DOCSLIB.ORG

Beach and Shoreline Dynamics in the Cannon Beach Littoral Cell; Implications for Dune Management

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Beach and Shoreline Dynamics in the Cannon Beach Littoral Cell; Implications for Dune Management State of Oregon Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Brad Avy, State Geologist SPECIAL PAPER XX BEACH AND SHORELINE DYNAMICS IN THE CANNON BEACH LITTORAL CELL; IMPLICATIONS FOR DUNE MANAGEMENT by Jonathan C. Allan1, Laura L. Gabel1 and Fletcher O’Brien2 2018 1Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Coastal Field Office, P.O. Box 1033, Newport, OR 97365 2Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, 800 NE Oregon Street, Suite 965, Portland, OR 97232 Beach and shoreline dynamics in the Cannon Beach littoral cell; Implications for dune management DISCLAIMER This product is for informational purposes and may not have been prepared for or be suitable for legal, engineering, or sur- veying purposes. Users of this information should review or consult the primary data and information sources to ascertain the usability of the information. This publication cannot substitute for site-specific investigations by qualified practitioners. Site-specific data may give results that differ from the results shown in the publication. Cover photograph: Oblique aerial photo of the Chapman Point beach, located immediately north of Ecola Creek, Clatsop County. Photo taken by D. Best, March 09, 2015. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Special Paper XX Published in conformance with ORS 516.030 For copies of this publication or other information about Oregon’s geology and natural resources, contact: Administrative Offices 800 NE Oregon Street #28, Suite 965 Portland, OR 97232 Telephone (971) 673-1555 Fax (971) 673-1562 http://www.oregongeology.org http://egov.oregon.gov/DOGAMI/ Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Special Paper XX ii Beach and shoreline dynamics in the Cannon Beach littoral cell; Implications for dune management TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 9 2.0 Beach Processes on the Oregon Coast .............................................................................................. 12 2.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Tides ................................................................................................................................................ 12 2.3 Waves .............................................................................................................................................. 17 2.4 Sediment Transport ......................................................................................................................... 20 2.5 Oregon Tsunami Hazards ................................................................................................................ 23 3.0 Oregon Coast Dunes – Process and Morphologies ............................................................................ 26 3.1 Oregon Dune Morphology............................................................................................................... 27 3.2 Wind Processes on the Oregon Coast ............................................................................................. 30 4.0 Coastal Geology and Geomorphology of the Cannon Beach Littoral Cell .......................................... 36 4.1 Local Geology .................................................................................................................................. 36 4.2 Provenance of Cannon Beach Sediments ........................................................................................ 39 4.3 Coastal Geomorphology .................................................................................................................. 41 4.4 Historical Coastal Changes .............................................................................................................. 43 5.0 Observations of Cannon Beach Changes: 1997-2016 ........................................................................ 50 5.1 Topographic Beach Mapping ........................................................................................................... 50 5.2 Beach Characterization.................................................................................................................... 54 5.3 Recent Beach and Shoreline Changes in the Cannon Beach Littoral Cell ........................................ 58 5.5 Sand Volume Changes in the Cannon Beach Littoral Cell ................................................................ 61 6.0 Dune Management Implications ...................................................................................................... 70 6.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................... 70 6.2 Extreme Wave Erosion .................................................................................................................... 71 6.3 Design Elevations for Dunes at Cannon Beach ................................................................................ 73 6.4 Disposal Approaches ....................................................................................................................... 73 6.5 Post-grading Responsibilities........................................................................................................... 74 6.6 Ecola Creek ...................................................................................................................................... 76 7.0 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................... 