Index
Page numbers in italics refer to Figures; page numbers in bold refer to Tables.
Abenab Subgroup, 201 Alaska, 389–395 Avalon Peninsula stratigraphy, 201 Hula Hula diamictite, 379–385 map, 468 abiotic dolomite, 76 Aldan Shield, 302 rocks, 468 Abu Mahara Group, Jabal Akhdar, 259, Altaids, 100–101 stratigraphy, 469 251–260 Altungol diamictites, 372 Ayn Formation, Dhofar, Oman, 239–247 boundary relations, 258 Altungol Formation stratigraphy, 370 boundary relations, 243 carbon-isotopic data, 256 Amadeus Basin, 688 carbon-isotope composition of post-glacial chemical and mineralogical indices of glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, carbonate, 243 alteration, 258 684–685 chemostratigraphy, 243–245 chemostratigraphy, 256 Inindia beds, 685 frequency distribution of detrital zircons from CIA, 256 Pioneer Sandstone, 685 Mirbat Group, 246 geochronological constraints, 258–260 Amazonia and environs, 105 geochronological constraints, 246–247 geological map, 253 Andre´e Land Group glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 241–243 253–256 586–587 carbonate facies, 243 Hadash Formation summary log, 257 stratigraphy, 583–584 carbonate-filled fissures, 243 histograms of zircon ages derived by Antelope Island, 430 carbonate mass-flow facies association, 243 LA-ICPMS, 259 Anti-Atlas Mountains of Morocco, 105 distal glaciomarine facies association, Neoproterozoic outcrops and salt basins of Arac¸uaı´ orogen, SE Brazil, 523–531 241–243 Oman, 252 aragonite cements, 76 fluviodeltaic facies association, 241 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 258 Araras group, 489, 495 post-glacial carbonate, 243 sedimentological logs through Fiq glacially influenced sedimentation and proximal glaciomarine facies association, 241 Formation, 254 carbonates, 487–496 shallow-water facies association, 243 stratigraphy, 253 northern Paraguay Belt stratigraphy, 491 subaerial facies association, 241 structural framework, 252–253 Arctic Alaska–Chukotka Plate (AACP), 390 MIA in Mirbat Group, 245 zircon geochronology, 259 Arena Formation, 587 Neoproterozoic glaciation, nature, 247 Acaciella australica Stromatolite Assemblage, Areyonga Formation, 684–685 Neoproterozoic weathering, chemical index of 122, 125 Argentina Tandilia System, 565–568 alteration (CIA), 243–245 Acraman impact structure, 674 Arroyo del Soldado Group stratigraphic outcrop areas of Neoproterozoic Adelaide Geosyncline chart, 550 basement, 240 map, 714 Aruwimi Group, 189 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 245–246 relationship of major lithostratigraphic Assem Limestone, 273 sedimentological logs of Ayn Formation, 242 units, 703 astronomical theories on Neoproterozoic stratigraphy, 241 Adelaide Geosyncline, South Australia, 673–675 glaciation, 26 structural framework and basement geology, Acraman impact structure, 674 Atar Group, 105 239–241 basement geology, 703 Aties Formation, 234 summary log data, 244 biostratigraphy, 674 Atud diamictite chemostratigraphy, 673–674 boundary relations, 281 Backbone Ranges Formation, 399 early rifting, 703 geochronological constraints, 282 Baicalia burra Stromatolite Assemblage, 123 geochronological constraints, 674 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 281 Baikal Group, 325 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 673 location, 280 Bakouma Basin, 190 Mid-Ediacaran ice-rafting, 673–675 Australia, 673–675, 693–698. See also Bakoye Group, 165 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 674 biostratigraphy of Australia Baltica, 100 stratigraphy, 673 biostratigraphy, 113–130 Baltoscandian craton, 620 structural framework, 702–704 cap-carbonate sequences, 73–74 Baltoscandian ice sheet, 619 Sturtian rifting, 703–704 glacial succession of Sturtian age, 701–710 Bambuı´ formation correlations, 511 tectonic subdivision, 702–703 glaciogenic succession map, 12 Bambuı´ Group, Southern Sa˜o Francisco Basin Adelaide Geosyncline Cryogenian glaciogenic global correlation, 126–129 glaciogenic deposits and associated formations, 715 Kimberley Region, 659–671 strata, 512 Adelaide Rift Complex locality maps, 694 knowledge base, 14–15 lithostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic Adrar area stratigraphy, 165 Nackara Arc, 69, 706, 715–716 correlations, 516 Africa Neoproterozoic ice age data set, 13 Neoproterozoic successions, 509–519 geological sketch map, 186 palaeoequators, 103 stratigraphy, 537 Kaigas and Numees formations, Port Nolloth palaeomagnetic constraints on banded iron formation (BIF), Egypt Group, 223–230 Neoproterozoic glacial palaeolatitudes, boundary relations, 281 Karoetjes Kop and Bloupoort formations, 102–103 geochronological constraints, 282 Gifberg Group, 233–237 stromatolites, 121–125 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 281 Katanga Supergroup, 173–182 Sturt glaciation stratigraphy, 124–125 Ba˚ngona˚ive window, 626 knowledge base, 12 Australia, central, 677–688 Bangui Basin, 190 Neoproterozoic glacial palaeo- boundary relationships, 686 Barakun Formation, 298 latitudes, 104–105 cap dolomites, 678–681 Baratta Trough, 706–707 Neoproterozoic ice age data set, 3 characteristics, 687 Barents Shelf, 571 Port Nolloth Group, 223–230 chemostratigraphy, 686–687 Barite mineralization, 67–77, 169 Taoudeni Basin, 163–169, 167 geochronological constraints, 687 Basal Mahd Group diamictite, central Arabian West Congo Supergroup, 185–192 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Shield, 277, 280 Agassiz, L., 20, 29 682–686 boundary relations, 281 Aisa Formation stratigraphy, 321 Neoproterozoic basins, 682 geochronological constraints, 282 Aitken, J. D., 25 Neoproterozoic glacial deposits, 677–688, Bas-Congo Basin, 187–188 Akademikerbreen Group, 577 678–681 Baydaric microcontinent, 331 Akkajaure Nappe Complex, 609 Neoproterozoic stratigraphy, 682, 683 Bayixi Formation Aksu–Wusi area palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 687 glaciogenic diamictites, 372 composite stratigraphic log, 371 structural framework, 677–682 stratigraphy, 370 geological map, 370 autochthon, 606–607 Baykonur Formation, 303–306 glaciogenic diamictites, 369–370 Avalon assemblage, 146 age, 306 Akwokwo Tillite, 191 Avalonia palaeomagnetic constraints, 105 boundary relations, 305 724 INDEX
