10372 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 9, 1976

IN THB COAST GUABD Stephen J. Baumrind Walter E. Hanahan, Jr. FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION Ronald G. Grimmer Robert J. Cheney, Jr. The following-named lieutenant command­ M. R. Bradley, of Indiana, to be a member ers of the Coast Guard Reserve to be per­ Lawrence J. Toole William R. Allen ma.nent commissioned officers in the Coast George H. McEachern Richard R. Kuhn of the Federal Fa.rm Credit Board, Fa.rm Guard Reserve in the grade of commander: William B. Christy Rona.Id P. Hunter Credit Ad.ministration, for a term expiring Edward c. Ruba.tino Edwin J. Roland, Jr. March 3, 1982. Leona.rd P. Brooks Joseph Miralles Harry Y. M. Char Robert L. Foot The abov-e nomination was approved sub­ Warren J. Shadko Ira J. Hall ject to the nominee's commitment to re­ Charles w. Scheck Joseph F. Ba.roco CONFffiMATION spond to requests to appear and testify be­ Elliot R. Lese Joseph P. Ma.nfreda Benjamin A. Geerds J a.mes A. Rowins Executive nomination confirmed by fore any duly constituted committee of the Jon F. Engstrom Jackson McLaughlin the Senate April 9, 1976: Sen.ate.

E.XTENSIONS OF REMARKS trlct of the Maricopa County Health Depart­ (c) (2) (A) If the principal reduces the CONGRESSMAN RHODES RECEIVES size of a. sales representative's territory and HUMANITARIAN AWARD ment. She warned that tuberculosis in the county was up 16 per cent last year and that reduces his commissions by 25 per cent caused six deaths. or more in the following year, he becomes HON. ROBERT H. MICHEL "Tuberculosis is stlll around and it can eligible for a reduced a.mount of indemnity happen to any of us," she said. or can consider himself "terminated" and OF Il..LINOIS Dr. Breen said it was more exciting in the pursue full indemnification. (c) (2) (A) (ll) IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES past to treat tuberculosis because drug except that if the reduced sales a.re the result of strike or natural disaster or war, Thursday, April 8, 1976 therapy would cure most victims. "You could give a person a drug and kiss 'em off for two the principal shall not be liable. Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker, I have re­ years," she said. (c) (2) (B) If the principal redu~es the cently learned that our distinguished But now, she said, treatment ls more com­ sales representative's rate of commission by plicated and cures harder to come by because 25 per cent or more in a year, he can consider and modest minority leader received a himself "terminate" or seek partial indemni· I remaining tuberculosis patients have metab­ very prestigious award and am happy olisms that resist drug therapy or have fl.cation. to bring it to the attention of the House. exotic forms of the disease. Section 102. The amount of the indemnity JOHN RHODES was given the Humani­ is computed by multiplying the higher of tarian Award by the Arizona Friends of either the sales representatives average the National Jewish Hospital and Re­ monthly commissions over the year prior to search Center in Denver. The citation termination or the three years prior to ter­ SUMMARY OF H.R. 13111 mination by the total number of months he says that the award was given because of serviced the account by ten per cent. An ex­ his, "great compassion and concern for ample of the computation would be as fol­ mankind's birthright to breathe," and HON. JOHN Y. McCOLLISTER lows: The sales representative serviced a par­ the fact· that he "has helped and given OF NEBRASKA ticular account for four years and earned great hope to the sick of all ages, races, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES an average commission of $12,000 a year. If he were unfairly terminated, he would be en­ and creeds." Thursday, April 8, 1976 I want to offer my congratulations to titled to-$1,000 (his average monthly com­ JOHN. I think all of us, as his friends, Mr. McCOLLISTER. Mr. Speaker, yes­ mission X 48 (months he serviced the ac­ I 13111, count) X 10%. His indemnity would total know how richly he deserves such recog­ terday, introduced H.R. the $4,800. nition for his tireless efforts on behalf Sales Representative Protection Act. I (a) (2) In no case would the indemnity of good causes such as the National Jew­ believe this bill is vitally important to exceed his average annual com.mission. ish Hospital and Research Center. independent salesmen throughout the (a) (2) (B) If the sales rep recovers under Mr. Speaker, I include the newstory country. The following is a brief sum­ section 102(B), his subsequent recovery un­ on the award which appeared in the mary of the contents of H.R. 13111: der 102(a) will be reduced by that amount. SUM.MARY (b) The reduced indemnity which can be Arizona Republic at this point in the claimed by a sales representative who has RECORD: Section 1. Title. his territory reduced or his commission rate [From the Arizona. Republic] Section 2. Statement of finaings and pur­ reduced and who wishes to continue to re­ pose. present his principal is computed in the same RHODES HONORED AS HUMANITARIAN Section 3. Definitions: "Sales Representa­ Rep. John Rhodes, R-Ariz., was honored tive" is defined to include only marketers fashion, but reduced by the percentage by Saturday night for his humanitarian con­ of merchandise who use sales representatives. which his total commissions from the ac­ tributions to Arizona residents and his long­ This will exclude providers of services such count or his rate of commission is reduced. time support of a Denver respiratory as insurance companies and companies of Section 103. Provides that a. sales represen­ hospital. sales representatives. tative is entitled to a settlement from his Rhodes was given the Humanitarian "Sales Representative" ls defined to mean principal within thirty days of termination Award by the Arizona Friends of the National only "independent contractors" (as distinct (or else he can seek relief from the courts Jewish Hospital and Research Center in under the Act) and provides a. payment from "employees") who solicit for a prin­ mechanism which will reduce any cash fl.ow Denver. cipal's merchandise. problems for smaller businesses liable for Dinner Chairman Samuel Shapiro credited "Good cause" includes "dishonesty, fraud, the indemnity. Rhodes with "distinguished service to Phoe­ other criminal activity, material breach of nix and Arizona" and "dedicated affiliation the contract, failure to put forth a. good faith TITLE 11--CONTRACTS BETWEEN SALES and concern for the National Jewish effort to sell the product, and gross negli­ REPRESENTATIVES AND PRINCIPALS Hospital. gence." Section 201. Provides that all contracts deal More than 500 persons at a dinner in the TITLE I-INDEMNIFICATION with certain areas of contractual concern, Hyatt Regency ballroom stood and ap­ Section 101. Provides that a principal who but does not specify that the contract be plauded as Rhodes accepted the bronze-and­ terminates a sales representative without written nor provide penalties if the two par­ wood plaque. good cause from an account which was ties to the contract do not formally agree "I am greatly honored to be pa.rt of this opened by the sales representative or which on any area. In such a case, the courts will worthy effort," Rhodes said. "All of you who he increased the sales by 50 per cent or examine the course of dealing to determine have supported this fine institution are hu­ more and which he serviced for a least the contract terms. The areas to be covered manitarians . . . this award I receive really eighteen months shall pay the sales rep­ include: rate of commission, provisions for belongs to you." resentative an indemnification. cash advances, amount of required termina­ The admission price of $150 a couple gen- (a) (3) If the principal discontinues selling tion notice, description of territory, existence erated $43,175 for the hospital, said former to the account, termination does not fall un­ and procedure if arbitration is involved, Phoenix Mayor John Driggs, who managed der the act. ownership of samples, notice period for prin­ financing for the dinner. (b) If a sales representative is terminated cipal to accept or reject order, arrangements The hospital cares for persons with hard­ "for the primary purpose of preventing for payment of commission on orders trans­ to-trea.t respiratory ailments regardless ot (him) from becoming entitled to an indem­ mitted prior to termination, procedures for their ablllty to pay. nification" he becomes eligible, providing sales representative to verify principal's deal­ Main speaker at the dinner was Dr. Lois he has worked for the principal for at least ings with his account and whether the sales Breen, chest consultant for the ea.stern dis- a year. representative can handle other lines. In all April 9, 1976 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 103r73 cases, the two parties can deter mine whatever the guarantee of free speech as basic to military barracks, where maltreatment ls terms they wish in the contract. our national integrity. Moreover, his routine. The trade unionists were in gen­ Section 202. The principal has several ability to recognize and understand the eral held in preventive detention, Without duties towards his sales representatives. They charges, for a period ranging from a few include: acknowledgement of receipt of a.n diverse economic and social forces af­ days or weeks to a few months. order, making relevant invoices and credit fecting the times in which he served, and However, more recently, some ­ memorandums avallable for inspection by to reconcile them in the light of our ists have been charged With offenses under sales representative, a nd provision of a Constitution, rendered him of major sig­ the La.w of National Security. This may be monthly statement of commissions due. nificance to the 20th century itself. indirectly linked to their being TU mlli­ TITLE III MISCEL LANEOUS In looking back upon the so-called tants, but more directly With their support Section 301. Action can be brought in any Warren Court of the 1950's and 1960's, for certain political parties or groups, all Federal District court or in state courts in historians will be required to recognize banned at the end of 1973, when Parliament the sales representatives home district. Ac­ William O. Douglas as the mainstay of was dissolved. A more worrying feature as tion must commence Within five years of regards trade unionists ls the fa.ct that they the liberal majority which transformed have now started to be ta.ken to military bar­ termination. Courts may award attorneys fees American jurisprudence from a close al­ to sales representatives if they bring a suc­ racks, in many of which it seeins that all cessful action. liance with the status quo and privilege suspects brought there undergo torture as Section 302. No contract can waive pro­ to the dramatic agent of constitutional a matter of routine. This ls accompanied by tections of this Act. Nothing in this Act, how­ principles in action. Among the legacies the common feature of no notification to the ever, governs the terms of a private settle­ he was largely responsible for leaving families or lawyers of the reasons for ar­ ment subsequent to termination. behind were the expansion of the rights rest and place of detention. Section 303. The sales representative's of criminal defendants, reapportion­ There were large-scale arrests throughout right to pursue other suits against his prin­ ment of legislative districts, and the end the country before Ma.y 1, 1975, which were cipal ls protected. apparently to prevent major organized Section 304. The Act becomes effective 90 of legal racial discrimination. These actions as part of Worker's Da.y celebrations. days after enactmen t. were the direct result of agreement and These are excerpts from the testimony of one assent, of course-but the groundwork, of the arrested workers: · laid previously by the determined Jus­ "I was taken to the 9th Cavalry Regiment tice Douglas, inuluded masses of dis­ in Montevideo City. I was held there for sent--repeated protest against the most several days. I lost notion of time. They A TRIBUTE TO ONE OF THE GREAT­ were very ha.rd on me, beating me on the EST OF THE "GREAT DISSENT­ brutal of injustice, the kind sanctified head, stoma.ch, legs and all a.bout the body. ERS", JUSTICE WILLIAM 0. DOUG­ bylaw. I passed out several times ... Another form LAS Of all our "Great Dissenters"-and of torture was to make me stand on a slippery may they appear to lead the way so long floor stret ching my legs a.pa.rt until I felt as injustice continues on this Earth­ I was going to burst, and then kicking me to HON. SIDNEY R. YATES one of the greatest certainly, was the make me fall. This they did 40 to 50 times. magnificent, courageous, and remark­ My feet were mangled for days. Afterwards, OF ILLINOIS the 'submarine' (near suffocation by submer­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATlYES able Justice William O. Douglas. Long may his memory prevail. sion in water). Then I was ta.ken to the San Thursday, April 8, 1976 Jose military unit. There the treatment was even more brutal ... They threatened me Mr. YATES. Mr. Speaker, there have With applying the 'law of escape' (execu­ been several members of the U.S. Su­ tion). The climax came one night when they preme Court, over the years, who may REPRESSION OF THE TRADE UNIONS subjected me to a combined torture of sub­ well have merited the title of "the Great AND UNIVERSITIES IN URUGUAY marine and electric shock With cables in dif­ Dissenter" who in defiance of popular ferent parts of the body, the marks of which lasted for weeks. There were 6 or 7 tor­ opinion and the majority opinion of the HON. EDWARD I. KOCH turers ..." Court, may have felt required, consis­ OF NEW YORK Since March 1974, all trade union activities tently, to state the case for the just yet IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES have been prohibited. Strikes are not tole­ unpopular position, and who, in the end, rated. Even elections of new boards have were acclaimed by posterity as harbin­ Thursday, April 8, 1976 been paralysed and workers meetings on gers of reason and the right. Mr. KOCH. Mr. Speaker, I have been trade union matters (salaries, etc.) have The names of Oliver Wendell Holmes inserting into the CONGRESSIONAL REC­ been banned; in the few cases where such and Louis D. Brandeis come quickly to meetings have ta.ken place, participants have ORD a series of reports from Amnesty In­ been arrested, and many are still in deten­ mind, as does that of the first John ternational concerning the situation in tion, Without trial. Although the CNT has Marshall Harlan. The dissents of Harlan Uruguay. The trade unions and the uni­ been tote.Uy restricted from a.ny attempt to in the interest of the 14th amendment versities have been the most outspoken ma.intaitl political opposition to the regime, were equaled, perhaps, by those of Hugo opponents of the military dictatorship trade union activities per se a.re perceived by Black in the interest of the first amend­ and consequently have suffered the the government as a threat. Due to the in­ ment. harshest measures of repression. The re­ creasing gap between prices and salaries, the Yet, for all their wisdom, their sense port concerning the present position of workers' discontent continues to be shown of justice, knowledge of the law, inde­ on many occasions, and such expressions are these two groups follows: also severely repressed. pendence of intellect, and moral integ­ THE POSITION OF TRADE UNYONS AND Trade union premises have been taken rity, none of these giants of the Supreme ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS over by the authorities, and in the out­ Bench can be said to have surpassed in Students and trade unionists have been standing case of the Building Workers' Trade ability and humanity the performance among the principal victims of repression in Union, "their headquarters were transformed of Justice William 0. Douglas, recently Uruguay. Of the estimated 5,000 political by the authorities into a. torture chamber." retired. prisoners, most would fa.11 into these two "A special fund was created in Uruguay The belief of Justice Douglas in the categories. for the building of houses with a 2 % deduc­ rights of the individual under law was (A) Trade Union Movement- tion from the wages of all workers in Uru - the main driving force in all his en­ Since the dissolution of Parliament and tne gua.y ... The houses were never built, the banning of the ma.in trade union body, the funds being used to pay the wages of the deavors as a member of the Court. On Convencion Nacional de Trabajadores (ONT) army and police." (Source: Labor-World Con­ this basis more than any other he dis­ at the end of June 1973, the number a.nd in­ federation of Labor, Sept. 75) . sented from the overall opinion of his tensity of violations of human rights have (B) Universities-- colleagues. Yet--as has been so fre­ steadily increased. The leaders of the ONT, The National University of Uruguay re­ quently observed-more of his dissents to which about 90% of the Uruguayan work­ mained firmly in opposition to the present were later written into law than those ers belong, have been Uving underground government, in which the m111ta.ry have the of any other justice in Supreme Court since 1973, when warrants were issued for effective power, although the civlUa.n history. their arrest. elected President, Juan Marla Borda.berry, Throughout the full course of his Thereafter, persons arrested for trade union remains in omce. activities were usually taken to El Cilindro The Government felt that there might be honored career Justice Douglas was ever (a sports stadium prison in Montevideo), a "silent majority" Within the University in the forefront of the fight for basic where, on the whole, they were not mal­ that supported the Government but had not civil rights and civil . In the treated, the morale was high, and there were made its feelings known, and they ordered same manner as that of his colleague of much more liberal visiting regulations than a compulsory and secret election of Uni­ many years, Justice Black, he regarded in other places of detention, such as the versity authorities. The groups correspond- CXXII--656-Part 9 10374 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 9, 1976 1ng to the Frente Amplio (a "broad front" case was being considered in February 1974, BUILDING BRIDGES party comprising several groups of the left) namely the importance of prompt and