80 8.0 References ....................................................................................................................................... 85 9.0 Appendices ...................................................................................................................................... 88 9.1 Appendix A: Cannon Beach Profiles ................................................................................................ 88 Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Special Paper XX iii Beach and shoreline dynamics in the Cannon Beach littoral cell; Implications for dune management LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Location map of the Cannon Beach littoral cell showing sub-cells, place names and beach profile locations. ...................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 2. Daily tidal elevations measured at South Beach, Newport on the central Oregon coast .............. 12 Figure 3. Seasonal cycles in monthly-mean water levels based on data from the Southbeach tide gauge (1967-2017) ................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 4. The trends of “winter (red)” and “summer (blue)” mean-sea levels measured by the Southbeach tide gauge ............................................................................................................ 14 Figure 5. Projected future changes in regional sea levels on the Oregon coast ........................................... 15 Figure 6. Assessments of changes in RSLs based on tide-gauge records compared with benchmark and GPS measurements of land-elevation changes, with their corresponding RSL rates obtained by adding the 2.28 mm/yr PNW eustatic rise in sea level ............................... 16 Figure 7. Seasonal variability of ocean waves measured offshore from Newport ........................................ 18 Figure 8. A) Comparisons of histograms (probability distributions) for the periods 1975–1990, 1990–2005, and 2006-2017 documenting the shift in the wave climate to higher waves. a) Standard probability distribution, b) number distribution plotted on a semi- log scale, and c) empirical cumulative distribution function. .................................................. 19 Figure 9. Patterns of sediment transport during “normal” (left) and El Nino (right) years ........................... 20 Figure 10. Top) The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Multivariate El Niño (MEI) Index; red indicate positive ‘warm’ phase, blue indicate negative ‘cool’ phase. Gray shading indicates the ‘normal’ range of variability. Dashed lines reflect periods when the PDO switched between cool/warm phases. .................................................................................... 22 Figure 11. Aerial photos flown in 1939 and 1967 as well as lidar collected in 2009 depict the historical shoreline changes, dune stabilization and accompanying morphological changes in the beach and dunes at Chapman Point, Cannon Beach ....................................... 28 Figure 12. A) Conceptual model showing the relationship between sediment supply and vegetation that directly affects the geomorphology of dunes. B) Biophysical feedback associated with three dune grass species influence the dune morphology .............................................. 29 Figure 13. A) Wind roses showing the seasonal distributions of wind speeds by direction for the Newport, Oregon C-Man climate station operated by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC). The direction in which the arms point reflects the direction in which the winds are blowing from; B) Seasonal wind speed empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF); and C) diurnal pattern of mean wind
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 155891 WPO 43.2 Inside WSUP C.Indd
    MAY 2017 VOL 43 NO 2 LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL HERITAGE FOUNDATION • Black Sands and White Earth • Baleen, Blubber & Train Oil from Sacagawea’s “monstrous fish” • Reviews, News, and more the Rocky Mountain Fur Trade Journal VOLUME 11 - 2017 The Henry & Ashley Fur Company Keelboat Enterprize by Clay J. Landry and Jim Hardee Navigation of the dangerous and unpredictable Missouri River claimed many lives and thousands of dollars in trade goods in the early 1800s, including the HAC’s Enterprize. Two well-known fur trade historians detail the keelboat’s misfortune, Ashley’s resourceful response, and a possible location of the wreck. More than Just a Rock: the Manufacture of Gunflints by Michael P. Schaubs For centuries, trappers and traders relied on dependable gunflints for defense, hunting, and commerce. This article describes the qualities of a superior gunflint and chronicles the evolution of a stone-age craft into an important industry. The Hudson’s Bay Company and the “Youtah” Country, 1825-41 by Dale Topham The vast reach of the Hudson’s Bay Company extended to the Ute Indian territory in the latter years of the Rocky Mountain rendezvous period, as pressure increased from The award-winning, peer-reviewed American trappers crossing the Continental Divide. Journal continues to bring fresh Traps: the Common Denominator perspectives by encouraging by James A. Hanson, PhD. research and debate about the The portable steel trap, an exponential improvement over snares, spears, nets, and earlier steel traps, revolutionized Rocky Mountain fur trade era. trapping in North America. Eminent scholar James A. Hanson tracks the evolution of the technology and its $25 each plus postage deployment by Euro-Americans and Indians.