Baykonur Formation (Continued) Blaubeker Formation, 213, 215 Brasilia Fold Belt characteristics, 305 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 213 chemostratigraphy, 514–515 chemostratigraphy, 305 Bloeddrif Member, 227–228 geological map, 513 conglomerates, 305 Bloupoort Formation, 233–237 Bra˚vika member, 576 dolomite, 305 boundary relations, 235 Brazil geochronological constraints, 305 chemostratigraphy, 235–236 Jequitaı´ Formation, 541–545 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, correlation of diamictite, 237 Neoproterozoic Macau´bas Group, 523–531 303–306 diamictite-hosting, 235 Una Group, 503–507 outcrops, 304 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Brigham Group palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 305 234–235, 235 stratigraphy, 429 sandstones, 305 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 236 stratigraphy showing available carbon isotope sedimentary environments, 305–306 structural framework and tectonic evolution, data, 429 shales, 305 233–234 Brookline Member, 477 stratigraphy, 303 Bocaina Formation, 493 Buckland, William, 20 structural framework, 303 Bogenfels Formation, 220 Buenos Aires Complex, 565 type sections, 304 Bokson Group Buldya Group palynomorphs, 118 Bebedouro Formation age, 285–288 Buryatian Republic, 285–288 geological map, 504 boundary relations, 286 Buschmannsklippe Formation, 213 ice-contact glaciomarine system, 505 characteristics, 286 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 214 schematic representation of glacial chemostratigraphy, 286 lithofacies, 506 diamictites, 287 Cadomia, 105 Una Group, Bahia (Brazil), 503–507 geochronological constraints, 287 calcium isotopes Beck Spring Dolomite, 464 geographic position, 286 Canadian Cordillera Mackenzie Mountains, Beck Spring Formation, 464 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 404–405 Bedgroup 19, 586 285–288 Otavi carbonate platform and foreslope, northern Bedgroup 20, 586–587 lithological and chemostratigraphic Namibia, 203 Bethanis Member, 199 succession, 287 Caledonian age bidirectional climate change, 20 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 286–287 position of Hedmark, Valdres and Engerdalen Biexibastao Formation sedimentary environments, 287–288 basins, 618–619 glaciogenic diamictites, 374 stratigraphy, 285–286 Caledonian mountain belts, 583 stratigraphy, 373 structural framework, 285 Caledonides of Scandinavia, 603–609 Big Cottonwood Formation, 428 Bolla Bollana Tillite, 707 boundary relations, 608 Big Creek roof pendant map, 440 Bol’shoy Patom Formation, Lena River, central chemostratigraphy, 608 Billy Springs Formation, 697 Siberia, 309–315 evidence of late Neoproterozoic glaciation, Billy Springs glaciation, South Australia, 693–698 associated strata, 310–312 603–609 Adelaide Rift Complex locality maps, 694 boundary relations, 313 geochronological constraints, 608 boundary relations, 696 carbonate conglo-breccias, 312 glaciogenic and associated deposits, 604, chemostratigraphy, 696 chemostratigraphy, 313 606–608 geochronological constraints and composite sections, 311 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 608 biostratigraphy, 696–697 conglomerates, 312 palinspastic cross-section showing glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, correlation between Vendian and Ediacaran development of inboard and outboard 694–696 Systems, 313 basins, 604 Mid Ediacaran palaeogeography, 697 diamictites, 311–312 regional stratigraphic profiles, 605 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 696 massive, 311–312 stratigraphy, 605–606 stratigraphy, 693–694 stratified, 312 structural framework, 603–605 structural framework, 693 geochronological constraints, 313–315 Cambridge Formation, 477 Bimbo sandstones, 190 geographic distribution, 310 Canada bimodal volcanic rock, 439 glaciogenic deposits, 309–315 cap-carbonate sequences, 74 biogenic dolomite, 76 lithostratigraphic section, 310 Cordillera Mackenzie Mountains, 397–409 biological theories, 26 mudstones and siltstones, 312 global correlation, 126–129 biostratigraphy of Australia, 113–130 palaeolatitudes and palaeogeography, 313 Windermere Supergroup, 413–421 Bitter Springs anomaly, 55, 57 sandstones and grits, 312 Canadian Cordillera, 413–421 Blackrock Canyon Limestone stratigraphy, 429 stratigraphy, 309 Canyon Formation, 587 Black Stump Arkose, 686 structural framework, 309, 310 carbon isotopes, 51–62 Blackwelder, Eliot, 21 subordinate rocks, 312 current knowledge base, 6–14 Blaini Formation of Lesser Himalaya, India, succession of Patom Supergroup in Ura Cariboo–Purcell–Rocky Mountains stratigraphic 347–353 Uplift, 311 columns, 415 age plot for detrital zircons, 353 typical structures in diamictites, 312 Carrancas diamictites, 531 boundary relations, 352 Upper part of Mariinskiy Formation, 310 Central