fair and other groups from left to right of cen­ trial by an independent and impartial judi­ ter in opposition to the ruling party won ciary in all cases, including cases in which HON. EDWIN B. FORSYTHE an overwhelming victory 1n September 1973. trade unionists are charged with political or OF NEW JERSEY During the summer and autumn, the Uni­ crlminal offenses which the Government versity organized public lectures analysing considers have no relation to their trade IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the socio-economic and legal situation of union functions . . . Thursday, April 8, 1976 Uruguay, which has been steadily and seri­ "The Committee likewise emphasized, as ously deteriorating, and tried to present it had done on various occasions in the past, Mr. FORSYTHE. Mr. Speaker, recently solutions to this major national crisis. The that the detention by the authorities of my constituents returned my annual newly elected University authorities were trade unionists concerning whom no survey, in order to inform me of their due to take office on October 29, 1973. On grounds for conviction are subsequently views on the current issues. In the area October 27th, a bomb exploded 1n the found ls liable to involve restrictions of of priorities one concern appeared far Faculty of Engineering and killed a student, trade union rights." {SOurce: ILO Document Marcos Caridad Jordan. There are contra­ GB/195/12/20, paragraphs 156, 162, 163 and ahead of any other-the size and cost dictory versions as to his role there. The 164, February/March 1975) of Government. This, they indicated, was Uruguayan authorities claim that he was The importance of international solidar­ a problem deserving of immediate atten­ making the bomb. One of his teachers, the ity has been continuously stressed by the tion by Congress. I could not agree more. ex-Rector of the University, said that he ONT. A vivid example is an international Our Founding Fathers drew up what found it hard to believe that Jordan was appeal launched by the CNT on March 18, they felt to be an ideal form of govern­ anything other than a serious student. As a 1975, calllng for support from worker to ment, designed not to control but to pro­ consequence of Jordan's death, the Rector worker. tect and serve the people. As the Pre­ of the University, the Deans of all Faculties (D) Prtsoners--As mentioned above, from (and, instead of two Deans who happened the approximately 5,000 political prisoners amble to our Constitution directs, the to be out of the country that weekend, the in Uruguay, it can be unmistakably esti­ objective of this Government should be Interim Dean and an Ex-Dean) were all mated that a large majority are workers a:nd to "promote the general welfare." arrested, as were some other members of students, not only their leaders but also the Yet today, our Government has pro­ sta.tr and students. The Rector and Deans rank-and-file membership. In many cases duced a bureaucracy that is so complex, were held for nearly two months and ques­ we have concrete allegations of the use of and so bound by regulation and redtape, tioned about their responsibility for the torture, and the numerous examples we have that the very purpose of its organization "Marxist infiltration" in the University indicate that its systemaitic application has become normal procedure in nearly all cases in the first place is forgotten. and its having become a "center of This situation is unfair and unneces­ subversion." Most of them are now released, of political prisoners. but their cases have not been closed. Among Uruguayan prisoners adopted or sary for our Nation's taxpayers. The need Large scale expulsion of University staff under investigation by AI, are members of for regulatory reform transcends all took place; the depuracion was formalized a Wide variety of trade unions. A few exam­ partisan or provincial boundaries. We all by a decree which obliged all sta.tr to swear ples are listed, with names of detained need to work together now to streamline an oath against "" and in defense of members: our Government. the present regime. Meat industry workers: Ariel Alsln, Odiles The following article from the Asbury The Uruguayan University Students Fed­ Amiral, Beltran Camilo, Ruben Omar Her­ Park, N.J. Press of March 27 offers an eration (FEUU) has been severely haras­ nandez, Ismael Larrosa, Valentin Llorca, excellent illustration of this problem. sed; its leading cadres have been arrested Helvecio Machin, Rolando Morales, Walter (including their Secretary General) or are Moreira, Eduardo Perez, Rolando Rossi, Ro­ Too often the benefits of protective gov­ 1n exile. dolfo Sposito. ernmental regulation ft.ow away from (C) International Support-- Dockworkers: Juan Gomez, Humberto and not toward the people. Not until the Many international trade union organiza­ Rodriquez, Juan Laino (union officials), bureaucracy can serve as a bridge in­ tions (such as the World Confederation of Daniel Albacete, Frederis Britos. stead of a blockade between people and Labor and the International Confederation Health workers/nurses: Juan Jose Aguir­ Government, can our Federal agencies be of Free Trade Unions) and student orga­ reza.bal, Carlos Alfonso, Teresa Buscaglia de said to be truly responsive to our needs: nizations-of both the East and the West-­ Lando, Sonia. Guarmier. STATE TAKES DIM VIEW OF BICENTENNIAL have strongly protested the repression of Banlt employees: Waldemar Caceres, Fer­ their fellow members in Uruguay, and it may nando Castro Oartos Ignacio Fassano Mar­ BRIDGE be relevant to quote from an official report tens, Silvio Osorio. (By W. Ray Ollwerther) of the Committee on Uruguay of the Inter­ School teachers: Carlos Raul Astellano del ToMs RIVER.--Complaining about red tape national Organization of Labor: Rio, Nibya Elda Betancourt Rogh, Winston and long bureaucratic delays, Dover Town­ "As regards the dissolution of the National Nelson Marra, Milte Radiccloni, Maria. Elena ship officials decided to build a bridge across Workers' Convention, the Committee drew Viera de Aguirre, Ricardo Tarcisio Vilaro the Toms River without the required state or the Government's attention to the impor­ Sanguinetti, Victor Cayota (Chairman of federal permits. tance it attached to the principle that work­ the Secondary School Teachers Association), They got caught. ers' organizations should not be subjected to Luis Guidotti Luscher. (University profes­ It was only a temporary foot-bridge, built suspension or dissolution by administrative sors from different faculties have been de­ for a Bicentennial re-enactment of a 1782 authority, and that likewise dissolution by tained, but in particular a large number of British attack on the village of Toms River. the executive branch of the government did the Faculty of Engineering have been ar­ It didn't interfere with boat traffic, and it not ensure that right of defense which nor­ rested. Detained staff members of the Fac­ didn't cause any apparent environmental mal judicial procedure alone could guaran­ ulty include: Pedro de Aurrecoechea Petti­ damage. tee. The Governing Body likewise asked the nari, Augusto Bessouat, Luis Eduardo Casa­ But on March 19, the same day it took Government's observations on the alleged mayon del Pino, Jose Luis Genta. Varela, township employees three hours to put the ban on the activities of the Glass Workers Martin Hector Ponce de Leon Carrau, Julio bridge in place, inspectors from the Depart­ Federation and the National Union of Build­ Ricaldoni, Daniel Moretti Betancourt.) ment of Environmental Protection noticed ing and Allied Trade Workers, and on the Students: Marta Isabel Alvarez Seronl, something fishy along the water's edge. measures taken against various teachers' or­ Rafael Ta.bare Amen Pazos, Carlos Maria Yesterday, the township received a letter ganizations ... Anido Labadie, Carlos Ballestrazzl, Marla from the department accusing local officials "In considering the case at its session in Amalia Brum Etchegaray, Medardo Castro, of "a willful violation" of state law in pro­ November 1974, the Committee expressed its Jose Enrique Colombo COrrea, Judith Jose­ ceeding without a permit. concern at the numerous and grave accusa­ fl.na Colomo Rapp, Jose Pedro Dabesies Mas­ James B. Johnson, state supervisor of the tions brought against the Government of in­ sone, Juan Alberto Aorcena Real de Azua, riparian section, "invited" the township to fringement of trade union rights and re­ Jorge Roland Roland, Miguel Volinsky explain why it should not either remove the gretted that the Government had left many Schwarz, Horacio Bazzano. bridge or be fined for "construction prior to of those accusations unanswered. It recalled Many other detained workers belonged to obtaining the necessary permits." that it had, in the past, emphasized that the shoe factories, telephone and transport While conceding the township did not fol­ purpose of the whole procedure was to pro­ unions, the civil service, glass factories, low required procedures, Mayor Robert Brune mote respect for trade union rights in law newspaper-vendors, locksmiths, fanners, says local officials didn't flout the law. and in fact, while protecting governments soap workers, textlle workers, railwaymen, "We took a reasonable and logical view to against unreasonable accusations ... biscuit factories, metalworkers, building cut through the red tape of governmental "As regards the arrest and detention of workers, dockers, and physicians and den­ bureaucracy," Brune said. "For the amount trade unionists, the Committee once more tists--including Dr. Francisco Walter Pucci, of good it did in educational value and com­ drew the Governments attention to the Chairman of the Latin American Associa­ munity spirit, I still think 1t was a good principle evoked by the Committee when the tion of Odontologists. idea." April 9, 1976 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10375 Adds L. Manuel Hlrshblond, township which now escape Federal scrutiny. Pres­ ther informed me that Mr. Macapagal clerk-administrat.or: "A re-enactment like ently, only pesticides, drugs, and food ad­ would be permitted to come to the United this happens only once every 200 yea.rs. We've ditives undergo federally mandated test­ States if he applied for permission. been battling paperwork witb various agen­ When I spoke to Ambassador Sullivan, cies for months, and we had to get the bridge ing before being sold commercially. up. It is estimated that there are some 30,- I requested a written confirmation of the "We hoped no one would come a.round and 000 chemicals in use today, with another assurances given to the former President make an inspection and quickly-it's unbe­ 1,000 coming into the market annually. and I am taking the of inserting lievable," Hirshblond said. As a result, we have been and will con­ these assurances in the REcoan. In addition to the state violation, the tinue to be confronted with revelations I am delighted to know that Mr. Mac­ township didn't file for a permit from the that one or another of these new sub­ apagal is free to leave the Philippines at Coast Guard. stances is hazardous and could very well any time. I trust that, in the event he The maximum penalty !or an illegal struc­ ture on a navigable waterway is a fine up t.o be contaminating us in any number of does decide to emigrate to the United $2,500 and a year in jail. ways. For example, PCB's have been re­ States, our Government will make every But it appears that benign neglect by reg­ vealed as potential menaces, as well as effort to expedite his application, so that ulatory agencies will let the township oft' the other substances in our drinking water. Mr. Macapagal can come to this country hook. Therefore, the Toxic Substances Control as soon as possible. A spokesman for the Coast Guard said the Act is now more necessary than ever, The letter follows: agency has more important things to worry especially with the slow progress in DEPARTMENT OF STATE, about. treating cancer, that results from ex­ Washington, D.a., April 5, 1976. Donald Graham, director of the state Divi­ Hon. STEPHEN J. SoLARZ, sion of Marine Resources, said a lack of com­ posure to deadly chemicals. This legislation is to prevent people House of Representatives. munication with the township led to the DEAR MR. SOLARZ: Ambassador Sullivan has state's complaint. He said it would go no from being used as unsuspecting guinea told me of your telephone conversation with further. pigs. Chemical combinations know no him regarding the Department's response to And besides, says Hirshblond, the offending physical boundaries, and little is known the recent request for political asylum by bridge will be taken down on Monday. about many of them. Yet, there are no Mr. Diosdado Macapagal, former President The t.ownship does plan to build a perma­ laws under which we may ban their use of the Ph111ppines. nent foot-bridge at the same site later this today. Fluorocarbons may affect the Mr. Macapagal arrived unexpectedly at the year, but local officials plan t.o be somewhat ozone layer, contributing to skin cancer, Embassy Residence in Manila at about 11:00 more cautious. and we cannot ban them either. a.m. on April 1. Ambassador SulUvan was in "We'll wait till we get the proper permits," Washington at the time, but Mrs. Sulllvan Hirshblond said. The Toxic Substances Control Act, was at home. Mr. Macapagal told her that he which I have cosponsored from the start, feared he was in danger of imminent arrest is designed to get at the heart of our and requested political asylum, a request he chemical contamination problem via pre­ repeated to our Charge d'Aft'alres, Mr. Lee T. TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROLS testing and stiffer regulation of produc· Stull, when the latter arrived at the Resi­ tion, marketing, use or disposal of haz­ dence, having been summoned by Mrs. Sul­ ardous chemicals. It is my fervent hope livan. After talking with Mr. Macapagal, Mr. HON. LEO C. ZEFERETTI that the House will complement the Sen­ Stull reported the circumstances to the De­ OF NEW YORK ate's action and vote to approve a strong partment of State and requested instruc­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tions. version of the measure for the public's From Mr. Stull's reports, it was apparent Thursday, April 8, 1976 safety. It is a long past due action on our that neither Mr. Macapagal's life nor the part. safety of his person was in jeopardy. Thus, Mr. ZEFERETTI. Mr. Speaker, the the granting of temporary refuge, which may House will soon be debating a crucially be authorized in such circumstances, was not important piece of environmental protec­ PRESS REPORTS SAY FORMER PHIL­ called for. tion legislation in the form of the Toxic IPPINE PRESIDENT WAS REFUSED Since it is the pollcy of the United States Substances Control Act, already over­ POLITICAL ASYLUM Government not to grant asylum to citizens whelmingly approved by the other body. of another country within the territorial jur­ This legislation is intended to protect the isdiction of their own government and since public from chemicals that could cause HON. STEPHEN J. SOLARZ temporary refuge did no appee.r necessary In this case, it was decided that Mr. Mac­ cancer, birth defect.s and other health OF NEW YORK apagal's request for asylum should be hazards. Observers predict a difiicult IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES denied and that he should be asked to leave struggle in the House over the bill, which Thursday, April 8, 1976 the Residence, with the assurance that if directly addresses the problem of chem­ he wished to go to the United States and ical pollution in the United States. Mr. SOLARZ. Mr. Speaker, last week if the Philippine Government would permit Every few months we are dismayed to I was deeply disturbed by reports that him to depart, we would do everything pos­ confront another instance of chemicals appeared in the press that the former sible to adm1t him to the United States in loose in our environment and causing President of the Philippines, Mr. Dios­ accordance with our normal procedures. Mr. Stull was instructed to so inform Mr. Mac­ serious health hazards. Among those re­ dado Macapagal, was turned away from apagal. He was also instructed to inform the vealed so far have been mercury, kepone, the American Embassy in Manila when Phillppine Government of Mr. Macapagal's PCB's and vinyl chloride. What the in­ he showed up to request asylum in the request and our denial of it. Meanwhile, a stances described here show is that these United States. I was concerned that spokesman for Mr. Macapagal, apparently increasingly sophisticated chemical com­ these accounts had overtones of the un­ acting on the latter's instructions, issued pounds are being utilized commercially fortunate case involving Simas Kudirka, a statement to the press announcing that Mr. without being fully tested as to how they the Latvian sailor who sought asylum Macapagal had sought asylum at the Ameri­ affect people. Full testing to determine from the United States in November 1970 can Embassy. be When Mr. Stull, acting under the lnstruc­ side effects on human beings and their when bOarded a U.S. Coast Guard tibns he had received, discussed the situa­ environment is essential, and the bill in ship, only to be turned back a few hours tion with officials of the Philippine Govern­ question would go a long way toward later to Soviet personnel. ment, he was informed that there was no guaranteeing just that. This legislation However, I made immediate inquiries warrant out for Mr. Macapagal's arrest and would require laboratory testing more to the State Department a.nd eventually that Mr. Macapagal could leave the Phllip­ complete than that chemical companies spoke to the American Ambassador to pines any time he wished to do so. presently carry out. the United States who happened to be in After being informed of the United States If passed, the bill would require a pro­ Washington the same day that the press Government's position and of the assurances reports appeared. Ambassador Sullivan given by the Philippine Government, Mr. ducer to notify the Environmental Pro­ Macapagal voluntarily departed the Resi­ tection Agency 90 days before commenc­ assured me that the United States had dence some 13 hours after his arrival. He was ing manufacture of a new chemical, so received assurances from the Philippine not molested upon departure and, as far as that the agency could require testing of Government that former President Mac­ we know, remains at liberty. We are con­ substances it deemed