga 1809, Rama 1 menjalankan dasar perluasan kuasa Sukhothai yang agresif dengan menawan Vietnam (1785), Pattani (1786), Cambodia (1794) selain menghapuskan pemberontakan di Pattani 97 Copyright © 2021 ASIAN SCHOLARS NETWORK - All rights reserved Jurnal Dunia Pengurusan e-ISSN: 2682-8251 | Vol. 3, No. 1, 96-113, 2021 http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/jdpg Pemusnahan ini sengaja dilakukan oleh pihak Sukhothai bagi menutup segala bukti perkaitan dan menafikan keabsahan hak serta kuasa Raja-raja Melayu Kedah ke atas wilayah-wilayah yang diperintahnya 2. Ini kerana HMM antaranya menceritakan mengenai asal usul keturunan Raja Siam berasal dari Merong Mahawangsa yang memerintah empayar Melayu Langkasuka dan tradisi pemberian bunga emas oleh Raja Kedah kepada kekandanya Raja Siam merupakan hadiah bersempena hari keputeraan dari bapa saudara kepada anak saudara bukannya sebagai ufti tahunan. Namun hakikat ini tidak disukai oleh Sukhothai yang merupakan penceroboh asing yang berusaha memadam sejarah tersebut. Sementara itu ASNK menyatakan; “Adapun yang menjunjungkan titah menzahirkan Tawarikh Salasilah ini Muhammad Hassan anak Dato’ Kerani Muhammad Arshad Rahsia al-Marhum Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Mukarram Syah Yang Maha Mulia bin Tuan Syeikh Abu Bakar Kadhi bin Tuan Syeikh Abdul Kadir Mufti bin Tuan Syeikh Abdul Jalil Mufti bin Tuan Syeikh Abdul Wahab bin Tuan Syeikh Ahmad al-Mahdani, Yaman, bandar Sana’ah adanya”. Menurut Bakar (2018) dan Harun (2018), ASNK ditulis pada 1927 ketika pemerintahan Sultan Abdul Hamid sebagai respon terhadap titah Raja Muda Kedah; Tuanku Ibrahim Ibni Sultan Abdul Hamid. Muhammad (2017) menyatakan baginda berkehendakkan agar buku ‘Tarikh atau Salasilah Kerajaan Kedah’ karya Wan Yahya bin Wan Muhammad Taib yang dicetak di Pulau Pinang pada tahun 1911 sebelumnya dilarang penerbitannya dan perlu tulis semula kerana baginda tidak puas hati dengan isi kandungannya 3. Penerbitan ASNK menjadi sebuah catatan sejarah atau histografi yang amat berharga menceritakan perkembangan sosio budaya, adab, peraturan, undang-undang dan hubungan luar kesultanan Kedah yang menjadi rujukan utama sejarah kesultanan Melayu di Kedah. Asal-Usul Raja Kedah Kedah4 merupakan sebuah tamadun tertua di Asia Tenggara. Ia sebagai sebahagian dari wilayah terkemuka Melayu yang telahpun didiami oleh orang-orang Melayu sejak ribuan tahun lalu (Wan Teh, 1997) dan dipercayai mula berkembang seawal kurun ke 3 sebelum masihi dengan Lembah Bujang menjadi kota pelabuhan terpenting di timur antara India dan China
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