    [Show full text]
  • A Geophysical Study of the North Scappoose Creek, Alder Creek, Clatskanie River Lineament, Along the Trend of the Portland Hills Fault, Columbia County, Oregon
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1982 A geophysical study of the North Scappoose Creek, Alder Creek, Clatskanie River lineament, along the trend of the Portland Hills fault, Columbia County, Oregon Nina Haas Portland State University Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Geology Commons, and the Tectonics and Structure Commons Recommended Citation Haas, Nina, "A geophysical study of the North Scappoose Creek, Alder Creek, Clatskanie River lineament, along the trend of the Portland Hills fault, Columbia County, Oregon" (1982). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3254. 10.15760/etd.3244 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Nina Haas for the Master of Science in Geology presented December 15, 1982. Title: A Geophysical Study of the North Scappoose Creek - Alder Creek - Clatskanie River Lineament, Along the Trend of the Portland Hills Fault, Columbia County, Oregon. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Chairman Giibett • Benson The Portland Hills fault forms a strong northwest trending lineament along the east side of the Tualatin Mountains. An en echelon lineament follows North Scappoose Creek, Alder Creek, and the Clatskanie River along the same trend, through Columbia County, Oregon. The possibility that this lineament follows a fault or fault zone was investigated in this study. Geophysical methods were used, with seismic 2 refraction, magnetic and gravity lines run perpendicular to the lineament.
    [Show full text]
  • Captain Clark at Tillamook Head, 1806
    Captain Clark at Tillamook Head, 1806 By William Clark In the journal entry reproduced here, Captain William Clark offers a detailed description of the northern Oregon coast as he encountered it on January 8, 1806. Standing at the top of Tillamook Head, Clark described the view in every direction, noting the natural features of the landscape as well as the Indian villages that could be seen. Among the Native groups he identified were the “Killamox,” better known as the Tillamook. The Tillamook were a group of related Salishan-speaking communities on the central and northern Oregon coast. Clark wrote that there were five principal Tillamook villages in 1806, three of which he could see from his vantage point. He estimated their population at about 1,000, though their numbers had already been reduced by two smallpox epidemics probably introduced by maritime fur traders in the late 1770s and again in 1801. Clark described a number of large burial canoes near an old village site, possibly depopulated by this devasting disease. Clark observed that the Tillamook were culturally quite similar to the Clatsop and other Chinookan peoples of the Columbia River. Even though the Tillamook spoke a different language, they interacted frequently with their immediate neighbors to the north, south, and east. The first peoples of the Oregon and Washington coast were culturally and economically linked by a trade network that centered on the lower Columbia River. Whale blubber and oil were valuable items in this regional trade network. In January 1806, Clark led a party south from Fort Clatsop hoping to obtain blubber and oil from a whale that had washed ashore at present-day Cannon Beach.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecola State Park
    Pack it in, pack it out. Please don’t litter. Play it safe on the beach! Stay off logs, know the tide schedule, and Park Information: 63400-8088 (2/13) don’t turn your back on the ocean. 1-800-551-6949 Ecola www.oregonstateparks.org Year-Round Picnicking Links with History Wrapping around Tillamook Head between Seaside and Cannon Beach, Ecola State Park is a hiking and sightseeing Picnic areas with tables are located near viewpoints at the Ecola State Park is a part of the Lewis and Clark National mecca with a storied past. Ecola Point and Indian Beach parking areas. A covered picnic and State Historical Park, which includes federal and state shelter at Ecola Point is reservable for group use through parks associated with the history of the Corps of Discovery STATE PARK Trails for Explorers Reservations Northwest (1-800-452-5687). Ecola Point is 1½ expedition in both Oregon and Washington. Ecola’s trails are situated above nine miles of Pacific Ocean miles above the park’s vehicle entrance near Cannon Beach. shoreline. They offer cliffside viewpoints that look out on Beach Discoveries Pacific Ocean To Astoria picture-postcard seascapes, cozy coves, densely forested Saddle Mt. Two spacious, sandy beaches–Crescent Beach and Indian Ecola State Natural Area promontories, and even a long-abandoned offshore lighthouse. Parking The trail network includes an 8-mile segment of the Oregon Beach–provide opportunities to explore the wonders of Ecola Trailhead 1 Seaside N Coast Trail (OCT)—the park’s backbone—and a 2 /2-mile State Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon's Civil
    STACEY L. SMITH Oregon’s Civil War The Troubled Legacy of Emancipation in the Pacific Northwest WHERE DOES OREGON fit into the history of the U.S. Civil War? This is the question I struggled to answer as project historian for the Oregon Historical Society’s new exhibit — 2 Years, Month: Lincoln’s Legacy. The exhibit, which opened on April 2, 2014, brings together rare documents and artifacts from the Mark Family Collection, the Shapell Manuscript Founda- tion, and the collections of the Oregon Historical Society (OHS). Starting with Lincoln’s enactment of the final Emancipation Proclamation on January , 863, and ending with the U.S. House of Representatives’ approval of the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery on January 3, 86, the exhibit recreates twenty-five critical months in the lives of Abraham Lincoln and the American nation. From the moment we began crafting the exhibit in the fall of 203, OHS Museum Director Brian J. Carter and I decided to highlight two intertwined themes: Lincoln’s controversial decision to emancipate southern slaves, and the efforts of African Americans (free and enslaved) to achieve freedom, equality, and justice. As we constructed an exhibit focused on the national crisis over slavery and African Americans’ freedom struggle, we also strove to stay true to OHS’s mission to preserve and interpret Oregon’s his- tory. Our challenge was to make Lincoln’s presidency, the abolition of slavery, and African Americans’ quest for citizenship rights relevant to Oregon and, in turn, to explore Oregon’s role in these cataclysmic national processes. This was at first a perplexing task.