Australia, 677–688 chemostratigraphy, 352–353 Bonahaven Formation, 637–638 Central Flinders Ranges, Holowilena, South diamictites, 350 Boonall Dolomite, east Kimberley, 666–671 Australia dolomite, 350–352 glaciogenic deposits, 668 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, geochronological constraints, 353 Boondawari Formation, 684 695–696 geological map of fold-and-thrust belt, 348 Boord Formation, 685 iron and manganese deposits, 69 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Børgefjellet window, 626 Central Flinders Zone, 716 348–352 boron isotopes, 203 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, interpretation, 349–350, 352 Boston Basin, Massachusetts, USA, 475–479 715–716 lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic boundary relations, 477 Central Scandinavian Caledonides, 623–627 subdivision, 349 characteristics, 478 Cerebrosphaera buickii from Spitsbergen, 119 lithostratigraphic sections and chemostratigraphy, 477 Cerro Largo Formation, 566 chemostratigraphy, 351 geochronological constraints, 478 Cerro Negro Formation, 566 locations of measured sections, 350 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 477 Chambers Bluff Tillite, 684 massive and laminated diamictite lithofacies, map of outcrops, 476 Chambishi Basin, 178 348–349 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 478 Chameis Gate Member, 217–221, 218 Neoproterozoic–Cambrian succession, 349 Squantum Member, 475–479 boundary relations, 220 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 353 stratigraphic framework of lithostratigraphic characteristics, 220 sandstones, siltstones and shales, 350 units, 476 chemostratigraphy, 220 significance of isotopic analyses, 352–353 stratigraphy, 476 generalized lithostratigraphy of Marmora stratigraphy, 348 structural framework, 475 Terrane, 219 structural framework, 347–348 Boston Bay Group, 478 geochronological constraints, 220 INDEX 725
glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, transgressive cap dolostones in expanded Congo Craton, Central Africa, 185–192 219–220 sequences, 71–72 Cordillera Mackenzie Mountains, 397–409 Bogenfels Formation, 220 tubestone (geoplumb) stromatolites, 72 boundary relations, 403 Chameis Gate Member, Dernburg iron and manganese deposits, 67–70 boundary relations Rapitan Group, 403 Formation, 219 Central Flinders Ranges (Holowilena) and boundary relations Stelfox Member, 403 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 220 Nackara arc (Braemar), South calcium isotope record of Stelfox stratigraphy, 219 Australia, 69 glaciation, 408 structural framework and tectonic evolution, distribution in time and space, 67–68 calcium isotopes, 404–405 217–219 geochemical characteristics, 69 carbon isotope data from dolomite of tectonic subdivision of Marmora Terrane in Jakkalsberg Member (Numees Formation, Ravensthroat Formation, 404 western Gariep Belt, 218 Port Nolloth Group), Gariep Belt, Namibia carbon isotopes, 403 Chameis Group, 217–221, 218 and South Africa, 69 characteristics, 406 Chameis Subterrane, 218 lithological associations, 68–69 chemostratigraphy, 403–405 Chang’an Formation, 359 notable examples, 69 composite columnar section of Neoproterozoic Chapada Acaua˜ Formation, 528 Rapitan Group, northern Canadian strata, 399 Chara River basin, 297–302 Cordillera, 69 correlation and palaeogeography, 408–409 boundary relations, 299–300 genesis and significance of glacial-associated depositional strike of Neoproterozoic passive chemostratigraphy, 300–301 chemical sediments, 75–77 margin, 401 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, abiotic or biogenic dolomite, 76 geochronological constraints, 406 298–299 accumulation rates for syndeglacial cap giant wave ripples in Ravensthroat Formation, palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 301 dolostones, 75 402 stratigraphy, 297–298 barite in cap dolostones, 76–77 glaciogenic and associated strata, 400–403 Upper Precambrian diamictites of Central cap-carbonate sequences, 75 iron isotopes cerium anomaly data, 405 Siberia, 297–302 early diagenetic (void-filling) barite, 76–77 location map, 390 chemical index of alteration (CIA), 81–90 ferrous v. euxinic anoxia, 75 lower Rapitan Group near Iron Creek, 399 A–CN–K diagram, 85 iron and manganese oxide deposits, 75 Neoproterozoic glacial record, 397–409 evidence of glaciomarine deposits, 86–89 localization of oxidative titration, 75 origin and stratigraphic localization of implications for study of Neoproterozoic climate non-marine syndeglacial cap dolostones, basin-facies, 407 change, 89 75–76 origin of transitional-facies iron-formation, 407 Neoproterozoic glacial deposits and climate significance of seafloor aragonite cements, 76 outcrop distribution, 398 transitions, 81–90 sources alkalinity for cap dolostones, 76 oxygen isotopes, 404, 404 Oman Masirah Bay Formation, 89 subglacial sulphate-rich ferrous waters, 75 palaeoenvironmental interpretation, 407–408 oxides in molecular ratios, 85 chemostratigraphy, 51–62 palaeoenvironmental interpretation of Rapitan provenance and reconstruction of original carbon isotopes, 52 Group, 406–407 compositions, 84–86 Ediacaran Period, 59–61 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 406 relationship between two weathering iron speciation, 53 palaeontology, 405–406 proxies, 82 pre-glacial Neoproterozoic, 53–57 Rapitan Group type section in Hayhook Lake sampled formations and compositional spanning Cryogenian glaciations, 57–59 area, 399 groupings, 83 stratigraphic plots of carbon and