potentially danger­ apagal was not about to be arrested and fident that the assurances given by the ous. It would remedy the present piece­ that in fact he was free to leave the Philippine Government will be honored. We meal regulation of chemicals, many of country at any time. Mr. Sullivan fur- do not anticipate that Mr. Macapagal w111 10376 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 9, 1976 seek to leave the Philippines in the immedi­ printed from today's edition of the Wall FEDERAL PAPERWORK LOAD IS ate future. However, should he apply for ad­ Street Journal: mission to the United States through the BECOMING A CRUSHING BURDEN normal channels, his application would re­ THE RIGHT TO FOOD ON PRIVATE COLLEGES ceive every consideration. Twenty-seven national religious leaders I have tried not to encumber this letter recently drafted a thoughful appeal to Con­ with quotations of regulations. For your gress that is bound to stimulate widespread information, however, I am enclosing copies public qiscussion. The interfaith religious HON. LES AuCOIN of those sections of the Foreign Service Man­ leaders said that until recently hunger was OF OREGON ual which deal with asylum and the grant­ unavoidable for much of the human fam­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ily, but now that we have the means to over­ ing of refuge. Of particular pertinence to Thursday, April 8, 1976 this case are sections 227 through 228.3. come hunger it is no longer acceptable. Every Sincerely yours, man, woman and child on earth has the right to a. nutritionally adequate diet, they said, Mr. AUCOIN. Mr. Speaker, I would ROBERT J. MCCLOSKEY, like to share with you and with the other Assistant Secretary for Congressional since the food to sustain life is a fundamen­ tal right that derives from the right to life distinguished Members of this body a. Relations. itself. Letter I recently received from the ex­ The authors of this declaration do not seek ecutive director of the Oregon Independ­ villains or pretend that there a.re easy an­ ent Colleges Association. The contents THE RIGHT TO FOOD swers, which distinguishes their effort from of this letter have been read and some other notable statements issued in the name of religion. They explicitly point out approved by 20 private colleges through­ HON. C ARLES E. GRASSLEY that two resolutions currently before Con­ out the Pacific Northwest. gress, declaring that everyone has a right to In this letter, Dr. James Sullivan OF IOWA food and that such a right is to be recognized points out the crushing burden that is IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES as a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy, "does being placed on our private institutions Thursday, April 8, 1976 not commit our nation to massive food hand­ of higher education by an overwhelming outs." Rather, they say, the resolutions burden of new laws and regulations, each Mr. GRASSLEY. Mr. Speaker, in Sep­ "recognize the responsibility we have, in co­ operation with other nations, of enabling requiring a major commitment of tember Representative FRASER intro­ faculty and statf time and each costing duced House Concurrent Resolution 393, hungry people to produce more food and to work their way out of hunger." a substantial commitment which must which resolves that "every person in the The religious leaders' concern is readily be taken from resources that would country and throughout the world has understandable : and food shortages otherwise be committed to the institu­ the right to food-the right to a nutri­ have plagued mankind since the beginning of tion's educational program. tionally adequate diet." Mr. FRASER is to time, yet finally mankind has the means to Mr. Speaker, much of this paperwork be commended for his thoughtfulness in overcome hunger-provided that govern­ relates to legislation that is directed to the introduction of this resolution and, ments do not interfere. (Russian expert Adam B. mam notes in a recent issue of the good causes. But if in our efforts to do in particular, for his recognition within good we strangle small private colleges the resolution's context that any Ameri­ New Republic that four to five million Soviet citizens starved in 1932-33 while the Stalinist so they can no longer continue to exist, can assistance aimed at improving the government exported 17'2 million tons of we are depriving all Americans of an diets of the poor throughout the world grain to obtain foreign currency for indus­ important national resource. should focus on self-help development. trialization.) That's why we share the under­ Our small independent colleges have House Concurrent Resolution 393 de­ lying suggestion in the clergymen's declara­ traditionally led the way in providing serves the consideration of each and tion that food and nutrition cannot be divorced from such considerations as popula­ quality education with minimal cost to every Member of Congress as a vehicle the taxpaying public. It would be tragic forcing dialog on a subject that cries tion, econoinics and politics. The religious leaders caution that "sub­ if we permitted the demise of these for discussion and resolution. Two points stantial gains against hunger wm not be institutions in the name of reform and should be kept in mind, however. First, quick or easy or cheap," and that they "wlll better government. the United States alone cannot feasibly require exceptional efforts on the part of rich Mr. Speaker, I submit this letter for try to feed all the world's undernour­ and poor nations a.like." But it seems to us the RECORD: ished. In addition, those nations which that foremost among those "exceptional ef­ forts" is recognition that the problem of food OREGON INDEPENDENT COLLEGES are suffering from widescale hunger must ASSOCIATION, not adopt policies which discourage the shortages is rooted to a large extent in gov­ ernment policies, particularly in efforts to im­ March 19, 1976. full production of food. With respect to pose rigid controls on agriculture. Representative LEs AuCoIN, this latter point, I want to note the find­ This is true in many nations but it is par­ House Office Building, ings of two groups of researchers, acting ticularly true of Communist and socialist Washington, D.C. independently. Researchers at the Iowa states, which continue to blame harvest fail­ DEAR LEs: We need your help. State University and with the GAO both ures on the weather and on everything other In the past few years we have been over­ than the effects of state planning. It is no ac­ whelmed by federal regulations and federal found that many developing nations requirements for paperwork on a wide range have policies which actually discourage cident, and only partly the fault of bad weather, that Russia was the world's leading of programs. It is not that we object to the the full and efficient production of food. agriculture exporter before World War I, yet goals; in almost every instance we agree with Each Member of the House should twice in recent years was required to pur­ those social purposes. It does us no good, keep in mind that food in this Nation ac­ chase vast amounts of grain from the U.S.­ it does no one any good, however, for the counts for a smaller proportion of earned whose agricultural methods it routinely crit­ federal government to overwhelm us with a income than in any other country. In icizes as unscientific and wasteful. burden of conflicting and oppressive regula­ addition, last year alone, we exported Some influential Americans also describe tions and demands for paperwork; most of U.S. o.gricultural methods as unscientific and which do absolutely nothing to advance the well over $20 billion in agricultural pro­ ends to which they a.re directed. duction that could not be consumed at wasteful, and their solution for modernizing is to impose ever wider controls. Regrettably, In the United States today there are home. The reason for this abundance iii they have yet to make the connection be­ approxima.tley 1,485 independent colleges. Of clear. In America, the farm sector oper­ tween America's bountiful harvests and the that number 1,300 have enrollments of less ates freely, without direct commands be­ fact that U.S. farmers enjoy considerable than 2,500 and as a result have extremely ing issued by the Federal Government freedom. The proper solution is not to wrap small staffs. Every additional demand for to each individual farmer. Unfortunate­ them in a straitjacket of regulations and con­ federal paperwork means we must either hire ly, I believe there are many well-mean- trols, but to encourage other nations to fol­ more personnel or shift some of our academic ing legislators who, for a variety of rea­ low the U.S. example. faculty into at least part time administra­ sons, believe that the Federal Govern­ This means that Washington should re­ tive and paperwork duties. double its efforts to share U.S. technical and A further problem ls cost. Student tuition ment must increase its control over the scientific knowhow with interested nations. and fees pay approximately 65 percent of the decisionmaking processes of the indi­ It means we should do everything we reason­ costs at independent colleges. For every addi­ vidual farmer. This would be disastrous ably can to ameliorate hunger and prevent tional dollar we must spend on required fed­ to our Nation and the entire world. In ad­ starvation anywhere in the world. But it also eral paperwork, we must pass on approxi­ dition, it would be disastrous to the means that we owe it to the underdeveloped mately 65¢ to our students. This ls a. finan­ achievement of those goals set forth in world, as well as to home grown critics, to cial imposition that our students and/or the right-to-food resolution. I rec­ reiterate again and again that most coun­ their parents can little a.fiord. It has a fur­ tries have it within their power to stave off ther complicating factor in that it further ommend that any Representative who fainine by merely liberating farms and widens the tuition gap between independ­ looks with skepticism upon these state­ farmers from the shackles of government ent institutions and those of the tax subsi­ ments review the editorial below, re- master plans. dized public institutions. Any further Widen- April 9, 1976 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ing of this tuition gap could have a serious closed editorial may be of interest in re­ can feel it and see it in the eyes of those adverse impact on the abllity of our institu­ f erring to the ways in which some States seniors who have walked forward to receive tions to survive. awards for distinguished services rendered We have written to President Ford and and other nations would meet these prob­ and must now face the reality that their ac­ urged that he take executive action within lems: tive student service at the MSC has ended. his administration to improve this situation. [From the Kansas City Star) You can see it in the eyes of those who Anything you can do to advance our case a.t THE VICTIMS OF CRIME now step forward, in btlt a few moments, to the White House would be appreciated. Several 11tate legislatures are in the midst take the place of these seniors and carry the We have written to the Commission on of debating the issue of aid for victims of happy burden of presenting this program to Federal Paperwork asking that they make the crime. Some lawmakers are hesitant to the student body of Texas A & M in the federal requirements of paperwork on higher launch programs for fear of creating a new school year 1976-77. education a priority item in their studies. layer of bureaucracy, excessive costs and If you look closely among those faces that Any assistance you can give us in this regard vulnerablllty to fraud. Some light could be you probably have not seen before tonight, would also be appreciated. shed on the practicab111ty of assistance for you will find emotion in the eyes of those of Most especially, however, we look to you for victims of crimes by looking at the experi­ us who have returned to the campus to cele­ whatever assistance you can be in the legis­ ence in the State of Washington. brate the Silver Anniversary of the MSC lative arena to try to put some control, some In the first 20 months about $900,000 has program. Each of us is looking back and re­ realistic imprint on federal regulations and been paid to 1300 victims who have proved membering the moments when we were priv­ federal requirements for paperwork. Any­ their losses to Washington officials. Benefits i'leged to joyfully labor in the MSC program. thing you can do in this area wlll be deeply have been given to a.bout 65 per cent of the Those of us who have departed the campus appreciated by all of us. applicants. Medical bills were paid in about now look back, remembering not the hours Best regards, 80 per cent of the cases; the rest were of hard work, but the fun of work ing on a JIM SULLIVAN, awarded on death, permanent or partial dis­ program in which we truly believe. Executive Director. abllity claims. We now recognize, after pursuing careers, (This letter has been read and concurred A bill developed in the Kentucky General the true value of the program, and how in by the college and university presidents Assembly calls for compensation for crime much, as individuals, we gained from our named on the accompanying list). victims by the criminal who inflicted bodily participation in the MSC program. It changed Dr. Dallin H. Oaks, Brigham Young Univer­ injury or property damage. In Wisconsin our lives a.s it is changing yours. sity, Provo, Utah. reimbursement would be tied to workmen's College education is far more than books. Dr. Francis J. Kerins, Carroll College, compensation. Supporters of aiding crime It requires not only technical knowledge in Helena, Mont. victims in Texas are attempting to link the a chosen career field, but an u nderstanding Rev. Anthony M. Brown, College of Great assistance with restitution by the offender. of how to relate to your fellow human being Falls, Great Falls, Mont. Assistance for crime victims originated in a complex society where each of us comes Dr. William c. Cassell, College of Ida.ho, outside this country. Great Britain has had from a different background and possesses Caldwell, Idaho. a program for years. Yet relatively few states somewhat dissimilar hopes a.nd dreams. It Dr. J. P. Sanders, Columbia Christian Col­ have accepted the concept in the United requires an opportunity to learn to lead, lege, Portland, Ore. States, even though the welfare of victims of first by following and then by leadingr with Dr. E. P. Weber, Concordia College, Port­ has been a prominent public issue. careful guidance and direction to allow in­ land, Ore Moreover the public has been keenly a.ware dividuals to learn from their mistakes. Dr. David c. Le Shana, George Fox College, of the apprehension, conviction and inca.r­ I think I can speak for all of us who have Newberg, Ore. ceration of the criminal. The victim remains returned for the Silver Anniversary when I Dr. c. Neal Davis, Judson Baptist College, virtually unnoticed-and unaided. say that the largest single contribution to Portland, Ore. our college education and our leadership Dr. John R. Howard, Lewls and Clark Col­ development outside the classroom, was our lege, Portland, Ore. participation in the program of t he Memorial Dr. Charles U. Walker, Linfield College, Student Center Council and Directorate. The McMinnville, Ore. WAYNE STARK benefits and advantages of participation in Sister Veronica Ann Baxter, Marylhurst Ed­ that program to each of us in the many diver­ ucation Center, Ma.rylhurst, Ore. sifted career fields which we have selected Rev. Elden F. Curtiss, Mt. Angel Seminary, HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE would be impossible to detail. We who return St. Benedict, Ore. OF TEXAS to this campus have come tonight to honor Mr. Warren A. Wolf, Museum Art School, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the person who has ma.de all of these benefits Portland, Ore. possible for each of us over so many years. Dr. Barton A. Dowdy, Northwest Christian Thursday, April 8, 1976 In reality, it is his birthday that we cele­ College, Eugene, Ore. Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Speaker, on Satur­ brate, for he has orchestrated the program Dr. D. V. Hurst, Northwest College, Kirk­ which is the MSC. land, Wash. day, April 3, the Memorial Stuflent Cen­ He is a very special and unique person. Dr. James V. Miller, Pacific University, ter of Texas A. & M. University held Flied With compassion and patience and Forest Grove, Ore. their annual awards banquet. On that with a heart as big a.s the whole out-of-doors. Dr. Paul E. Bragdon, Reed College, Port­ evening, Mr. Wayne Stark, director of land, Ore. His eyes saw no difference in color, long before the law ever got around to recogniz­ Dr. Bruce T. Alton, Rocky Mountain Col­ the Memorial Student Center, was hon­ lege, Billings, Mont. ored by the students. ing that "all men are created equal". He Dr. David L. McKenna, Seattle Pacific Col­ It has been my pleasure to have never ca.red whether we came from a farm, lege, Seattle, Wash. known Wayne Stark for 30 years and I small town or a large city. It did not matter Rev. Paul E. Waldschmidt, University of have seen at :firsthand the effect he has to him whether we knew which fork to use Portland, Portland, Ore. with the salad, or not to clap between move­ had on the lives of the students who have ments during a symphony performance or Dr. Philip M. Phipps, University of Puget passed through Texas A. & M. University Sound, Tacoma, Washington. never to chew gum in public. These were Dr. E. Joe Gilliam, Warner Pacific College, and who have participated in the student but a few of the many things we would learn Portland, Ore. center activities. He is truly a leader of under his guidance. You might say that this Dr. W. Thomas Younger, Western Baptist young people and has been a most in­ person has civilized a. generation of Aggies. Bible Col., Salem, Ore. fluential force on the campus during his Raw as we may have been, he saw only Dr. Manford A. Shaw, Westminster Col­ tenure. young people who desired to be leaders and lege, Salt Lake City, Utah. Under leave to extend my remarks in needed training and an opportunity to serve. He listens well. Whether the problem be Dr. Edward B. Lindaman, Whitworth Col­ the RECORD, I wish to include the re­ lege, Spokane, Wash. marks of a student leader honoring personal or directed toward the program. Dr. Robert P. Lisensky, wmamette Univer­ His main concern has always been the future sity, Salem, Ore. Wayne Stark: development of ea.ch individual and, in that WAYNE STARK RECOGNITION--MSC AWARDS regard, he has always been a teacher of the BANQUET first magnitude. Many are the hours which THE VICTIMS OF CRIME Ladles and gentlemen, tonight we have he has spent with students in his office, been privileged to witness the culmination sharing letters and experiences from those of MSC careers which, for some of these Sen­ who went before in the program. Always HON. WILLIAM L. HUNGATE iors, span their full four years at Texas attempting, by these examples, to make us try a little harder. OJ' MISSOURI A. & M. They have served their University and themselves well. For all of these yea.rs, he has sought to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The program of the MSC Council & Direc­ open the eyes and experiences of the Thursday, April 8, 1976 torate ts now 25 years old, and, as a part of students who have paraded before him 1n this banquet, we celebrate its birthday, with service to the MSC by the hundreds. Mr. HUNGATE. Mr. Speaker, as the love !or what it has done and ts doing for Whether it be the Experiment in Interna­ Judiciary Committee has been consider­ those who serve. tional Living-or the leadership trip-or the ing the problem of crime victims, the en- There 1s emotion in the a1r tonight. You travel committee-or literature-or any of 10378 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 9, 1976 his other "pet projects", this person has the consumer, and end a cliscriminatory, when you repealed all of the temporary ex­ always sought to widen the hortz.ens of burdensome tax. cise taxes mentioned before. Now is an ap­ those around him. He has sent scores of Following Senate action, and when the propriate time for the committee, and the students to Harvard Business School and Congress, to continue and complete this opened seemingly closed doors of law schools tax reform measure is in conference, I reform etrort by repealing these discrimina­ and professional schools for hundreds of urge my colleagues to accede to the ac­ tory taxes which serve as an unfair yoke others. Knowing this person is like tasting tion of the Senate and repeal these dis­ around the neck of the truck, trailer, bus the forbidden fruit-we are never the same criminatory truck, trailer, and parts and pa.rts manufacturing industries. after the experience, for the memory of this taxes. DECLINING SALES AND DECLINING TAX REVENUES person haunts us always pushing us to taste The testimony follows: new experiences and to excel. During the past two calendar years, trucks TESTIMONY OF PETER GRISKIVICH Under his guidance and direction, the in the over 10,000 lb. class experienced a 40 % MSC program has expanded from a small, Mr. Chairman and Members of the Com­ decline in reta.11 sales from 495,768 units in centralized program to the broad, all-inclu­ mittee. I am Peter Griskivich, Director of the 1973 to 298,105 units in 1975. This is double Motor '11ruck Manufacturers Division of the the rate of sales decline of non-taxed trucks sive program which is now made available (0-10,000 lbs. GVW) which in the same 2- to all the students at Texas A & M. The new Motor Vehicle Manuf-a.cturers Association of the United St8ites, Inc. (MVMA). We a.ppreci­ year period dropped 19% from 2,152,490 units MSC Complex physically demonstrates the in 1973 to 2,052,952 units in 1975. This down­ massive growth of the MSC program under a.te the opportunity to present testimony on tax reform issues. MVMA represents nine of ward trend has continued through the first his guidance, from the days of the tiny two months of this year which saw retail Student Programs omce which most of us the major motor vehicle manufacturers who account for more than 99% of the automo­ sales of these taxed vehicles at 43,607 units called home in years past. as compared to 72,339 units in January-Feb­ This man suffers from no problems of ego, biles, trucks, and buses made in the United States, including 98% of the trucks pro­ ruary of 1973. for he always seeks to place those around duced. We hope this trend reverses itself. Never­ him in the seat of prominence, while he I am appearing today to urge that the theless, it underscores the fact tha.t when observes and applauds our successes and Committee reaffirm its previous support for there a.re fewer sales there are fewer ta._x helps us to learn from our failures. He the repeal of the 10% Federal excise tax on revenues collected. refuses to allow any person to accept medioc­ new medium and heavy duty trucks, truck For example, based on last year's sales de­ rity in themselves. He demands our best and trailers, intercity buses [under 26 use 4061 cline, truck, bus and trailer excise tax col­ the people whose lives he has changed are (a) (1)] and the 8% tax on truck and bus lections for FY 1976 are estimated in the the living testimonials to his life's work. pa,rts and accessories [ 26 USC 4061 (b) ] . This proposed FY 1977 Federal Budget to drop There are no buildings which bear his name, proposal is contained in S. 974 introduced to $375 millton. This would be a decline of but each of us here tonight carries a little by Senators Robert Gri1fin and Philip Hart $226 million from FY 1975 Highway Trust piece of him wherever we go. and S. 2495 sponsored by Senator Hartke of Fund receipts of $601 million. Again, how­ He has received little real recognition from this Committee. ever, we hope truck sales recover to a far the University for his efforts, which, in It is our belief that the repeal of these greater degree than these estimates indicate. private industry, would have made him a taxes is entirely in the public interest and Furthermore, a decline In the sales of the person of great wealth and fame. He is a very in harmony with the goals of stimulating vehicles means not only a decline in excise special person, for he has a place in his the economy and controlling inflation. Re­ tax collections, but also a loss of Federal, heart for each individual in this room and peal of these excise taxes will furthermore state, and local revenues from other sources a very special dream for each individual in remove a long-standing tax inequity and including corporate and employee income this room tonight. The person we honor is help to offset the rapidly rising material and taxes. This is coupled with an increasing and has been the creator of the MSC manufacturing costs. By so doing, it will demand for government services in the way program, Mr. J. Wayne Stark. additionally serve to protect and bolster em­ of unemployment compensation and welfare ployment in the commercial vehicle and re­ payments. lated supplier industries at a time when The president of White Motor Corporation, such action is particularly needed. John E. Sheehan, testified a few weeks a.go EXCISE TAXES THE NEED FOR GREATER TAX EQUITY before the House Commerce Committee's These taxes represent some of the last Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and vestiges of a form of taxation which has its Finance. He reported that White's truck sales HON. MARVIN L. ESCH origins in either "temporary" or "emergency" dropped from $840 million in 1974 to $528 OF MICHIGAN measures adopted during wartime or the De­ million in 1975. As a result, White experi­ enced a net operating loss of $41 million in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES pression. Their purpose was largely to dis­ courage production or make adjustments in 1975 from the steep downturn in truck sales. Thursday, April 8, 1976 the national economy. The vast majority of As an example of what this has meant to the company, Mr. Sheehan indicated that Mr. ESCH. Mr. Speaker, on April 6, I products §.Ubject to these taxes, some dating back to World War I, have since been ex­ 1,270 employees currently were on layo1f last accompanied Senator ROBERT P. GRIFFIN empted. Such things, for example, as motor­ month at the company's Cleveland plant. to the tax revision hearings being held by cycles, automobile parts, air conditioners, Some of those employees include men and the Senate Finance Committee. The Sen­ business machines, refrigerators, freezers, women with as much as 13 years seniority. ator urged repeal of the 10-percent Fed­ refuse collection truck assemblies, radios, The major reverses experienced in the past eral excise tax on new medium and TVs, phonographs, local urban mass transit two years in commercial vehicle markets have heavy duty trucks, trailers, and inter­ buses, electric appliances of all kinds, furs, taken a severe toll in the truck manufactur­ luggage, and jewelry were exempted five to ing industry. One other manufacturer has city buses as well as the repeal of the ten yea.rs ago. permanently closed one of its facilities. 8-percent tax on truck and bus parts and In 1956, at the time that the truck and Another manufacturer has decided to with­ accessories. parts ta.xes were earmarked for the Highway draw from the heavy truck market. Stlll I concurred with Senator GRIFFIN'S Trust Fund to finance the Interstate Sys­ another manufacturer has gone Into bank­ testimony and am hopeful that the Sen­ tem, most if not all the products cited above ruptcy. White has been forced to seek a ate will take a!firmative action to repeal were stlll subject to excise taxes. Since 1956, merger partner in order to overcome its finan­ these discriminatory and burdensome however, they have been substantially wiped cial d11ficul ties. excise taxes. By doing so, it will stimulate from the tax books. As a consequence, the THE RISING COST OF GOVERNMENT employment and create job opportuni­ Federal excise tax system has become pro­ REGULATIONS gressively more selective in the types of prod­ The sales decline of taxable commercial ties in the truck manufacturing and re­ ucts subject to lt--and thus, increasingly vehicles has been compounded by sharply lated industries. more discriminatory. increased costs. One manufacturer, Interna­ At the Senate Finance Committee In 1971, for instance, Congress exempted tional Harvester, has estimated that a heavy hearing on April 6, documentation in passenger automobiles and that portion of duty class truck which sold for $22,000 in support of truck excise tax repeal was the tax which applies to new trucks of up 1971, rose in cost to over $33,000 in 1975--a given by Peter Griskivich, director of the to 10,000 lbs. GVW, leaving medium and 50 percent increase. This $11,000 price in· Motor Truck Manufacturers Division of heavy-duty trucks, trailers, and intercity crease refiects the cost of $2,500 to meet Fed­ buses alone burdened with this tax and the eral regulations, $3,000 for product improve­ the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Asso­ 8 % tax on truck and bus parts and acces­ ment and $5,530 due to infia.tion. Of the ciation of the United States, Inc. I com­ sories. No similar taxes a.re levied on the $2,500 increase in the factory sales pr1ce due mend this statement to you and ask that manufacture of competing forms of surface to Federally mandated standards, approxi­ it be incorporated as part of my remarks. transportatlon-e.g., trains, river barges, sea mately $1,650 ls attributed to the (FMVSS I feel certain that my colleagues will freighters or pipelines. 121) antllock air brake standard in the strin­ agree with me that repeal of these The major purpose of these hearings is gent form as originally proposed. archaic and discriminatory excise taxes to enable this Committee to report out a In the testimony referred to earlier, the comprehensive tax reform bill. The inclusion president of the White Motor Corporation will serve to stimulate truck manufac­ in this legislation of the proposals we are told the House Commerce Subcommittee turing and its related industries, en­ urging would be completely consistent with that the impact of this Standard had been, courage employment, provide relief to your enlightened actions in 1965 and 1971 "catastrophic." It has both served to arti· April 9, 1976 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10379 ficially stimulate and then deeply depress TRUCK AND BUS PARTS AND ACCESSORIES TAX tunately, this provision was dropped by the truck manufacturing industry. The a1r The Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1965 ex­ the conferees. brake system standard originally was to be­ empted passenger automobile parts from The Committee has before it for con­ come effective on trailers in January of 1975, the 8% excise tax, but it remains on truck sideration during markup on the omnibus and with respect to trucks and buses on parts and accessories including parts for tax bill, the House-passed Energy Conser­ March 1, 1975. Since these initial effective trucks under 10,000 lbs. GVW even though vation legislation H.R. 6860.; Section 221 dates, the standard has been amended sig­ such light duty trucks themselves are ex­ of this blll contains language repealing the nificantly in its performance requirements. empted from the 10% tax in 1971. This tax excise tax on intercity buses. Furthermore, a number of exceptions and yields relatively little as a percentage of We urge the Committee and the Senate exemptions have been granted from full ap­ to include repeal of the 10% excise tax on Highway Trust Fund revenues (2.3% in FY new trucks and truck trailers and the 8% plication of the standards on various 1975) , and is cumbersome and expensive to tax on the parts and accessories for these grounds. The entire matter of the standard a

vite gradual association o! the Soviet econ­ invested in the 1960s and 40% of its Gross u Senator James Buckley, "On Salt II," omy with the world economy, a.nd foster a National Product (GNP) into defense proj­ National Review, March 15, 1974; Congress­ degree of interdependence that adds an ele­ ects. In 1969 the Soviet military budget was man Wllllam L. Dickinson, Press Conference ment of sta.b111ty to the political equation."• about $88 blllion and since then on the rise. July 23, 1974; U.S. Defense Authorization Bill This is contemplated as the "grand de­ And that ls out of a GNP in that year of Debate, Congressional Record, May 15, 1975. sign,'' which wm remove the confrontation some $210 blllion.11 In the same year, the 14 op. cit., Wllliam E. Colby; See also Sen­ between the two political systems as it has United States' defense budget was $77.8 bil­ ator Barry Goldwater's speech on the floor of existed during the past thirty yea.rs. It is lion, and for Fiscal Year 1974, expressed in the Senate, "Defanse Spending", Congres­ further advanced that the mingling o! 1973 prices, the figure was $78.2 billion--or sional Record, November 4, 1975, p. 34818 "vested interests" will prove highly bene­ about 6 % of our Gross National Product. and Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger's ficial in meeting the balance-of-payments The Soviet mllltary budget for fiscal 1974 statements as reported in The Washington deficits and problems of unemployment expressed in 1973 prices was $93 bllllon.12 In Post, November 9, 1975, p. DI and National which the United States faces, and possibly fiscal 1975, in constant dollars, the U.S. de­ Review Bulletin, November 14, 1975, pp. create a new dependable source of energy fense budget was $73 billion while Soviet B172-3. (the Soviet Union) as an alternative to the military expenditures, 1n constant dollars, insta.b111ties of the Middle East.5 were about $94 billion.u , General Secretary of the The increased military spending accom­ CONGRESS URGED TO REJECT BIL­ Soviet Communist Party, during the summer pall'ied by Soviet military buildup has not o! 1973 explained detente to the communist been sudden, nor confined to recent years. LION DOLLAR KISSINGER-TURK­ leaders o! the Warsaw Pa.ct governments and The cumulative increa.se in military resources ISH ARMS AGREEMENT to the members of his own Politburo in the of approximately 35 % over the la.st eleven following manner: years can be reasonably described as very sub­ "We communists have got to string along stantial. Over the same period, again meas­ HON. JAMES G. O'HARA with the capita.lists for a while. We need ured in terms of 1973 dollars, resources allo­ 0:1' MICHIGAN their credits, their agriculture, and their cated to the U.S. military have declined in technology. But we are going to continue real terms, interrupted only by the war in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES massive mmta.ry programs and by the middle Southeast Asia, a factor which had no count­ Friday, April 9, 1976 80's we will be in a position to return to erpart in Soviet experience of that period. a much more aggressive foreign policy de­ Indeed, as a result of these contrasting trends Mr. O'HARA. Mr. Speaker, it is a his­ signed to gain the upper hand in our rela­ in Soviet and U.S. military activity, the torical fact that Secretary of State Kis­ tionship with the West." 6 Boviet effort exceeded that of the United singer's mistakes did much to contribute Consistent with this outlook is the view States reaching a level approximately 35% to the Cyprus tragedy of 1974. that every U.S.-Soviet deal-and especially above the United States when retirement e~­ penses are included, and approXimately 45% He has since created an even more un­ the transfer of pure technology and sophisti­ fortunate Greece-Turkey-Cyprus tangle cated capital equipment-is an act of inter­ above the United States when retirement ls national politics. It becomes so also owing excluded.u by his policies. to the communists' use of trade as a politi­ FOOTNOTES Last week, Mr. Kissinger put a further cal tool to advance their strategic objectives. 