    [Show full text]
  • Sunset Empire Transportation District BOARD of COMMISSIONERS 1
    Sunset Empire Transportation District BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS BOARD MEETING AGENDA THURSDAY AUGUST 23, 2018 9:00 AM Astoria Transit Center, 900 Marine Drive Astoria, OR AGENDA: 1. CALL TO ORDER; PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE 2. ROLL CALL 3. CHANGES TO AGENDA 4. PUBLIC COMMENT (3 minute limit) 5. APPROVAL OF BOARD MEETING MINUTES 6. REPORTS FROM CHAIR AND COMMISSIONERS 7. FINANCIAL REPORTS 8. OLD BUSINESS a. TRANSPORTATION ADVISORY COMMITTEE APPOINTMENTS b. SDAO LEGISLATIVE ISSUES c. SEASIDE KIOSK UPDATE d. TRANSIT APP STATISTICS e. FOLLOW UP ON JOB TITLES AND DESCRIPTIONS FROM LAST MEETING 9. NEW BUSINESS a. ENTERPRISE ZONE BOUNDARY AMENDMENT 10. CORRESPONDENCE 11. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR REPORT 12. LEADERSHIP TEAM REPORTS 13. PUBLIC COMMENT (3 minute limit) 14. OTHER ITEMS 15. SDAO BOARD ASSESSMENT 1 SUNSET EMPIRE TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT COMMONLY USED ACRONYM LIST AUGUST 2018 AASHTO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS ACT ACTUAL ACCTS ACCOUNTS ADA AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT ADS ADVERTISEMENTS AP ACCOUNTS PAYABLE APTA AMERICAN PUBLIC TRANSPORATION ASSOCIATION AR ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE ASC ASTORIA SENIOR CENTER BG BACKGROUND BLDGING BUILDING BOC BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS BS BALANCE SHEET BUS REG FEE BUS REGISTRATION FEE CCC CLASTOP COMMUNITY COLLEGE CCCHD CLATSOP CARE CENTER HEALTH DISTRICT CCO COORDINATED CARE ORGANIZATION CK CHECK COMP COMPUTER CONF CONFERENCE CPCCO COLUMBIA PACIFIC COORDINATED CARE ORGANIZATION CRS CLATSOP REHABILITATION SERVICES CSR CUSTOMER SERVICE REPRESENTATIVE CTAA COMMUNITY TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Clatsop, Lewis and Clark's 1805-1806 Winter Establishment "Living History" Demonstrations Feature for Visitors to National Park Facility
    T HE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE LEWIS & CLARK T RAIL H ERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. VOL. 12, NO. 3 AUGUST 1986 Fort Clatsop, Lewis and Clark's 1805-1806 Winter Establishment "Living History" Demonstrations Feature for Visitors to National Park Facility Photograph by Andrew E. Cier, Astoria, Oregon Replica of Fort Clatsop, Near Astoria, Oregon - See Story on Page 3 - President Wang's THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL Message HERITAGE FOUNDATION, INC. Thank you's are due at least four Incorporated 1969 under Missouri General Not-For-Profit Corporation Act IRS Exemption different groups of Foundation Certificate No. 501(C)(3) - I dentification No. 51-0187715 members for the efforts put forth by them these past twelve months. OFFICERS - EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE First, I am most thankful for the President 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President excellent support that has been L. Edw in Wang John E. Foote H. John Montague provided by Foundation officers, 6013 St . Johns Ave. 1205 Rimhaven Way 2864 Sudbury Ct. directors, past presidents, and all M inneapolis. MN 55424 Billings. MT 591 02 Marietta. GA'30062 other committee members. Second, I am much indebted to the 1986 Edrie Lee Vinson. Secretary John E. Walker. Treasurer P.O. Box 1651 200 Market St .. Suite 1177 Program Committee, headed by Red Lodge. MT 59068 Portland. OR 97201 Malcolm Buffum, for the tre­ mendous effort they have put forth Ruth E. Lange, Membership Secretary. 5054 S.W. 26th Place. Port land. OR 97201 to arrange one of the finest-ever annual meeting programs. Third, I DIRECTORS am so grateful for all that is ac­ Harold Billian Winifred C.