sulphur stratigraphic nomenclature, 398 values of Neoproterozoic Port Askaig trends, 59 stratigraphic relations, 401 Formation, 88 strontium isotopes, 53 stratigraphy, 400 weathering and weathering indices, 81–83 sulphur isotopes, 52–53 structural framework, 398–400 weathering trends, 86 summary of carbon and sulphur synglacial hematite jaspilite Rapitan whole-rock compositions and weathering signatures, 56–57 Group, 405 indices, 87, 88 working chemostratigraphic compilations, 54 upper Sayunei and Shezal formations, 399 Weathering Index of Parker (WIP), 83–84 China Windermere Supergroup in Mackenzie Yangjiaping section in South China, 84 cratons, 101 Mountains, 398 zirconium v. thorium diagram, 86 Chiquerı´o Formation, Peru, 481–486 Corumba´ Group, 495 chemical sediments, 67–74 boundary relations, 484 composite record of carbon and strontium average thicknesses and idiosyncratic chemostratigraphy, 484 isotopes, 494 features, 70 economic deposits and biomarkers, 484 formations, 489 cap-carbonate sequences, 70–74 geochronological constraints, 484–485 glacially influenced sedimentation and barite in Marinoan-type (based Ediacaran) cap glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, carbonates, 487–496 dolostones, 73–74 482–484 stratigraphy, 492 distribution and thickness, 71 global correlation, 485–486 Cotcase Creek Formation, 654–656, 656 early diagenetic barite in Taoudeni laminated dolostone facies, 485 Cottons Breccia, 649–651 Basin, 74 location map and geological map of western Court Formation, 213–214 early diagenetic barite on Dzabkhan Platform, coast, 482 Croles Hill Diamictite, 651–654 western Mongolia, 74 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 484 boundary relations, 653 early diagenetic barite on Yangtze Platform, stratigraphic section and carbon isotope trends, glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 653 South China, 74 483 stratigraphy, 651–652 expanded and condensed sequences, 71 stratigraphy, 482 structural framework, 651 giant wave ripples, 72 structural framework, 482 Cryogenian, 1–15, 145, 146 highstand deposits of cap-carbonate zircon probability density distribution diagrams, composite stratigraphic log for Tarim Block, sequences, 73 485 375, 376 Marinoan-type (basal Ediacaran) Chuos Formation Elatina glaciation, 718 cap-carbonate sequences, 70–73 boundary relations, 201 glacial erosional forms, 323 Mid-Ediacaran cap carbonate glaciogenic and associated strata, 198 glacial event, 489 sequences, 73 Churochnaya Formation, 294 glacial ocean, 29 phosphorites, 74 boundary relations, 290 glaciation and Northern Arabian–Nubian Shield, primary and early diagenetic types of barite in chemostratigraphy, 290 277–283 cap dolostones, 73 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, glaciogenic deposits of Marnya Formation, seafloor barite in central Australia, 73–74 289–290 317–327 seafloor barite in northwestern Canada, 74 climate physicists, 23 glaciogenic strata, 398 seafloor carbonate cement, 72–73 Coal Creek inliers, 390 Idaho and Utah, 425–433 sheet-crack cements, 72 Coates Lake group Brigham Group, 429 Sturtian-type (Cryogenian) cap-carbonate chemostratigraphy, 403–404 characteristics, 430–431 sequences, 73 stratigraphy, 400 chemostratigraphy, 430 transgressive cap dolostones in condensed Congo. See also West Congo Supergroup depositional settings and climatic controls, sequences, 73 palaeomagnetic constraints, 104 431–432 726 INDEX
Cryogenian (Continued) David, Edgeworth, 21 stratigraphy, 713–714, 715 diamictite and volcanic succession, 428 Death Valley region, 449–455, 459–464 structural framework, 713 geochronological constraints, 431 Kingston Peak Formation, 449–455, 459–464 Eleonore Bay Supergroup, 586 glaciogenic deposits and associated Delamerian Orogen subdivision, 704 Engerdalen Basin composite section, 620 strata, 429 Denison Ranges lithofacies description, 708 Eritrea glaciogenic deposits, 267–268 map showing areas of outcrop, 426 Dernburg Formation, 219 Eskadron glaciogenic deposits, 213 Neoproterozoic strata, 425–433 detrital zircon, 246 Ethiopia palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 431 Dhofar, Oman, 239–247 Tambien Group, 102, 263–275 Pocatello area, 429 diamictite Eurasia Pocatello Formation and correlative units, characteristics and origin, 42–43 glaciogenic succession map, 4 427–428 palaeoclimatic significance, 45–46 knowledge base, 12–14 regional correlations, 432–433 Didikama Formation, 273 Neoproterozoic ice age data set, 5 rifting and glaciation, 425–433 discoidal impression, 168 Europe structural framework, 425–426 disrupted beds, 639 glaciogenic succession map, 10 tectonic setting, 432 Dom Feliciano Belt, 106 knowledge base, 14 Uinta Mountain Group, 427 geology, 549 Neoproterozoic ice age data set, 11 Uinta Mountain Group and Big Cottonwood Dongqiaoenblaq Formation, 369 Formation, 427 Doornpoort, 213 Fadnuvag’gi Formation, Tanafjord, 595 Utah and Idaho Neoproterozoic correlation Dorchester Member, 477 Fargoo Formation, 666–671 chart, 426 Doushantuo fauna, 146 boundary relations, 669 stratigraphy, 373, 426–429 Doushantuo Formation, 101, 143 chemostratigraphy, 669 Yerelina Subgroup map, 714 isotope stratigraphy, 362 depositional interpretation, 668–669 Cryogenian biostratigraphy of Australia, Drook Formation geochronological constraints, 669 113–130 Ediacaran biota, 472 glaciogenic deposits, 668–669 Acaciella australica Stromatolite glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 470 Kimberley Region, 666–671 Assemblage, 122 stratigraphy, 469 