1 Speech to the Pilgrims o! Great Britain, dangerous strain on the traditionally To the Soviets, every Western businessman, Department of State Bulletin, December 31, friendly United States-Greek ties by scientist, and technician in contact with the 1973, p. 779. signing a 4-year, $1 billion plus military communist officials becomes involved con­ 2 Speech to the American Legion, Depart­ aid agreement with Turkey. sciously or unconsciously in foreign policy. ment of State Bulletin, September 16, 1974, I hope and believe Congress wfil reject In his book Soviet Military Strategy, Ma.rshall p. 375. of the Soviet Union V.D. Sokolovsky, former 3 Statement to the Senate Foreign Rela­ this agreement. Several important prin­ commandant o! the Warsaw M111tary Pact, tions Committee, Department of State Bul­ ciples are involved. commented, "In the present epoch, the strug­ letin., October 14, 1974, p. 508. One, it runs contrary to Congress re­ gle for peace and the fight to gain time de­ 'Ibid., pp. 511-512. sponsibility to control the purse, which tt pends above all on an unremitting increase 5 Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, White has been doing by showing a clear pref­ in Soviet military power and that of the House Press Conference, July 8, 1972. See also erence for single year rather than mult1- entire sociallst camp based on the develop­ his testimony before Senate Finance Com­ ment of productive forces and the continu­ mittee, December 3, 1974. year foreign aid commitments. ous growth of its material and technological 6 Defense Department and U.S. intelllgence Second, it contains a disguised form base." 7 community termed Brezhnev's explanation of rent, a worrisome precedent for U.S. The underlying reason for expanding trade "The New "; see Interna­ base arrangements in Spain, the Philip­ with the West from the Soviet perspective tional Economic Policy, p. 822 (Hearings be­ pines, and elsewhere. seems to be the Wish to import agricul tura.l fore the Subcommittee on International Third, the agreement does not even products, manUfacturlng facilities, technol­ Trade of the House Committee on Banking mention Cyprus, where a Turkish army ogy, scientific discoveries, and technological and Currency, 1974). of occupation has created a :flood of refu­ processes of milltary va.lue.s 7 V.D. Sokolovsky, ed., Soviet Military The security risk the West incurs through Strategy (Voyennaya Strategia), Voyenizdat, gees. its deals is difficult to overlook, because to­ Moscow, 1968, 3rd Edition, p. 421. Congress, on the other hand, has re­ day almost all goods, equipment, or indus­ 8 See Mose L. Harvey, East-West Trade, peatedly made clear its interest in the trial and technological processes have some (National Association of ManUfacturers, New moral and political impllcations of the military slgnifica.nce. According to the draft York, 1966). See also Antony C. Sutton, Na­ Cyprus tragedy. As Alexander Solzhenit­ of the la.st Five-Year Plan of the USSR, one tional Suicide, (Arlington House, 1973); and syn said recently in London: of the "chief objectives in the development Mose L. Harvey, Leon Goure, and Vladimar o! the polltical economy is the consolidation Prokofieff, Science and Technology as an in­ One should not consider that the great of the country's economic and defense po­ strument of Soviet Policy, (Center !or Ad­ principles of freedom finish at your own tential." 9 From this, it follows that in the vanced International Studies, University of frontiers, that as long as you have freedom, 1970's the Soviets still considered their eco­ Miami, 1972) . let the rest have pragmatism. nomic potential from a military angle. "Pravda, February 20, 1971. Soviet trade cannot be viewed solely in Yet our Secretary of State has ignored 1o See John Hardt in Soviet Economic Pros­ these considerations, and warned Con­ terms of normal commercial transactions. It pects for the Seventies (Joint Economic is not private individuals or firms dealing Oommittee-U.S. Congress, June 27, 1973). gress, moreover, that we must accept the with other private individuals or finns. It 11 Two Soviet Economists from Leningrad agreement in its totality "or face dis­ means dealing only With communist govern­ 1n 28-page typescript published by Soviet astrous consequences." ment agencies which follow Soviet Commu­ underground dissident publication Sa.mizdat In January of this year, a bipartisan nist Party pollcies and directives. Currently and reprinted by Radio Liberty; Soviet Physi­ House delegation, almost all of whom had those policies aim at massive mllita.ry build­ cists Andrei Sakharov, this year's Nobel Peace voted for Turkish aid the last time, vis­ up-at the expense of the production !or Prize laureate, used the figure of 40% in an the consumer. Dr. John Hardt, Soviet econ­ ited Ankara and Athens. They t.old the open letter to Brezhnev in 1972; See Robert Turks omy expert at the Library of Congress, has G. Kaiser, "Defense Held Main Soviet Goal," that they had occupied far more stated in one of his recent analyses of the of the island than could ever be justtfted Soviet economic policy, "1! the Soviet leader­ The Washington Post, April 13, 1973. 12 and that they had to show some flexi­ ship would decide in favor of a substantially Testimony by Wllllam E. Colby, Director of Central Intelligence (CIA), before Sub­ bility and willingness to make reason­ higher rate of growth, they could achieve it able concessions. only by drastic reduction in defense expend­ committee on Priorities and Economy in Gov­ itures."10 ernment on June 18, 1975; See Allocation of Now this delegation, and Congress as But Soviet policy has been to further in­ Resources in the Soviet Union and China- a whole, are asked to not only ignore crease military spending. According to two 1975, (U.S. Government Printing Otllce), pp. Turkey's intransigence but reward her anonymous Soviet economists, the U.S.8.R. 28-29. with an unprecedented arms package. CXXII---658-Part 9 10406 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 9, 1976 The Kissinger agreement is clearly democratic Government and people of the part of Turkey to adopt a. fiexible and unacceptable on moral and political Greece. constructive position, in the aftermath of grounds. 18. It sets back hopes for a just settlement the lifting of the embargo, would go to the of the Cyprus conflict. heart of the American-Turkish relationship." This week, Mr. Eugene T. Rossides, a 19. It rearms a bully and an aggressor. Although the embargo has been substan­ distinguished attorney, form.er Assistant THE KISSINGER-TURKEY "EXECUTIVE AGREE­ tially lifted, although Turkey has failed to Secretary of the Treasury, and also spe­ MENT" SUBVERTS THE RULE OF LAW take any constructive action, the Adminis­ cial counsel to the American Hellenic The proposed Kissinger blackmail aggres­ tration has done nothing other than prom­ Institute, testified before the House Com­ sion agreement asks this Congress and this ise Turkey more guns and more aid. Perhaps mittee on International Relations. Committee to abandon the Rule of Law and Mr. Sisco meant to say that Turkish intransi­ Mr. Rossides' remarks which skill­ the restrictions formulated to uphold it and gence would go the pocketbook, not the fully and comprehensively analyze this instead to reward the transgressor. And the heart, of the U.S.-Turkish relationship. most serious problem, deserve a wide law Turkey violated goes to the very heart We had hoped that the Sisco statement of U.S. foreign policy-namely, that U.S.­ would have been implemented, just as we audience in the Congress and among in­ had hoped that the following June 23, 1975, formed public opinion. supplied arms will not be used for aggression. Last October, and again in the 1976 m111- statement of Dr. Kissinger would have been Under leave to extend my remarks fn tary aid authorization bill which has cleared implemented: the RECORD, highlights of the testimony the conference, the Congress has partially "No ally can pressure us by a threat of of Mr. Rossides are set forth below: lifted the embargo restrictions on arms termination. We will not accept the notion is ARMS TRANSFERS TO TuRKEY transfers to Turkey. These restrictions refiect that its security more important to us than it is to itself." The Administration's provisions in this the total lack of progress toward a. just set­ bill for arms assistance to Turkey have been tlement of the Cyprus problem. TURKEY OF MINOR MILITARY IMPORTANCE superseded by a. proposed $1.25 billion black­ The Turkish invasion force which overran Turkey is of minor importance to the de­ mail aggression pa.ct with Turkey which Dr. Cyprus in the summer of 1974 relied on fense of the United States and to the defense Kissinger signed just ten days a.go. American planes, American bombs, American of any of the other NATO nations. Turkey is If and when that blackmail aggression pact guns and bullets. The Turkish occupation a third rate military power; and in this day is submitted to the congress, we urge its force which is now in illegal possession of of intercontinental ballistic missiles, satel­ overwhelming defeat in the interest of the 40% of the island is outfitted with Ameri­ lites, and all the other sophisticated weapons United States for the following reasons: can weapons and materiel. A force of 45,000 of modern warfare, Turkey is of minor mili­ 1. It subverts the Rule of Law by rewarding American-equipped troops separates the 200,- tary significance. mega.I actions. 000 refugees of Cyprus from their homes. Il­ The NATO mission of the Turkish army is 2. It violates existing law-the statutory legal colonization ls continuing with an esti­ strictly and solely to defend Turkey against embargo restrictions currently in effect and mated 25,000 Turkish mainlanders already invasion by the Soviet Union, an existing in the current aid bill which this Committee relocated to the occupied zone. And Turkey mission. The Turkish army which the pro­ worked so hard to achieve. persists in its refusal to be at all posed "Executive Agreement" is to rearm and 3. It violates Congress's Constitutional leg­ about providing information on the 2197 peo­ modernize is primarily deployed against islative role. ple, including some American citizens, who Greece. The largest corps, 1st Army is spread 4. It undermines the Congressional au­ have been missing since the 1974 Attila in­ along the Greco-Turkish frontier rather than thorization and appropriation process. vasion. There is growing fear that they have a.long the Soviet-Turkish mountain border. 5. It undermines Congress's constitutional been killed. A new Turkish Army of the Aegean was cre­ partnership role in foreign affairs. During the same period, Turkey has been ated last year. Other units are tied down 1n 6. It is a. sordid pa.ct giving massive subsidy making frequent and more belligerent state­ internal security functions: 6 provinces are and support to Turkey's aggression on ments toward Greece concerning the Aegean under martial law, and of course, 45,000 Cyprus. Islands of Greece. Only last week the Deputy American-equipped Turkish troops and 300 7. It encourages Turkey to continue its Prime Minister of Turkey, Mr. Turkes, made American-supplfed tanks are illegally occu­ expansionist behavior regarding Greece's an explicit territorial claim to most of pying 40 % of Cyprus. In case of a conflict, it Aegean islands. Greece's Aegean islands. is a simple matter for the U.S. Navy to mine 8. It is a. blackmail pa.ct in which the THE PROPOSED "EXECUTIVE AGREEMENT" UNDER­ the entrances to the Dardanelles. We do not United States is forced by the hand of Dr. MINES THE CONGRESSIONAL PROCESS AND CON­ need Turkey for that. Kissinger to pay tribute to a highly ques­ GRESS'S CONSTITUTIONAL ROLES IN LEGISLA­ In effect, the foregoing was conceded dur­ tionable ally. TION AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS ing the debate last summer and early fall 9. It sets a. dangerous precedent for and The W ashtngton Post April 2 reported the over legislation to relax the arms embargo. encourages aggression everywhere in the following ultimatum of Turkish Premier Su­ During that debate the issue finally came world, particularly by those nations which leyman Demirel regarding Congressional ac­ down to the importance to the United States have received U.S. arms assistance. tion: of four intelligence-gathering listening posts 10. It wastes 1 billion of precious tax dol­ "The SPoreement is either accepted total­ in Turkey. With regard to those listening lars at a time when we have a huge federal ly or rejected. It is not possible to alter its posts, Dr. Kissinger first tried to suggest deficit and high unemployment. contents." that they were necessary for SALT verifica­ 11. Turkey is simply of little military value The same article reported the following tion. This false position was exposed by to the U.S. Of the 26 defense installations threat to Congress from the Turkish Foreign former Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird involved, there are only 4 intelllgence-gath­ Minister: who stated (August 20, 1975), "We don't ering sites of any value-and we maintain "Turkish Foreign Minister Ihsan Sabri need Turkey to verify a SALT agreement," that the data they provided is being, or can Caglyangll said on his return from Washing­ and by Dr. Herbert P. Scoville, former Di­ be, gathered from other sources. ton that any amendments by Congress would rector of Research for the CIA who stated 12. It insults the Congress and makes a. amount to rejection of the accord and bar in a letter (July 20, 1975) to Congressman mockery of and renders negatory the present reopening U.S. bases in Turkey." John F. Seiberling that: International Security Assistance and Arms This kind of procedure--and let us remem­ "In sum, the Turkish bases have only Export Control Act of 1976 (S. 2662), by ber that due process and procedure are the marginal utility in verifying past or possible ignoring the embargo provisions of that b111. essence of a government of laws-does vio­ future SALT agreements. Other observation Those provisions are based on a principle lence to Congress's Constitutional legislative sites and satellites would appear much more which has been fundamental to U.S. foreign role and makes a mockery of bipartisanship useful. SALT cannot be reasonably used as a policy since the enactment of foreign pro­ and the partnership role between the Con­ justification for making a decision on our grams after World War II, namely, that our Turkish aid program." gress and the Executive in foreign affairs. Dr. Scoville also stated that: arms cannot be used for aggression. In ad­ As Chairman Morgan and others have rec­ dition, it makes the new arms export control " ... to say that they (Turkish bases) are ognized in connection with the Spanish essential for verifying past or future SALT provisions look like window dressing. base treaty, a. multi-year authorization is an 13. It sets a dangerous precedent for all agreements would appear to be such an abdication of Congressional control over the exaggeration as to raise questions as to the nations which have agreements with the volatile, delicate allocation ot assistance to United States or which are entering into sincerity of those making the statements." foreign nations. We applaud that point of He also pointed out that the intelligence agreement with the U.S.-that they can be view and stress that a four-year aid com­ broken with impunity, and if broken, better that could be gathered from these listening terms obtained. mitment to Turkey is a !our-year sellout of posts was available from other listening 14. It supports Turkey's "heroin aggres­ the Rule of Law, Congress's Constitutional posts. As long ago as June 1975, there was a. sion" against the United States. roles, Cyprus and Greece. report in the Christian Science Monitor that 15. Turkey is an unreliable and unfaithful When he testified before this Committee the Pentagon was planning alternative ally who has unilaterally broken agreements on July 10, 1975, Under Secretary Sisco made sources for intelligence gathering. with the U.S. and other nations. the following statement about Turkey's po­ Experts such as retired Admiral Elmo 16. Turkey ls an international outlaw. sition on Cyprus. Zumwalt and General James A. Van Fleet 17. It damages our relations with the "I would like to emphasize that failure on have added their voices in opposition to the April 9, 1976 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10407 Administration's position. Admiral Zumwalt, States-Turkey agreement to ban poppy pro­ The very prospect of such an agreement ls former Chief of Naval Operations, states that duction (with the retention of $15.9 mlllion causing great problems for the Karamanlis "existing and potential mllltary bases in already paid by U.S.). It can be conserva­ Government in Greece, a nation which said Greece are more important to us than our tively estimated that since World War II the "NO" to the Axis Powers and whose valiant installations in Turkey." In regard to U.S. number of heroin related American deaths fight against Hitler is credited with upsetting bases in Turkey, General Van Fleet stated: from Turkish-origin heroin is over 50,000, or Hitler's timetable against the Soviet Union. "It 1s unconscionable that the government an average of 1,700 a year for the past 30 All this while Turkey sat on the sidelines and of the United States should surrender to the years. New York City alone has had 1,000 sent raw materials to Hitler. threat of Turkey to close our bases there. heroin and drug related deaths a year. And Last summer George Ball and Cyrus Vance, This is capitulation to blackmail and un­ how many hundreds of thousands of heroin two eminent statesmen who were personally worthy of our country." addicts are there who started on Turkish involved in the Cyprus crises of the 1960s, In a background briefing March 29, a State heroin? expressed their views to this Committee Department official acknowledged that under 10. Liberal interpretation on behalf of the against the reopening of the arms pipeline to the proposed agreement these are no longer Soviet Union of the Montreux Convention. Turkey without a specific cutoff date in the U.S. bases or facilities on Turkish soil. These 11. Turkey has recently signed an agree­ absence of substantial progress toward a are now acknowledged as Turkish facllities. ment for closer relations with the Soviet Cyprus settlement. Such a step, they pre­ Just how important then are these bases Union. This comes as no surprise to persons dicted, "would have rather catastrophic t.o the direct security of the United States? who have followed Turkey's foreign policy. effects in Athens without producing very It is acknowledged that there were 26 U.S. For over 15 years, Turkey has been expanding much affirmative action in Ankara". They installations in Turkey. Many of these were its relationships with the Soviet Union, play­ added that a "disaffected Greece would mean offices of perhaps no more than a room or ing both sides against each other. The time is a serious weakening of NATO's southern two. The four main bases considered "ir­ long past that the American taxpayer should flank". The Ball-Vance predictions are com­ replaceable" by the Administration and ac­ prop up a militaristic Turkish government. ing true. counting for two-thirds of the 6,000 U.S. There is simply no sound reason to give an­ AID TO GREECE personnel now stationed in Turkey are: other dime of the U.S. taxpayers' money to Diyarbakir in south eastern Anatolia for With respect to aid for Greece for fiscal Turkey. 