    [Show full text]
  • Adapting to Climate Change on the Oregon Coast
    ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE OREGON COAST A CITIZEN’S GUIDE A PROJECT OF THE Oregon Shores Conservation Coalition A Citizen’s Guide to Climate Change on the Oregon Coast March 2015 Copyright © 2015 by Oregon Shores Conservation Coalition LINKS TO ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: This Citizen’s Guide is intended to serve as an introduction to the vast amount of information available on topics related to climate change effects on the Oregon coast, as well as a sourcebook for citizens interested in helping their communities to begin the long process of adapting to these effects. In publishing the Guide, the Oregon Shores Conservation Coalition anticipates that most readers will access and read it online with Internet access or in an electronic format, such as a PDF, which will enable easy access to additional information. The Guide has two parts: Part One, A Primer, presents an overview of the topics pertaining to adapting to climate change on the Oregon coast. The Primer contains numerous embedded hyperlinks to enable readers to click directly to external websites or online PDF documents for additional information. Part Two, Scientific and Policy Considerations, is a set of papers written by Oregon experts in science, law, and policy. These papers, commissioned by Oregon Shores for this project in 2012, also contain references to further information. Although readers of a paper version of the Guide will be unable to directly link to external documents, a list of those external web-based sources at the end of Part One will enable the reader to enter those Internet addresses directly via a keyboard at their convenience.
    [Show full text]
  • Gearhart to Fort Stevens, Prelim
    NOTICE The Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries is publishing this paper because the information furthers the mission of the Department. To facilitate timely distribution of the information, this report is published as received from the authors and has not been edited to our usual standards. STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES Suite 965, 800 NE Oregon St., #28 Portland, Oregon 97232 OPEN-FILE REPORT O-01-04 COASTAL EROSION HAZARD ZONES ALONG THE CLATSOP PLAINS, OREGON: GEARHART TO FORT STEVENS PRELIMINARY TECHNICAL REPORT TO CLATSOP COUNTY 2001 By JONATHAN C. ALLAN AND GEORGE R. PRIEST Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Coastal Field Office, 313 SW 2nd St, Suite D, Newport, OR 97365 NOTICE The results and conclusions of this report are necessarily based on limited geologic and geophysical data. At any given site in any map area, site-specific data could give results that differ from those shown in this report. This report cannot replace site-specific investigations. The hazards of an individual site should be assessed through geotechnical or engineering geology investigation by qualified practitioners. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 BEACH PROCESSES AND FEATURES......................................................................... 2 Beach Erosion –
    [Show full text]
  • Irmary Marin8 Science Laboratory Oregon State University
    IrMARY Marin8 Science Laboratory Oregon State University Vol. 34, No. 11 November 1972 S • STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES The Ore Bin Published Monthly By • STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES • Head Office: 1069 State Office Bldg., Portland, Oregon - 97201 Telephone: 229 - 5580 FIELD OFFICES 2033 First Street 521 N. E. "E" Street Baker 97814 Grants Pass 97526 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Subscription rate - $2.00 per calendar year Available back issues $.25 each Second class postage paid at Portland, Oregon 'k • GOVERNING BOARD • R. W. deWeese, Portland, Chairman William E. Miller, Bend Donald G. McGregor, Grants Pass STATE GEOLOGIST R. E. Corcoran GEOLOGISTS IN CHARGE OF FIELD OFFICES Norman S. Wagner, Baker Len Ramp, Grants Pass 5Z 5Z 'St` 5Z k 5Z 5Z 5Z 5Z 5Z 'SZ 'SZk 5Z 5Z 5Z 5Z 5Z 5Z 5Z 5Z Permission is granted to reprint information contained herein. • Credit given the State of Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries for compiling this information will be appreciated. • State of Oregon The ORE BIN Department of Geology Volume 34,no.11 and Mineral Industries 1069 State Office Bldg. November 1972 • Portland Oregon 97201 COASTAL LANDFORMS BETWEEN TILLAMOOK BAY AND THE COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON Ernest H. Lund Department of Geology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon The 50-mile stretch of the Oregon coast between Tillamook Bay and the Columbia River can be divided into three nearly equal segments according to the kinds of land- forms along them. The southern segment extends from Tillamook Bay to Neahkahnie Mountain (map 1), the middle from Neahkahnie Mountain to Tillamook Head inclu- sive (map 2), and the northern from Tillamook Head to the Columbia River (map 3).