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 669 Australian Neoproterozoic stratigraphy and Duas Barras Formation, 527 stratigraphy, 667–668 correlations, 116 Duerdin Group, 670 structural framework, 666–667 Baicalia burra Stromatolite Assemblage, 123 Dugub Formation, 267, 268 Fedo potassium-metasomatic effect, 85 biostratigraphy, 118–125 Dutch Creek Formation, 416 Feforkampen outlier, 616 Cerebrosphaera buickii from Spitsbergen, 119 Duurwater trough and moraine, 199, 200–201 Finnmark chemostratigraphy, 125–126 Dzabkhan Platform, western Mongolia, 74, 343 Mortensnes Formation, 593–600 distribution of Acaciella australica Dzabkhan terrane, 331 Nyborg Formation, 597, 599, 600 stromatolite, 114 Smalfjord Formation, 20, 593–600 distribution of Baicalia burra stromatolite, Earth’s time-averaged magnetic field, 98 Fiq diamictite, 102 115 East-Central Namibia, 211–215 Fiq Formation, 251–260. See also Abu Mahara distribution of Neoproterozoic basins, Eastern Death Valley region, 449–455 Group, Jabal Akhdar, Oman 114, 115 Eastern Officer Basin, 684 depositional history, 255–256 geochronological constraints, 117–118 Eastern Sadlerochit Mountains geological map, 382 geochronological constraints, 258–260 global biostratigraphical correlation, 128 East Sayan Mountains, 285–288 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, global correlation, 126–129 East Sayan Range, 101, 317–327 253–256 palynology, 118–121 Ediacaran potassium-metasomatism, 88 pre-Sturt glaciation stratigraphy of Australia, ice-rafting in South Australia, 673–675 repeated glacial advance and retreat, 260 124–125 palaeogeography in South Australia, 697 sedimentology, 254–256 range chart of Neoproterozoic stromatolite Ediacaran Period distal glaciomarine facies association, 255 distributions, 120 acritarch successions, 121 facies associations, 254–255 stromatolite range chart, 121 biota and Drook and Mistaken Point formations, glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, stromatolites, 121–125 472 254–255 Sturt glaciation, 127 cap carbonate sequences, 73 non-glacial sediment gravity flow facies, 255 taxonomic citations, 130 composite stratigraphic log for Tarim Block, non-glacial shallow marine facies association, filamentous microfossils, 130 375, 376 255 spheroidal microfossils and acritarchs, 130 geochronology dating Neoproterozoic, 144–145 proximal glaciomarine facies association, stromatolites, 130 Kailaketik Group stratigraphy, 373 255 Cuiaba´ Group, 487–496 Neoproterozoic chemostratigraphy, 59–61 stratigraphic height, 89 boundary relations, 493 successions and chronometric constraints, 118 structural framework, 252–253 characteristics, 494 sulphur-isotope record, 61 turbiditic sandstone, 259 chemostratigraphy, 493–494 Edwardsburg Formation volcaniclastic Saqlah unit, 259 composite record of carbon and strontium boundary relations, 442 Formiga area, 536–537 isotopes, 494 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 441 Formiga outcrop, 537 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, volcanic and diamictite rocks, 439 Fouroumbala Basin, 190 492–493 Windermere Supergroup, Idaho, USA, Fourth Range geological map, 380 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 494 437–446 Frank River Sandstone glaciogenic deposits, 668 schematic cross-section, 489 Egan Formation, 662–666, 664 Franni-aus Member boundary relations, structural framework, 489–490 boundary relations, 666 201–202 depositional interpretation, 665–666 Fransfontein foreslope differentiation, 198 Dabbsjo¨n–La˚ngvattnet areas, 625 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 666 Fransfontein Ridge, 197 Dahomeyide belt synthetic cross-section, 167 stratigraphy, 664–665 foreslope, 200 Dalradian Supergroup, 18 structural framework, 663 Fulu Formation stratigraphic framework, 644 Egypt glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Dalradian Supergroup, Scotland, 19, 643–644, BIF, 281, 282 359–360 644, 646 Elatina Formation, 26, 113, 117, 684 isotope stratigraphy, 362 Damara foreland geological map, 212 Elatina glaciation, South Australia, 713–719 Yangtze Region, China, 357–358 Datangpo Formation boundary relations, 717 Fungurume Group, 176 glaciogenic deposits and associated chemostratigraphy, 717 strata, 360 deposits, 102 Gabon Basin stratigraphy, 188 interglacial depositional environment, 364 geochronological constraints, 718 Gairdner Dyke Swarm, 117 isotope stratigraphy, 362 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Gaissa Thrust Belt, 604 Daugherty Gulch 714–717 Ga¨rdsjo¨n Formation, 626 diamictite, 442 map, 714 Gariep belt, 104, 224 volcaniclastic diamictite, 441 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 717–718 Gariepian stratigraphy, 225 INDEX 727
Garvellach Islands, 640 Hadash carbonate, 102, 256 distribution in time and space, 67–68 Gaskiers Hadash Formation summary log, 257 glacial-associated chemical sediments, 75 glacial event, 620 Hallett Cove area, 716 Jakkalsberg Member and Gariep Belt, 69 glaciation, 105 Hankalchough diamictite, 372–373 lithological associations, 68–69 Gaskiers Formation, Newfoundland, Canada, Hankalchough Formation, 306 Neoproterozoic glaciation iron formation, 467–473 stratigraphy, 371 67–70, 68 boundary relations, 470 Hank-Fersiga area stratigraphy, 165 Otavi carbonate platform and foreslope, 203 characteristics, 471 Harbour Main volcanic rocks, 468 Rapitan Group, northern Canadian chemostratigraphy, 471 Hard Luck Creek, 391 Cordillera, 69 deep-marine glaciogenic, 467–472 Harland, Brian, v, 1, 6, 14, 15, 17, 22–24, 93 Iron Creek area, 401 