1977, the Administration has decided t.o radar system monitoring of missile sites in TURKEY AND NATO the south central USSR-a facllity which has reduce security supporting assistance !or been termed by Dr. Scovllle of marginal value The NATO Charter 1s specific and clear. In Greece from $65 m1111on to zero. This ls a and can be eliminated in favor of other land the preamble, the member nations commit heavy-handed, inopportune move. If security areas closer than Turkey for observing the themselves to safeguarding the Rule of Law. supporting assistance was warranted last Soviet launch area north of the Caspian Sea; In Article I of the NATO Charter, each mem­ year, it ls even more important today. The Sinop on Turkey's north central coast of ber nation promises "to refrain in (its) in­ Administration is requesting $90 mill1on 1n the Black Sea, which provides computerized ternational relations from the threat or use security supporting assistance !or Syria-a data at medium range on activities in that of force." Turkey has clearly violated the nation which is not an ally of the United sea-a facllity whose activity may well be NATO Charter, a defense alliance, yet we are States, to put it mildly. The forthcoming nearing obsolescence in this day of sophis­ faced with the spectacle of Dr. Kissinger entry of Greece into the Comm.on Market ticated satellite information gathering; pressuring the NATO nations to support his makes rapid development of the Greek econ­ Karamursel on the Sea of Marmara, which illegal and bankrupt policy. Turkey's aggres­ omy particularly important. monitors shipping between the Black Sea sion against Cyprus and Turkey's unrella­ Andi! we want to give a signal to Eastern and the Mediterranean, an installation whose blllty as an ally raise serious questions as to Europe that we support democracy and the function can surely be replaced by electronic Turkey's ab1Uty to play a constructive role Rule of Law, then there ls no better example equipment aboard U.S. ships at anchor off in NATO. than aid to the new Greek democracy, the the straits; TURKEY AND CUBA-INTERNATIONAL OUTLAWS only democracy in the Balkans and Eastern Incirlik in south central Turkey, a base for The United States cannot run a foreign Europe. the Strategic Air Command and a nuclear policy on a double stand-a.rd. Our condemna­ AID TO CYPRUS arms storage site, which Turkey has exempt­ tion of Cuba as an international outlaw for Of all the misguided unprincipled elements ed from a shutdown, as it is termed a NATO sending 12,000 troops to Angola is hypo­ of the Administration's present pollcy, none base. In the age of the ICBM one wonders critical when we fall to condemn that other ts more callous or indefensible from a hu­ 1f there is any point in maintaining this base international outlaw, Turkey, for sending a manitarian point of view than the proposal at all. Of the 6,000 U.S. personnel in Turkey 45,000-man-strong invasion and occupation that fiscal 1977 Cyprus refugee aid be re­ close to % of them are probably at Incirllk force to Cyprus, a defenseless nation one-half duced by 60%-from $25 million to $10 mll­ itself, which remains unclosed. the size of New Jersey. Uon-:-and that no refugee aid at all be pro­ So, in effect what 1s the $1.25 bilUon of Indeed, it is bad enough that we have vided after fiscal 1977. taxpayers' money really for? failed to condemn Turkey's international What are the real needs of the 200,000 TURKEY-AN UNRELIABLE AND AN UNFAITHFUL outlawry-but to reward Turkey, as Dr. Kis­ Cypriot refugees? Those needs are docu­ ALLY singer would have us do, with $1.25 billion mented in a comprehensive report Crisis on Even 1f bases and listening posts in Turkey worth of grants and credits--is ludicrous. Cyprus issued by Senator Edward M. Ken­ were of significant importance t.o the security TURKEY AND GREECE nedy, Chairman of the Senate Subcommittee of the United States, it is clear from the rec­ to Investigate Problems Connected With Ever since the very beginning of the Cyprus Regugees in January of this year. All of the ord and from the history of past actions that conflict in 1974, we have warned that Cyprus Turkey is an unrellBtble ally. This serious figures which follow are from that report. was not the end but the beginning of Turkish Food distribution to refugees costs $42 mil­ charge is amply documented by the record: m1Utary expansionism. The evidence support­ 1. As recently as the October 1973 Middle lion annually. Over one-third of the chil­ ing that view ls accumulating ominously. dren on Cyprus go school in tents. The East war-long before the Cyprus crisis-­ Last week, the Deputy Prime Minister of to Turkey refused to allow U.S. overflights to Turkey, Mr. Turkes, made an explicit ter­ cost of replacing the school buildings de­ Israel, while allowing Soviet overflights and ritorial claim to most of the Aegean islands-­ stroyed or occupied by the Turks is $50 mil­ land convoys to Syria and Iraq. islands which are ethnically Greek and which lion. Medical services add an additional $4 2. In October 1939, Turkey signed a Mutual are a part of the Greek nation pursuant to mllUon annually. The report does not con­ Defense Alliance with the Western Powers the Treaty of Paris of 1946. Turkes maintains tain an estimate of the amounts needed to calling for comm.on effort in the event of that Turkey ls "the real owner" of all the provide decent housing and employment op· war, yet when the war came Turkey violated Dodecanese islands within 50 kilometers of portunitles for the refugees, but the amounts her pledge and in fact aided Nazi Germany the Turkish shore a.nd that "it is imperative" involved have been estimated by experts to while acting as a neutral. that those islands "ought to belong to Tur­ exceed $100 million. 3. Illegal termination in July 1975 of the key". Other government officials have been 1969 U.S. bases agreement. Simple compassion and human decency making s1milar statements 1n recent months. demand a continuation of generous aid !or 4. Invasions of Cyprus in July and August Now Dr. Kissinger has entered into an 1974, violating United States Foreign M111tary the Cyprus refugees. We urge the figure of agreement of aggression and blackmail which $6-0 mlllion--0r roughly 3 % of our security Sales and Assistance Acts and agreements provides the funds to rearm the Turkish army under those Acts including a specific agree­ and air force and which leaves Turkey com­ supporting assistance budget-as the 1977 ment between Turkey and the United States pletely free to use the bases for military oper­ authorization. against shipment of United States weapons to ations against Greece. Thus, this agreement In conclusion and as an alternative to the Cyprus without United States consent. creates the risk that bases where the Ameri­ policies of Dr. Kissinger, I say: 5. Violation of ceasefire agreements. can flag 1s flown can be used to attack Greece. Let us export the Rule of Law, not the rule 6. Violation of the UN Charter. If on the other hand the U.S. wishes to use of the jungle; 7. Violation of the NATO Charter. the bases for some compel11ng purpose Let us export the Rule of Law, not aggres­ 8. Violation of the London-Zurich Agree­ such as the resupply of Israel in the event of sion; ments. an Arab attack, it cannot do so without the Let us export the Rule of Law, not K1s­ 9. Violation on June 30, 1974, of United consent of Turkey. singerism. 10408 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 9, 1976 THE BffiDS OF OUR FORESTS tion control and the effect of fire on bird clusion. Data in Udvardy's graphs were in­ habitat is examined. terpreted by Von Haartman (1971) in aver­ INTRODUCTION age pairs per square kilometer as follows: HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. Different species of birds select different deciduous=719, deciduous-conifer=607, and OF CALIFORNIA types and stages of forest in which to live. coniferous=415. Differences are probably re­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES There is no argument on this point, and it lated to the relative simplicity-Le., reduced has been documented by many researchers diversity-in coniferous compared with de­ Friday, April 9, 1976 including Glowa.cinski (1972), Pitelka (1941), ciduous forests. Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. Kricher (1973), Shugart and James (1973), SILVICULTURAL OPTIONS AND BIRD RESPONSES Speaker, our forests are very complex, Martin (1960), Odum (1950), Snyder (1950), Silvicultural options that are available to ecological systems which suppcrt an and Johnston and Odum (1956). The reasons accomplish timber management objectives abundance of wildlife. One of the for this selection have been exhaustively re­ can have amazingly complex impacts on bird issues raised in our House Agriculture viewed by Von Haartma.n (1971) and Hilden habitats. However, certain basic principles (1965) and include such variables as food and practices, in one form 01 another, make Committee hearings is the effect that availability, manner of feeding, nesting re­ up the majority of what we actually encoun­ various timber harvesting techniques quirements, physical characteristics, and ter. Our discussion is confined to those con­ have on these wildlife species. others. Salt ( 1953) worked in three conifer­ siderations. I would like to submit for the RECORD ous forest types and noted that the nearer Our typical forest evolves through seral a study prepared by four scientific re­ the vegetative system moved toward climax stages of development which we describe as: searchers of the Forest Service on the the greater the biomass of birds supported. bare ground-+gra.ss-forb-+shrub-sa.pling (0- "Silvicultural Options and Habitat Those species adapted to the more advanced 10 years)~poles (11-40)~young forest (41- seres had larger body sizes and increased lOO)~mature forest (101-200)~old growth Values in Coniferous Forests.'' This re­ ab111ty to utilize energy eftlciently. This was (201+). pcrt is the result of research on the confirmed by Karr ( 1968) but contradicted Ha.apanen (1965) made a useful categoriza­ birds that live in our forests, their role by Bock and Lynch (1970). tion of birds based on a combination of nest­ in insect control, and the need for in­ It ha.s long been recognized that birds re­ ing and feeding habitat requirements. His creased consultation with biological ex­ spond to environmental features-particu­ life-requirement cla.ssifl.cation is more usetul perts in the management of our forests larly vegetative physiognomy (Breckenridge here than standard classiftcatlons based on to reduce the impact of present silvi­ 1956; Lack 1933, 1937; Lack and Venables morphological characteristics. We utilized 1939; Miller 1942; Kendeigh 1947; Klopfer appropriate portions of Haapanen's system cultural methods on their habitats. The 1965, 1969; Klopfer and Hallman 1965; Svard­ to describe the forest component. We used role of birds in the forest environment son 1949). a simplifl.ed version of the coniferous forest is very important for maintaining a Emlen (195'6) saw the necessity for de­ life-zones describd by Merriam (1894) which strong, ecological balance, and the way scribing vegetative habitat characters and may be translated or related to biomes by in which we harvest our timber supplies suggested rudimentary variables such as referring to Odum ( 1945) . can have a long-term or permanent canopy height and height to crown, pre­ Further, each bird group is best suited to effect on certain species of birds. ferring quantitatively to the relative classes particular stages or combination of stages in I would like to quote from one section described by Kuchler (1949) and DanseFeau forest succession (Table 2). So, natural suc­ (1951). cession provides a constantly changing series of this report, which will be included in Sturman ( 1968) expanded this concept to or niches or habitats and their juxtapositions full: include computed volumes of tree crown to that allow the occurrence of the broad spec­ Loss of old-growth forests is much more successfully describe habitat selection cri­ trum of species present in the coniferous serious. Wight (1974) discussed the high teria.. Klopfer ( 1969) and Karr and Roth forest biome. stab111ty of old-growth conifer forest en­ ( 1971) noted the importance of canopy layers Silvlcultura.l treatments a.re used to alter vironments and the extreme specialization in accounting for species diversity in forest the natural status of a successional stage to of species that are adapted to these environ­ birds. James (1971) and Cody (1968) dealt achieve a desired end such as selection for ments. with similar thoughts and used discriminate the most economically valued tree species, function analysis to describe habitat asso­ shortening the time in the "less productive" He says: ciations of forest and grassland birds. grass-forb and shrub seres, or concentrating They are doomed if a forest management MacArthur and associates (MacArthur and growth on selected stems. In terms of bird scheme does not provide for preservation of MacArthur 1961, MacArthur et al. 1962, Mac­ habitat, most silvicultural practices can be mature forest habitats on which they are Arthur 1964, MacArthur et al. 1966), devel­ considered as regeneration of the stand and absolutely dependent. oped these concepts to show that the pri­ then, shortening the period between the Strong economic pressures always exist to mary variables that could be used to predict lower and the most advanced seres as much harvest old-growth stands, and it is obvious species diversity were vegetative volumes by as possible. that present trends for managed forests are layers and that these layers were essentially In the process of "streamlining" the suc­ leading to shorter rotations. In short, those three-herbaceous (0-2 feet), shrub (2-25 cessional process, the application of silvi­ concerned about birds of the old-growth feet), and tree ( >25 feet) layers. cultural techniques wUl favor some bird forests are fearful that, except for specimen Thomas a and Thomas et al. ( 1974) further groups and essentially eliminate habitat for or relict stands, the present old growth will refined these ideas and showed high correla­ others. disappear by the end of thLs century. Even tions of 10 bird species with discrete 5-foot In general then, the timed harvest of exist­ those specimen stands wm eventually dis­ layers of deciduous and conifer vegetation. ing forest stands and their subsequent sllvi­ appear, along with the avifauna that is nar­ Although we recognize that some bird spe­ cultural treatment until the next generation rowly adapted to them; and the probab1Uty cies have exact requirements in terms ot cut are apt to increase diversity of habitats of their replacement is low. habitat characteristics--such as cavities for in the coniferous forest zones, with the re­ holenesters (see reviews by Beebe' and Jack­ sult that a greater diversity of species wUl be I urge my colleagues to review this man 6-_we proceed from the assumption that encountered in managed forests. This diver­ report for it is an excellent study of a silvicultural practices will influence avian sity--of habitat and birds-w111 be subject very important factor in the mainte­ habitats primarily through alterations of the in several ways to the principle of diminish­ nance and protection of our forest form and density of vegetative layers. Fur­ ing returns. In other words, each practice ther, effects of such alterations can be pre­ wlll yield initial large returns in terms of environment: dicted in terms of their impacts on various diversity, but each increment wlll add pro­ SILVICULTURAL OPTIONS AND HABITAT VALUES classes of birds. portionately less until finally the increments IN CONIFEROUS FORESTS 1 We deal here with principles and general­ begin to cause losses in diversity. (By Jack Ward Thomas, Glenn L. Crouch, ities due to the magnitude and diversity of There is concern that the more intense the Roger S. Bumstead, and Larry D. Bryant) 2 the coniferous •forests of North America; forest management system, the simpler the ABSTRACT.-Dlfferent bird species select dif­ although throughout the world, conifer for­ vegetative structure becomes. And the more ferent types and stages of forests which sat­ ests have been described as inferior to de­ simple the vegetative structure, the less di­ isfy their requirements for nesting and feed­ ciduous forests as bird habitat based on bird verse the attendant fauna. ing. Birds are classifted into groups based on density and diversity-in Finland: Palmgren So in terms of birds, three primary con­ these requirements (i.e., nests on the ground, ( 1933) , Soveri ( 1940) , Merik:allio ( 1946) , cerns surface as forest management becomes Nordstrom (1953), Jalka.nen (1960), Haapa­ more intensive: (1) truncated succession, (2) feeds on the ground, etc.). The su1tab1Uty of loss of old-growth habitats, and (3) removal each bird group for each forest successional nen (1965, 1968), and Portin (1965); in East­ ern Europe; Novikov (1962); in Germany: of snags or standing dead trees. stage and the effect on birds of various sil­ Truncated succession is probably impor­ vicultural treatments at those stages was Dircksen and HOner (1963); in the British tant only where grass, !orb, and shrub stages Judged. The role of birds on insect popula.