    [Show full text]
  • Three Main Types of Rocks on the Planet and in Oregon Lesson to Grow
    Lesson to Grow Three Main Types of Rocks on the Planet and in Oregon Description: This lesson builds on the student readings found Grade Level: 4-10 in Oregon’s Ancient Geology. There are three main types of rocks in the world and all are found here Essential Skills: 3, 9 in Oregon. In this lesson, students learn what the NGSS: 4-ESS2-1, 5-ESS3-1 three main types of rocks are and identify geologic events in our region that could have created these CCSS: RI.4.7, W.4.7, W.4.8 rocks. Social Sciences: 6.11, 6.12, Background: 6.13, 6.14, 7.8., 7.9, 7.10, 7.13, 1) The three student geology readings can be 8.10, HS.14, HS.15 downloaded and printed from the online lesson, Math: MP.5 Oregon’s Ancient Natural History - Time: 2-3 class periods 2) The geologic events described in these readings were capable of forming one or more of the Materials: three types of rocks on the planet - sedimentary, Student reading sheets from metamorphic, or igneous. Oregon’s Ancient Natural History online 3) All rocks on earth are formed as either igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. The diagram AITC Library Resources: to the right shows how the rocks on earth are changed from one rock type to another. Cycling Back to Nature: Soils Alive This changing of rock types is called the “Rock Cycle”. A copy of this Rock Cycle image The Soul of Soil can be downloaded from the Geology Resources section. More Lessons: Earth as an Apple and Soil Directions: Conservation Note: Prior to this lesson, students should have received a copy of the three-part readings Water Filtering and Soil on Oregon’s Ancient Geology (Columbia Basalts, Missoula Floods, and Fire & Ice) and had Soil Horizons & Below our Feet time to read the material and discuss it with their class.
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon's History
    Oregon’s History: People of the Northwest in the Land of Eden Oregon’s History: People of the Northwest in the Land of Eden ATHANASIOS MICHAELS Oregon’s History: People of the Northwest in the Land of Eden by Athanasios Michaels is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Contents Introduction 1 1. Origins: Indigenous Inhabitants and Landscapes 3 2. Curiosity, Commerce, Conquest, and Competition: 12 Fur Trade Empires and Discovery 3. Oregon Fever and Western Expansion: Manifest 36 Destiny in the Garden of Eden 4. Native Americans in the Land of Eden: An Elegy of 63 Early Statehood 5. Statehood: Constitutional Exclusions and the Civil 101 War 6. Oregon at the Turn of the Twentieth Century 137 7. The Dawn of the Civil Rights Movement and the 179 World Wars in Oregon 8. Cold War and Counterculture 231 9. End of the Twentieth Century and Beyond 265 Appendix 279 Preface Oregon’s History: People of the Northwest in the Land of Eden presents the people, places, and events of the state of Oregon from a humanist-driven perspective and recounts the struggles various peoples endured to achieve inclusion in the community. Its inspiration came from Carlos Schwantes historical survey, The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History which provides a glimpse of national events in American history through a regional approach. David Peterson Del Mar’s Oregon Promise: An Interpretive History has a similar approach as Schwantes, it is a reflective social and cultural history of the state’s diversity. The text offers a broad perspective of various ethnicities, political figures, and marginalized identities.
    [Show full text]