general map of Avalon Peninsula, 468 Hay Creek Group iron isotopes, 405 geochronological constraints, 471 diamictite, 395 Hayhook Lake, 405 glaciogenic deposits and associated glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, iron speciation, 53 strata, 470 391–392 water column redox conditions, 62 associated volcanic rocks, 470 Hayhook Formation working chemostratigraphic Drook Formation, 470 post-glacial carbonate couplet, 402–403 compilations, 54 Gaskiers Formation, 470 stratigraphy, 400 Islay anomaly, 56,58 Mall Bay Formation, 470 strontium-rich aragonite and barite Isochron techniques analytical methodologies, outcrop map, 468 cements, 58 139–140 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 471 Hedmark Basin, 617 Itabaiana dome area stratigraphy, 515 stratigraphy, 469–470, 469 Hedmark Group Itawa area, 178 structural framework, 467–469 formations lithology, 617 Ituri Group, 191 Gearbelja´vri Formation, 607 rift basins, 620 geocentric-axial dipole (GAD), 98 Hilda Subgroup, 228 Jabal Akhdar, Oman, 251–260 geochronology. See Neoproterozoic Hoggar, 104–105 geological map, 253 geochronology Holgat Formations, 227–228 Jacadigo Group, 487–496 geodynamic theories for Neoproterozoic Hospers, Jan, 22 boundary relations, 493 glaciation, 26 Howchin, Walter, 21 chemostratigraphy, 493–494 geomagnetic field, 106 Huangyanggou Formation stratigraphy, 371 composite record of carbon and strontium Ghaub Formation, 117 Hula Hula diamictite, Arctic Alaska, 379–385 isotopes, 494 boundary relations, 201 boundary relations, 383 depositional settings, 494–495 Duurwater trough and moraine, 200–201 chemo- and lithostratigraphy geochronological constraints, 494 facies association, 200 Katakturuk Dolomite, 381 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, facies associations and stratal architecture, Mt. Copleston, 383 492–493 199–200 Nularvik dolomite, 384 lithostratigraphy, 491 glaciation, 197 chemostratigraphy, 383–384 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 494 glaciogenic and associated strata, 199–201 geochronological constraints, 384 schematic cross-section, 489 palaeoenvironmental setting, 205 geological map stratigraphy, 490–493, 491 stratigraphy, 201 Fourth Range, 380 structural framework, 489–490 Ghubrah Formation, 251–260. See also Abu Kikitak Mountains, 380, 382 Jacoca Formation, 513 Mahara Group, Jabal Akhdar, Oman Sadlerochit Mountains, 380, 382 Jakkalsberg Member, 69 geochronological constraints, 258–260 Shublik Mountains, 380 Ja¨mtland Supergroup stratigraphy, 625 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, glacial origin, 384 Jbe´liat area, 166 253–256 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Jbe´liat Group, 72 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 258 382–383 Jequitaı´ Formation, southeastern structural framework, 252–253 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 384 Brazil, 541–545 Gifberg Group, 233–237 stratigraphy, 381–382 boundary relations, 544 areal distribution of individual structural framework, 379–380 chemostratigraphy, 544 formations, 235 volcanic rocks, 383 geochronological constraints, 544 boundary relations, 235 Huqf Supergroup, 251, 252 geological map, 543 chemostratigraphy, 235–236 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Ice Brook Formation 542–544 234–235 glaciogenic and associated measured vertical sections, 543 lithostratigraphy, 236 strata, 402 mineralization and characteristics, 544 map showing location of Vredendal stratigraphy, 400 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 544 Outlier, 234 Idaho simplified geological map, 542 structural framework and tectonic evolution, Cryogenian rifting and glaciation, 425–433 stratigraphy, 541–545 233–234 Edwardsburg Fm., central Idaho, 437–446 structural framework, 541–545 glaciation at sea level, 24 geological record, 444–446 Jerta Formation, 606 glaciogenic sedimentary successions, 45 Neoproterozoic correlation chart, 426 Jiangkou glaciations, 364 glaciomarine deposits, 24 Neoproterozoic rocks in roof pendants, 439 depositional environment, 364 chemical index of alteration, 86–89 Pocatello Fm., southeastern Idaho, 425–436 geochronological constraints, 363 glaciomarine successions, 40 Windermere Supergroup, 437–446 Yangtze Region, China, 357 Gondwana distribution of cratonic blocks, 556 India, 347–353 Jiangkou Group, 357 Gospel Peaks, 437 Infracambrian stratigraphic succession, 101 boundary relations, 361 Grand Conglomerat Formation, Nguba Group, Inindia beds, 685 distribution, 360 176–177 Inishowen Bed, 645–646 Julius River Member, 651–654, 653 facies, 177–179 interbasinal correlations, 61 boundary relations, 653 Grandfather Mountain Formation, 99 Ireceˆ Basin chemostratigraphy, 514 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Grasdalen Formation, Tanafjord, 594 Ireland, 643–647 652–653 Great Breccia, 639 boundary relations, 645–646 stratigraphy, 651–652 greenhouse effect, 20 carbon isotope trends for Dalradian Supergroup, structural framework, 651 Greenland 646 Neoproterozoic deposits, 581–590 chemostratigraphy, 646 Kaigas Formation, 223–230, 224 Gropbreen Member, 575 economic deposits and biomarkers, 646 boundary relations, 228 Guozigou–Keguqingshan area geochronological constraints, 646–647 characteristics, 229 composite stratigraphic log, 375 Neoproterozoic glaciogenic deposits, 643–647 chemostratigraphy, 228–229 geological map, 374 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 646 diamictite sedimentary features, 229 glaciogenic diamictites, 373–374 iron and manganese deposits dolostone, 226 Gwna Group, 105 Central Flinders Ranges and Nackara arc, 69 geochronological constraints, 229 728 INDEX