- Isles: Williamson (1969, 1970, 1972); in Aus­ are essentially eliminated through programs tralia; Cowley (1971). Udvardy (1957) re­ to return harvested sites to tree cover in the viewed a number of census efforts in North shortest possible time through intenFive Footnotes at end of article. American forests and reached the sa.m.e con- shrub control and tree planting. Carried to April 9, 1976 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10409 extreme, such practices could have serious nesting birds and forest management, includ­ This phenomenon has been most frequently impact on those species needing the early ing the bird/ insect interface. Buckner ( 1966, noted in woodpeckers of various species successlonal seres. Nevertheless, if regenera­ 1970) addressed the role of vertebrate pred­ (Blackford 1955, Koplin 1969, Baldwin 1960) tion cuts are frequent, well distributed, and ators in insect control. but has also been reported 1n many other reasonably small, say 20-100 acres, enough The questions should also be put in an species and groups (Tu.reek 1949, Blais and sites should be available in initial succes­ economic perspective by enumerating the Parks 1964, Sloan a,nd Coppel 1968, Coppel slonal stages to provide for adequate diver­ costs of forest insect outbreaks-both in di­ and Sloan 1970, Mattson et al. 1968, Dahls­ sity. rect losses and in costs of control programs ten and Herman 1965). The importance of Loss of old-growth forests ls much more and rehabilitation efforts. For example, some birds as a biological control mechanism has serious. Wight (1974) discussed the high sta­ $12,000,000 was spent annually over the peri­ received more detailed attention in Europe b111ty of old-growth conifer forest environ­ od 196~70 to control epidemic insect out­ where shorter rotations, intensive forestry, ments and the extreme specialization of spe­ breaks in the western United States alone and loss of snag habitats have been evident cies that are adapted to these environments. (USDA Forest Service 1973). A more reveal­ for much longer than in North America. He says, "They are doomed if a forest man­ ing examination of the complex costs of a The literature reviews by Poznanin ( 19:S6). agement scheme does not provide for preser­ recent outbreak is shown in the environ­ Bruns (1960). Franz (1961). and Herberg vation of mature forest habitats on which mental impact statement prepared for the ( 1965) cover this topic. For example, Franz they are absolutely dependent." request to use DDT to control an outbreak of (1961) cites 229 references to support his Strong economic pressures always exist to the Douglas-fir tussock moth in Oregon, conclusion that birds, along with insectivo­ harvest old-growth stands, and it is obvious Washington, and Idaho (USDA Forest Service rous bats, small mammals, microbials, and that present trends for managed forests are 1973). predatory insects, help hold insect popula­ leading to shorter rotations. In short, those Early workers (Beal 1906, 1911; Forbush tions at endemic levels or exert some control concerned about birds of the old-growth 1907; McAtee 1911, 1915, 1926; and others) at early outbreak stages. Bruns (1960) cites forests are fearful that, except for specimen vividly documented the astounding numbers papers reporting that satisfactory control of or relict stands, the present old growth will of insects that are consumed by birds. They insect populations by holenesting birds was disappear by the end of this century. Even had a tendency perhaps to overstate the increased by installing nest boxes (von Ber­ those specimen stands wm eventually dis­ case. For example, McAtee (1926) refers to lepsch 1926, Appel and Schwartz 1921, Frei­ appear, along with the avifauna that is nar­ many instances ot-control or suppression of berger 1926-27. Hii.hnle 1946, Herberg 1965). rowly adapted to them; and the probabmty insect populations by birds alone. Later de­ The importance that European forest land of their replacement ls low (Davis 1974). tailed work on the myriad of factors bear­ managers place on insectivorous birds as bio­ If rotation ages are reduced to less than ing on insect levels in forests casts some logical control agents ls reflected in the 100-150 years, a much larger component of doubt on such simplistic interpretations funds expended to provide artificial nesting the avifauna will be threatened by destruc­ (Tinbergen 1960, Morris 1963). In fact, Tin­ cavities for these species. In addition to lit­ tion of their nesting habitat. These are the bergen (1960) contended that the exact rela­ erature already mentioned, Cole (n.d.) noted cavity nesters, and the dead trees (snags) of tionship of birds to insect population that installation of boxes is common in SUfficient sizes to meet the needs of some dynamics could be shown only by intensive Bavarian forests and that some 400,000 boxes species are products of older age classes of study of a single bird species over a large have been placed over an area of 140,000 trees. In conifer forests, some 20 percent of area for a prolonged period. Popelov ( 1956; hectares and another 300,000 are planned in total breeding pairs nest in holes (see foot­ quoted in Otvos 1965) expanded that restric­ Spain (Molina 1971) . note 5). tion to indicate that the determination must Bruns (1960, p. 204) provides an apt con­ Intensive forest management presents a be made for each bird species, insect species, clusion for this section: double threat to availab11ity of snags: (1) and forest stand. Beebe (see footnote 4) "Birds are not a complete remedy. On the the loss of existent snags due to safety re­ listed a number of studies indicating that balance of opinions and considering recent quirements imposed by State and Federal birds help regulate spruce budworm popula­ investigations, the truth may lle neither in regulations and (2) lack of replacement snags tions at endemic levels (Kendeigh 1947, Mor­ the one, nor in the other direction, but in during shorter rotations and continued re­ ris et al. 1958, Morris 1963, Dowden and between. I mean to say that, within the com­ moval of potential snags during thlnnlngs. Carolin 1950, Dowden et al. 1953, George and munity of all animals and plants of the Safety regulations presently require that Mitchell 1948). Similar relationships have forest, birds form an Important factor. The virtually all snags adjacent to haul or skid been described for the larch sawfly in iso­ birds generally are not able to break down an roads, in or near landings and work area, lated stands (Buckner and Turnock 1965); insect plague, but their function lies in be felled, which indicates that few or no woodpeckers and western pine beetle ( otvos preventing insect plaques. It is our duty to snags will remain at rotation. Shorter rota­ 1965) ; woodpeckers and other beetles (Mas­ preserve birds from (sic) aesthetic as well as tions may be even more devastating in the sey and Wygant 1973); and tits on moth lar­ economic reasons, and to create artificial long run, and the only solution may be to vae (Gibbs 1958, 1959). compensation in the form of nest boxes, program some stands or individual trees in Beebe, p. 27-28 (see footnote 4), says where nesting chances are diminished by the each management unit for long rotations to that-- forestry work. . . . The wood ls stm able to provide continuous supply of snags. Poten­ "Wlth few exceptions the conclusions of defend itself biologically against insect tial snags should be as carefully husbanded literally hundreds of papers dealing with the plagues. It ls our duty to conserve these as selected crop trees for they will provide impact of avian predators on their insect biological forces (birds, bats, wood ants, tomorrow's crop of hole-nesting birds. prey have been that, in many instances, parasites) and to conserve or create a rich Haapanen (1965) noted that bird species birds act as important components of natu­ and diverse community. By such a prophylac­ diversity was less in managed than unman­ ral biological regulation o! insect population tic, carrying out of "hygiene" before a pos­ aged Finnish forests and attributed the dif­ dynamics at endemic ... levels. In ... un­ sible outbreak of an insect pest, the forests ference to loss of suitable sites for hole-nest­ usual circumstances birds may act together, will be better protected than by any other ing birds under management. Sim1lar ob­ each species and sometimes each sex in its means. If there should be further insect servations concerning deciduous forests in own specialized way, to be a major cause at plagues their effect at least be diminished, Michigan were noted by Gysel ( 1961) • the suppression of an insect outbreak . . . so that we will only need to use chemical In summary, and considering only birds, it the most important role o! birds ls in the control in exceptional circumstances." seems to us that present trends in timber prevention of insect epidemics, rather than FOREST BIRDS AND FIRE management will lead to diversity that will their suppression. This important role is probably still underestimated because the Most published work concentrates on re­ be generally reflected in increased diversity sponses of gallianceous birds to fire, and the of bird species as outlined by Hagar (1960). vast majority o! research has been conducted during insect epidemics in which the sheer use of fire to produce suitable habitat for The exceptions will be those species adapted nesting, feeding, and hiding for these birds. to old growth and those requiring snags for numbers of insects simply overwhelm the birds' ab111ty to exert regulatory influence." The pioneering research has been carried out nesting. Pengelly (1972) presents a more pes­ under the auspices of The Cooperative Quail slmistlc view concerning effects of intensive Beebe, p. 19 (see footnote 4), also cau­ tioned that findings presented in his exten­ Study Association whose efforts and numer­ forestry on wildlife in general. Counter argu­ ous publications are summarized in the Tall ments are presented by Hooven (1973). sive literature review "must be qual1fl.ed by the understanding that our knowledge of the Timbers Research Station (1961). Most nota­ BIRDS AND INSECT CONTROL relationships between insectivorous birds and ble among these contributions was that of There are two sides to this topic-what their prey is very limited." Stoddard ( 1931) on bobwhite quail. Sharp roles do insect-ea.ting birds play in the con­ There are instances where birds might have (1971), Bump et al. (1947). Grange (1948), trol ot insect populations and, conversely, reduced epidemic populations o! insects. Vogl (1967), Wheeler (1948), Stoddard (1935, what effect does the control of insect out­ Woodpeckers seemingly had such an effect on 1961), Doerr et al. (1971), Ligon (1946), and breaks through use of pesticides have on outbreak populations of southern hardwood other have discussed the effects of fire on populations of insect-eating birds? We wlll borers (Solomon 1969, 1970). Knight (1958) ruffed grouse population. address only the first of these. and Mccambridge and Knight (1972) also Responses of non-ga.me birds to wildlife The questions have been extensively re­ reported control of Engelmann spruce beetle or controlled burning have received consid­ viewed by the Germ.an workers (Bruns by woodpeckers. erably less attention. The role that fire may (1960). Franz (1961), and Herberg (1965)). Benefits have also been reported from large take in the creation o! desired wildlife hab­ Beebe (see footnote 4) thoroughly reviewed numbers of birds "drifting into" or aggregat­ itat has been discussed by Komarek (1966) relationships between insectivorous hole- ing in areas of outbreak during the winter. and Neel (1967). The generalized theory tha.t 10410 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 9, 1976 fire can be used to open clogged understory, It seems likely that the avifauna may re­ nature on the face of the land. Signatures of remove rank vegetation, set back plant suc­ act similarly to either fire or mechanical course, differ; whether written with axe or cession, stimulate plant growth, and improve techniques that reduce or retard succession. pen, and this is as it should be." nutritional status of forage thereby creating This opinion is based on the premise that the diversity and conditions suitable for de­ most bird species react primarily to the FOOTNOTES sired forms of wildlife was considered by physiognomy of the vegetation (Hilden 1965, 1 Paper presented at The Symposium on Komarek (1963), Mllier (1963), and Stoddard MacArthur and MacArthur 1961, MacArthur Management of Forest and Range Habitat.a (1963). et al. 1962, Thomas et al. 1974; also see foot­ for Non-game Birds, Tucson, Arizona, May Actual studies of the relationships of fire note 3). 6-9, 1975. and non-hunted bird species are rare. Mar­ Fire effects on the total forest ecosystem 2 Principal Research Wildlife Biologist, shall (1963) related the difference in the avi­ is discussed by Biswell (1967), Thompson USDA Forest Service, Pac11lc Northwest For­ fauna. of a mixed pine-hardwood forest sub­ and Smith ( 1971) , and others who point out est and Range Experiment Station, La ject to frequent fires to one where fire was the role of naturally occurring fires and Grande, Oregon. excluded. Repeated understory fires had pro­ those set by the aboriginal North Americans Principal Plant Ecologist, USDA Forest duced park-like forests compared with in the evolution and development of forests. Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range stunted, tangled stands where fire had been Essentially, fire exclusion leads to over­ Experiment Station, Olympia, Washington. excluded. The birds present in ea.ch area re- stocked stands, stagnant stands, cluttered Wildlife Biologist, USDA Forest Service, 1lected these habitat conditions. Species ad­ understory, accumulation of organic material Region 1, Missoula, Montana. justed to open understory and scattered trees at ground level, invasion of fire-susceptible Biological Technician, USDA Forest Service, were abundant in the burned area, whereas species and loss of diversity in forest plant Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experi­ those that preferred a heavy shrub layer and/ systems. In addition, the probab111ty of cata­ ment Station, La. Grande, Oregon. or crowded woods were more common in the strophic fires is increased. 8 Jack Ward Thomas. The determination woodland where fire was excluded. Komarek Regarding the avifauna, we suggest that of habitat requirements for birds in suburban (1969) reviewed the literature concerning fire this is neither good nor bad-it merely is. areas-a pilot study. Ph.D. dissertation, Uni­ and animal behavior as well as listing posi­ The avifauna changes to include those spe­ versity of Massachusetts, Amherst. 237 p., tive reactions of 77 bird species to burning cies best adapted to, and most favored by, a 1973. or burned areas. He concluded that many new habitat complex. The thing to recognize 4, S. B. Beebe. Relationships between insec­ animals a.re adapted to a fire environment is that burning, controlled or wild, will prob­ tivorous hole-nesting birds and forest man­ and natural selection has been a major fac­ ably add diversity to a forest and cause agement. Yale University School of Forestry tor in such adaptation. changes in the avifauna that reflect habitat and Environmental Studies, New Haven, Bock and Lynch (1970) studied the breed­ alterations. Conn. 49 p., multllithed, 1974. 5 ing bird populations on burned and un­ CONCLUSIONS S. Jackman. Some characteristics of cavity burned areas in the Sierra Nevada. They The coniferous forest moves through suc­ nesters: can we ever leave enough snags? found a dramatic difference in numbers of cessional stages from bare ground to old­ Oregon Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, birds class11led as "tree foliage-searching," growth stands. Each stage in succession is Oregon State University, Corvallis. 10 p., which represented 47.9 percent of the birds more or less favorable to each bird group multllithed, 1974. in the unburned area and 8.7 percent in the in terms of habitat requirements, and there­ burned area, and the "ground-brush forag­ fore, there is a successional pattern in the ing," which amounted to 29.4 percent in the avifauna. reflecting chamges in the forest unburned and 60.9 percent in the burned vegetation. area. The total numbers of birds were vir­ THE DANGER OF MILITARY Silvicultural treatments have the general UNIONIZATION tually the same between treatments, but effect of modifying successional patte?'ll.s to biomass on the burned plot was markedly achieve some timber-related objective to greater. speed up succession, to select for certain Kilgore ( 1971) studied the effects on the plant species, to concentrate growth on se­ HON. PHILIP M. CRANE avifauna. of removal of the sapling and brush lected stems, or to harvest valuable com­ OF Il.LINOIS layer of a giant sequoia forest by various modities. The effects of such sllvicultural op­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES means including controlled burning. Open­ tions are predictable and controllable. ing the lower layer produced changes in spe­ Birds are a natural part of the coniferous Friday, April 9, 1976 cies composition but not in biomass. Under­ forest biome. They evolved With it and influ­ story thickets were apparently less useful ence the system as well as being influenced Mr. CRANE. Mr. Speaker, at the pres­ than canopy and trunk components for nest­ by it. The effects of birds in the population ent time, the American Federation of ing and feeding. Three species of ground dynamics of forest insects is one role that Government Employees is discussing the nesting and/or feeding birds were eUminated we have discussed. unionization of the more than 2 million while flycatchers and robins increased in Applied fire management is just coming members of the U.S. military forces. numbers. into its own. Fire can be used for several Before such a step is permitted, we Emlen ( 1970) described bird response to a purposes-but primarily results in altera­ controlled burn of a 400-hectare block of 20- must carefully consider the real meaning tion of ground cover or successional patterns. of unionizing the military. Such un­ year-old slash pine in Florida. This fire OpportUnities for wildlife biologists to at­ an ca.used a drastic reduction of ground cover tain their forest management goals were precedented action would make the and shrub foliage. The overstory was essen­ never better. Many, if not most foresters are Armed Forces of the United States sub­ tially unchanged. Bird counts were made on now receptive to reasonable proposals to en­ ject not only to the wishes of the Com­ the burn and in adjacent unburned stands. hance bird habitats or at least to minimize mander in Chief and of the Congress, but The a.vifauna was expected to reflect changes adverse impacts of silvicultural practices on also of union bosses who are not elected in the vegetative physiognomy but did not, the habitats. However, biologists must pro­ suggesting that food and shelter resources by the American people and not respon­ vide factual, professional, and realistic sible to them. were not equally disrupted by the fire. The leadership in planning and implementing attachment of resident species to established land management policies and programs if Writing in the Retired Officer, Col. home ranges and foraging territories could habitat diversity and attendant bird species Minter L. Wilson, Jr., USA

emplo~~nt practices of "public" broadcast­ price. The losers were the free world sessment of the future, but challenged ing.... farmer, the merchant who sells to the the student journalists to respond to the pressing needs. He ended on an optimis­ Backing up Ms. Price was Pluria Mar­ farmer, and the laboring man who pro­ duces for the farmer. tic note, placing a heavy emphasis and shall, national chairman of the National The article from the Farm J oumal responsiblity on the younger generation Black Media Coalition, based in Wash­ follows: and the role of newspapers. ington. Marshall chose to focus on what I would like to share Mr. Melton's he viewed as the Corporation's cold-eyed FOREIGNERS PROTEST LIMITS ON TRADE Wheat growers from Canada, France, thoughts with my colleagues and ask that effort to pit minorities against women for his remarks be reprinted in the RECORD: the top jobs. He openly told the CPB Australia, Belgium, Holland and Denmark met recently with American wheat growers. THE PREss: GRIM FuTURE IN GJUM WoRLD? AN board that he felt he had been lied to by "The U.S. embargo on grain doubled our ADDRESS CPB president, Henry Loomis, who hotly wheat sales to Russia,'' Leslie Price of (By Rollan D. Melton) denied that he had, as Mr. Marshall as­ Australia. told a group of state wheat as­ EDITOR'S NoTE.-Rollan D. Melton, presi­ serted, all but promised the human re­ sociation presidents. "It allowed us to sell dent of Speidel Newspapers Inc., with which source development job to a minority more wheat, but it forced prices down more the Nevada State Journal and Reno Evening when black groups opted not to protect than $1 a bushel because the world price Gazette are associated, offered this commen­ CPB's decision to bypass dozens of quali­ for wheat is really set in the U.S." Other foreign growers expressed concern tary Saturday at a professional journalists' fied black candidates for the public af­ with embargoes and the moratorium. "We meeting at the Sparks Nugget. He specifically fairs slot which went to another white ought to give your President Ford a plaque addres.sed journalism students attending the woman. for helping the Canadian farmer sell more meeting from universities in Arizona, Cali­ But Cathy Irwin, a Washington repre- fornia, Nevada and Hawaii. wheat,'' said Clarence Taylor. Regina, Sask., I offer you my thoughts on three subjects sentative of the National Organization of the Palllser Wheat Growers Association. that increasingly will become paramount in for Women, promised the CPB board that "The moratorium on sales hurt growers all your journalism lifetimes. such a ploy, if intended, would not suc- over the world." There is no international wheat growers The subjects are: ceed. association, but increasing numbers of The future of America. Ms. Irwin vowed: foreign producers have been attending the The basic hopes, fears, weaknesses, Neither NOW nor the women's movement National Association of Wheat Growers strengths and needs of people. wm be manipulated into a position where (NAWG) annual meeting. This year there The future of this country's weekly and dally newspapers. women will be used to fight minorities over were 11 from Canada, 9 from France and crumbs. I am a newspaperman and because I am, I other representatives from Australia, Bel­ am filled with questions and doubts. All gium, Holland and Denmark. Ray Davis, of the principals in the protest of NAWG trade representative and past presi­ Take the future of this country, for in­ CPB hiring policy also represent their dent, got them together to discuss mutual stance. Here's what I see: respective organizations on the Advisory interests. Council of National Organizations to the Growing crime. Now we are a nation in­ Their most common problem? Government filtrated by thieves, con artists, liars, rapists, Corporation for Public Broadcasting. interference with markets. That may sound and killers. It used to be that dark alleys were However, all spoke for their individual like a paradox since most foreign growers unsafe. Now danger visits homes, parks, pub­ constituencies when they appeared in enjoy one form of price protection or lic streets in daylight hours. Crime will another. March before the CPB board of direc­ The Russian Grains Agreement drew first worsen. tors. fire from Herman DeLong of Holland, a Drugs. We are a nation possessing a heavy Ms. Price left the board with the defi­ representative of the European Economic population of potheads, dopers, far-out nite impression that she expects three Community (EEC). "We are very concerned crazies. Take a drug census in 1980, in 1990 other top level positions at the corpora­ a.bout long-term agreements like those be­ and 2001 and you'll find the drug problem no longer just grave. By then it will be awful. tion to be filled by minorities, male or tween the U.S. and Russia, and the agree­ Illiteracy. How much clearer to put it than female. She referred to the positions of ments Canada has with the People's Republlc of China and with South American and to say illlteracy 1s an epidemic. In your llfe­ director of planning and administration; tlm.es, it wUl grow to a. scandal. A nation director of contract administration, and African countries,'' he said. "There are now that cannot read cannot abort its decline. agreements with about 20 different countries senior program affairs offi.cer for TV ac­ and they have a very depressing effect on the Educational system. I'm sorry to report activities. that America's school system ls stm some­ market." what on vacation. It ls partially to blame for Australia's Leslie Price agreed. "These agreements take the fire and the competitive­ illiteracy. Discipline in grammar schools and high schools ls a mockery. Teachers have FOREIGNERS PROTEST LIMITS ness out of the market and our producers two basic fears: That they won't get a bigger ON TRADE don't like it." paycheck and that the students will beat the Growers from all countries concurred in hell out of them. There are a great number opposition to wheat reserves. Some of the of fine teachers in America. My worry is that HON. PAUL FINDLEY Europeans suggested there was more politics the future will bring an onerous number of than serious business in Secretary of State 0'1!' ILLINOIS lousy educators. Henry Kissinger's proposal for a. world food Public leadership. Well, you read the news­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES grain reserve. papers and you know what I am about to Friday, April 9, 1976 There is a strong feeling among foreign say. We have too heavy a population of poli­ producers for an international grains agree­ ticians who are inept, stupid, self-serving, Mr. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, I am at­ ment with floor prices. "I don't think our fumbling, and worst of all, immoral. They taching an article from the April issue of producers would buy that," said Davis. operate at all levels of government and in the Farm Journal on the reaction of villages, towns, cities, counties, states and 1n other producing countries to the recent Washington, D.C. export embargo against the Soviet Union Foul air. Pollution, any way you slice it, and Poland. The embargo cost the PRESIDENT OF SPEIDEL NEWSPA­ endangers our lives. Within the next 25 years, American farmer export sales. It in­ PERS LOOKS AT THE "F'Ol'ORE OF a. large percentage of the students in this AMERICA AND ITS PRESS" room wm be parents. We hope your children creased sales for export by farmers in have blue skies to see and cleaner air to other nations of the free world, but it breathe than you're now seeing and breath­ hurt the producers of wheat in all coun­ ing. But don't count on it. tries by lowering the world price of HON. JIM SANTINI Food. As of a week ago Sunday, there were wheat. The embargo was good for Rus­ OF NEVADA 4 b1llion people on our planet. By the year sia. The Russians were able to buy their IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 2000, there will be nearly 7 billion folks staking a claim on earth. All of us now have wheat at the lower price. Friday, April 9, 1976 Holland and Denmark were the vic­ one basic need. But forecasters doubt there'll tims. For the last 3 months of 1975, Mr. SANTINI. Mr. Speaker, the Presi­ be enough food to go around then. Hell, there dent of the Speidel Newspaper chain isn't even enough food for everyone living farm prices for cereal grains fell 15 ¥2 today. So 1n 2000, the global starving are p.ercent while consumer prices for cereals made some penetrating comments last apt to stake a claim on the richest agricul­ and bakery products eased off only 2% week before the Region 11 Conference of tural country in the world: Your country. percent. The winner of the embargo was Sigma Delta Chi 1n Sparks, Nev. Family disintegration. This is the largest the Russian consumer who received more Mr. Rollan D. Melton, a native of Ne­ worry o! all. The percentage o! happy homes wheat-all that they wanted-at a lower vada, provided a somewhat gloomy as- 1s dropping. It's no picnic rto grow up ln a 10414 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 9, 1976 broken home, as some of you can confirm. They must stay profitable. a.nd his Administration a.re involved in an­ Divorce 1s a way of life in your country. What does all this really mean to you? other Solzhenitsyn flap, this one almost as Family love isn't what it used to be. When Well, those of you who have elected news- messy as the first one. parents fall to love their children, teach their paper careers are THE newspapers of the fu­ Newsweek magazine reports that "to make children by good example, fall to discipline ture. amends" with conservatives upset over his their children promptly and wisely and fail Those older ones of us are going to fade snub of Solzhenitsyn, the President has sent to instill moral good in their children, what from the scene: "a warm personal telegram" to the Freedoms do you have? Increasingly in your lifetime, We will quit, be fired, retired or die. Foundation in Valley Forge, Pa., saluting this the little children will grow into beasts who You will replace us. patriotic group for a.warding the exiled So­ are clods, illiterates, dopers, k1llers and per­ You've got your work cut out for you be­ viet dissident its highest award, the Ameri­ haps worst of all-parents themselves. Pa.r­ cause your responsibility is large and your can Friendship Medal. Mr. Ford says in his ents who wlll multiply new generations of goals formidable. wire that he is "delighted" with the Founda­ their 11lfated kind. Are you up to it? tion's decision that it further enhances the Now to the second subject. The basic want- Yes, you are. group's "out3tanding reputation for the sup­ 11st of most people includes these things: port and encouragement of ideals and values A need for recognition. Knowing that you that a.re cherished by all Americans." amount to something. Now, it just so happens that there are A craving for affection. I don't know any­ SOLZHENITSYN HAILED BY FORD, other individuals who also wish to honor body who will deny that love is a. very nice Alexander Solzhenitsyn and they have sought quality. DENIED HONORARY CITIZENSHIP to do so by making him an honorary Ameri­ Creature comforts. Food, preferably eaten BY STATE can citizen. One of these persons is Sen. Jesse on a. regular and wholesome basis; clothing, Helms, R-N.C., who introduced a resolution either Levis or the fanciest threads your to this effect. It passed the Senate on a voice pocketbook wlll allow; a home; and enough HON. LARRY McDONALD vote last year. money to make the aforementioned possible. OF GEORGIA In the House, Rep. Larry McDonald, D-Ga., You are a.ware by now that I am the worst IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES introduced a similar resolution, but it has pessimist you ever laid eyes or ears on. Right? been bottled up one year this month in Rep. Wrong! Friday, April 9, 1976 Peter Rodina's, D-N.J., Subcommittee on Im­ Which brings me to the la.st subject: The Mr. McDONALD of Georgia. Mr. migration, Citizenship and International futlli'e of newspapers in your cities and in Law. The reason for the delay? According to your country. Speaker, twice the U.S. Senate has passed a joint resolution granting Aleksandr Subcommittee members Joshua. Eilberg, D­ It's a terribly exciting and challenging Pa., who chairs this unit, and Rep. Bill COhen future. SolzheniU:iyn honorary U.S. citizenship. (R-Me.), it's because Mr. Ford's State De­ It's loaded with an unbelievable abun­ However, each time no activity has oc­ partment has gone on record opposing the dance of opportunity for ea.ch of you. curred in the House on this legislation. measure. Newspapers aren't doomed. They are the Why? One reason may be the rather So, why does the State Department oppose wave of the future. strange report on the legislation given by Solzhenitsyn being made an honorary citi­ Readers rely on us. They will rely on us zen? Well, it's embarrassing to quote the rea­ more and more in the future. the Department of State on the most recent Solzhenitsyn resolution, Senate sons. In a letter to Rep. Rodino last July, Why? Because knowledge is power and the Department's Assistant Secretary for newspapers bring knowledge. Joint Resolution 36, to the House Com­ Congressional Relations, Robert Mccloskey, Why? Because problems have to be de­ mittee on the Judiciary dated July 7, says the resolution is "quite unique and ex­ tected and then they have to be solved. Who 1975. I, for one, do not understand the traordinary," noting that only Winston is going to lead the way in the future? News­ lack of activity of the House Committee Churchill and the Marquis de Lafayette have papers. on the Judiciary. Mr. John Lofton, a been granted honorary citizenship. Both of Who is best equipped to tell people of syndicated colwnnist, has written a col­ these men, he notes, were strongly committed crime and recommend and demand solu­ to the U.S. and the principles for which it tions? wnn for United Features, dated March 31, 1976, describing his feelings on the stands. But not so with Solzhenitsyn. Mc­ Who can generate a frontal attack on Closkey continues: drugs? issue which I find very worthy of note. "Clearly, Churchill and Lafayette possessed Who best can warn of the dangers of il­ Therefore, I commend it to the attention such a conscious commitment to aid and literacy? of my colleagues in the House. The col­ affect America's sovereign destiny. There is Who can find the immoral politician-be­ umn follows: no evidence, however, that Solzhenitsyn, al­ fore he is elected? SOLZHENITSYN HAILED BY FORD, DENIED beit an eloquent and courageous interna­ Which medium will report the dangers of tional personality, has made such a contribu­ dirty air, of dirty men, of dirty tricks-a.nd CITIZENSH1P BY STATE (By John D. Lofton, Jr.) tion or commitment or even desires to do so. do something about those dangers? In fact, there ls some indication (not stated Who, pray tell me, will inform this part of WAsHINGTON.-When President Ford re­ 1n this letter-JL.) that his rebellion against our planet of the dangers of global starva­ fused to see exiled Soviet author Aleksandr despotism does not embody an endorsement tion? Solzhenitsyn last summer, he, quite de­ of the American way of life." Therefore, Mc­ Who can help bring man better schools, servedly, caught hell from all directions­ Closkey concludes, Solzhenitsyn "should not better teachers, better cities, better life and from liberals and conservatives a.like. be declared an honorary citizen of the United better hope? White House press secretary Ron Nessen States of America." Who can best tell people about what their originally sa.ld the President was simply too The mind boggles. What to say? How to neighbors are up to? Who did what to whom busy to see Solzhenitsyn, adding that fur­ respond to these slanderous lies? In his two and when? And why? thermore Mr. Ford "for image reasons does major addresses sponsored by the AFL-CIO Well, who? like to have some substance in his meetings." last year, Solzhenitsyn repeatedly praised W111 blllboa.rds do all this? Radio? Televi­ This pathetic excuse however was quickly this country. For example, in his Washington, sion? Shoppers? Direct mall? Door-to-door blown down by gales of laughter when it was D.C. talk he declared: "The United States messengers? asked, if this was true, then why had the of America has long shown itself to be the Newspapers will do all this. They do it best. President, in the past, met and posed for most magnanimous, the most generous coun­ Newspapers are here to stay. pictures with such "heavy thinkers" as: try in the world." Perhaps Mr. McCloskey Weeklies and dallies have never had a Bra.zllla.n soccer star Pele; Miss America., doesn't know this because State Department brighter, more exciting role. They have never 1975; the Maid of cotton; the West Virginia employes are not allowed to read Solzhenitsyn had more challenges. Strawberry Queen; and three Russian pilots speeches lest this might "offend the Soviets." Who are these weeklies and these daiUes? who had ma.de the first transpolar filght to But what a.bout Americans! When ls our They are people in production, in circula­ the U.S. in 1937. government going to starl worrying about tion, in busines.~ . in advertising. Subsequently, the real reason for President what offends our citizens, disgraceful and Wa,rs aren't won without the infantry. Ford's refusal to see Solzhenitsyn was re­ disgusting things like Robert McCloskey's Great newspapers ca.n.'t exist without great vea.Ied: Henry Kissinger had recominended letter. Does President Ford know about this reporters. against it. In the words of one of the Secre­ correspondence? The White House says it Great newspapers can't exist without great tary of State's aides, such a get-together doesn't know; Mccloskey says he doesn't administrative leaders. "would offend the Soviets", lending weight know. Newspapers must exercise their power more to Solzhenitsyn's polltica.l views rather than Well, somebody should tell the President. intelligently in the future; they must ex­ his literary talent. Looking back on the fiap, And Mr. Ford should personally intervene pand their span of infiuence. They must President Ford has said that things could and throw the full prestige of his omce be­ learn to better detect needs of readers and have been handled "a bit tidier," that "it hind the effort to make Alexandr Solzhenit­ serve the needs. probably would have been right" to see syn an honorary citizen. This would make They must lead better. And lead more Solzhenitsyn. not only conservatives happy, but all th.ose often. Fine. We all make mistakes. But Mr. Ford who love and cherish freedom.