Kaigas Formation (Continued) geochronological constraints, 342–343 Koyva Formation, 294 glaciogenic deposits and associates strata, geology of western shores of Lake Khubsugul, boundary relations, 292 226–228 341 characteristics, 292 holostratotype, 225 glaciogenic deposits and associates strata, chemostratigraphy, 292 lithostratigraphy, 225 340–342 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 229 Khesen and Ongoluk Gols, 343 291–292 Port Nolloth Zone within Gariep Belt, 224 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 342 stratigraphy, 294 stratigraphy, 225–226 stratigraphy, 340, 342 Koyva River stratigraphy, 294 structural framework and tectonic evolution, structural framework, 339–340 Krokvatn Diamictite, 599 223–226 tectonic map, 340 Krokvatn Palaeovalley Kailaketik Group stratigraphy, 373 Kikitak Mountains glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Kalahari and environs, 103–104 geological map, 380, 382 595–596 Kamtsas Formation, 213 Kimberley Region, Australia, 103, 659–671 schematic profile, 596 Karagassy Group, 319 chemostratigraphy, 671 Kulutieliekti Formation Karoetjes Kop Formation, 233–237 Duerdin and Albert Edward Groups, 667 glaciogenic diamictites, 374 boundary relations, 235 Fargoo Formation and Moonlight Valley stratigraphy, 373 characteristics, 236 Formation, 666–669 Kundelungu Group, 179–181 chemostratigraphy, 235–236 glaciogenic correlation, 671 Kuokkel Windows, 604 depositional environment, 236 glaciogenic stratigraphy of lower Duerdin Kurtun Formation, 325 generalized lithostratigraphy of Gifberg Group, 670 Kuruktag Range, 306 Group, 236 Kuniandi Group and Landrigan Fm., 663 Kyrgyzstan, 303–306 geochronological constraints, 236 Landrigan and Egan formations, Mount Ramsay Kzisuhum Formation, 367 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, area, 662–666 234–235 Louisa Downs Group and Egan Fm., 664 Laksefjordvidda, 595–596 map showing location of Vredendal Mount House Group and Walsh Landrigan Formation, 662–666, 669 Outlier, 234 Formation, 661 biostratigraphy, 666 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 236 Neoproterozoic glacial deposits, 659–671 boundary relations, 666 stratigraphy, 234 tectonic units, 660 chemostratigraphy, 666 structural framework and tectonic evolution, Walsh Formation, 659–662 depositional interpretation, 665–666 233–234 boundary relations, 662 geochronological constraints, 666 Katakturuk Dolomite, Arctic Alaska, 379–385 depositional interpretation, 662 glaciogenic deposits, 665 composite carbon chemo- and geochronological constraints, 662 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 666 lithostratigraphy, 381 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, stratigraphy, 664–665 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 382 661–662 structural framework, 663 metamorphic grade, 380 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 662 La˚ngmarkberg Formation, 625, 626–627, 627 stratigraphy, 381 stratigraphy, 661 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Katangan Series, 21 structural framework, 661 625–626 Katanga Supergroup, Central Africa, 173–182 King Island, 656 Lapa Formation, 518 boundary relations, 180 geochronological constraints, 651 Las Ventanas Formation, 555–563 carbonate rocks, 180–181 glaciogenic and associated strata, 650 boundary relations, 561 characteristics, 180–181 structural framework, 649–651 characteristics, 561 chemostratigraphy, 180 Kingston Peak Formation, 449–455, 459–464. See chemostratigraphy, 561 cross-section, 178 also Panamint Range distribution of cratonic blocks of west distribution, 175 boundary relation, 453, 463 Gondwana, 556 economic deposits, 180–181 carbon and oxygen isotopic values for carbonate, geochronological constraints, 562 geochronological constraints, 181 453 geochronological data, 561 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, characteristics, 454, 463 geological map, 558 176–180 chemostratigraphy, 453–454, 463 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, lithostratigraphic section, 177 contact with overlying Noonday 560–561 Lufilian arc in Pan-African orogenic belts Dolomite, 453 map of formations, 557 system, 174 contact with underlying units, 453 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, Neoproterozoic glaciogenic diamictites, cross-section of four measured sections, 452 561–562 173–182 eastern Death Valley region, 449–455 simplified stratigraphic column, 560 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 181 Eastern Facies Assemblage stratigraphy, 451 stratigraphic column, 559 regional geology of Lufilian belt, 174 evidence for glaciation, 455 stratigraphy, 556–560 stratigraphy based on syntectonic conglomerate facies, 459 structural framework, 555–556 complexes, 175 geochronological constraints, 454, 464 Laurentia and environs, 98–100 structural and stratigraphic framework, glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Leger Granite, 246 173–176 451–453, 462–463 Lena River, central Siberia, 309–315 Kazakhstan, 303–306 glaciogenic deposits of Southern facies, Lenda Formation, 188 Keele formation stratigraphy, 400 451–452 Lesser Himalaya, India, 347–353 Keilberg Member map, 461 Lillevannet Member, 598 boundary relations, 202 map of facies assemblages, 450 Lillfja¨llet Formation, southern Swedish cap dolostone, 71 Noonday Dolomite, 459, 462–464 Caledonides, 629–633 Keyindi Formation stratigraphy, 374 northern facies, 451, 452 boundary relationships, 631–632 Khesen Formation, 339, 344 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 454, 464 clastic wedges, 632 glaciogenic deposits and associates strata, 340 Panamint Range, 459–464 geochronology, 632 Khubsugul Group, Northern Mongolia, 343 regional unconformity and diamictite geological map of Stor-Lo¨vsjo¨n stratigraphy, 343 deposition, 451 area, 631 Khesen Gol, 344 stratigraphy, 450–451, 460–462 glaciogenic and associated deposits, 630–632 Khongoryn Member, 100 structural framework, 449–450, 459–460 glaciogenic origin, 633 diamictite, 335 Virgin Spring limestone, 453 map of main outcrop area, 630 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 333 Komagfjord Antiformal Stack, 606 palaeolatitudes, 632 stratigraphy, 335 Komagfjord Window, 609 profile along northern hill side, 632 Khubsugul basin, 331 Koppang Formation, 613 stratigraphy, 629–630, 630, 631 Khubsugul Group, Northern Mongolia, 339–344 facies and stratigraphic context, 615 structural relationships, 629 boundary relations, 340–342 outcrop area location for Neoproterozoic Limekiln Spring Member chemostratigraphy, 342 glacial, 614 boundary relations, 463 detailed stratigraphy of Khesen diamictite, 343 stratigraphy and sedimentology, 618 stratigraphy, 460–461 detailed stratigraphy of Ongoluk diamictite, 343 structural setting, 615 Lindian Basin stratigraphy, 188–190 INDEX 729
Lindi Supergroup, 185–192 Marnya Formation, 101, 317–327 Moores Station Formation, 439 Congo Craton, Central Africa, 185–192 boundary relations, 323–324 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, geological sketch map, 186 chemostratigraphy, 324, 325 441–442 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 191 Cryogenian glacial deposits, 317–327 Mortensnes Formation, 593–600, 599 stratigraphy, 186–188, 188–190 Cryogenian glacial erosional forms, 323 boundary relations, 598 structural framework and basin setting, 185–186 depositional systems, 320 chemostratigraphy, 598 Little Burke Tillite, 686 geochronological constraints, 324 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Little Dal Group glaciation, 327 594–598, 597–598 chemostratigraphy, 403–404 glaciogenic deposits, 321–323 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 598 stratigraphy, 400 Late Neoproterozoic deposits, 326 stratigraphy, 594 Loch na Cille Boulder Bed, 100, 645–646 outcrop logs and field sketches, 322 structural framework, 593–594 Lokoma Group, 189 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 324 Mount Copleston volcanic rocks stratigraphy, Lossit Limestone Sayan region geological map, 318 381 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 637 stratigraphy, 319–321, 320 Mount Cornish Formation, 686 Louisa Downs Group, 664 Uda Formation, 321 Mount Davenport Diamictite Member, 268, 686 Lower Doushantuo Formation samples, 143 structural elements and lithostratigraphy, 318 Mount Doreen Formation, 686 Lower Krokvatn Diamictite, 599 structural framework, 317–319 Mount House area, 661 Lower Starye Pechi Subformation, 292 Masirah Bay Formation, 89 Mount House Group, 661 Lower Vendian Bol’shoy Patom Formation, 314 Mata˜o Formation, 527 Mount Lofty Ranges lithofacies description, 706 Lufilian arc, 174 Matheos Formation, 267, 268 Mount Nelson, 416 Lufilian belt, 176 Mawson, Douglas, 22 Mount Ramsay area, 662–666, 664 regional geology, 174 Mawsonland, 102–103 boundary relations, 666 Lupton Formation, 684 palaeoequators, 103 depositional interpretation, 665–666 Lyell, C., 20 mean annual air temperature (MAAT), 719 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 666 Lyell Land, 586, 587 Mechum River succession, 99 stratigraphy, 664–665 Lyndhurst Formation, 707 Meltout tillite, 42 structural framework, 663 Meritri Group metaconglomerate, E. Sudan Macau´bas Group, 523–531 boundary relations, 281 Naburula Formation, 685 boundary relations, 529–530 geochronological constraints, 282 Nackara Arc, South Australia characteristics, 530 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, chemostratigraphy, 530 280–281 715–716 composite stratigraphic columns, 528 Miaba Group iron and manganese deposits, 69 diamictite formations, 523–531 chemostratigraphy, 518 lithofacies description, 706 general stratigraphic scheme, 527 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Nafun Group, 258 geochronological constraints, 530 513–514 Nakfa terrane, 265 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, and Neoproterozoic successions, 509–519 Nama assemblage dating Neoproterozoic, 146 528–529 Middle Urals, 289–295 Namibia location in relation to Sa˜o Francisco Mid Ediacaran Chameis Group, 217–221, 218 craton, 524 ice-rafting in South Australia, 673–675 global correlation, 129 map showing distribution of different palaeogeography in South Australia, 697 Kaigas and Numees Formations, 223–230 formations, 526 Mineral Fork Formation, 425–433 Otavi Group, 195–206 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 530 Mirassol d’Oeste Formation, 492–493 Port Nolloth Group, 223–230 simplified geological map, 525 Mirbat Group, Dhofar, Oman, 239–247 Witlev Group, 211–215 stratigraphy, 527 CIA and MIA, 245 Nanhuan system and period, 357 structural framework, 524–527 Misinchinka Group, 416 Nanook Limestone MacDonaldryggen Member, 574 Mistaken Point formation, 472 composite carbon chemo- and MacDuff Bed, 645–646 Moelv Formation, 613, 615–619 lithostratigraphy, 381 Mackenzie Mountains Supergroup facies and stratigraphic context, 615 stratigraphy, 381–382 stratigraphy, 400 Hedmark Basin, 617 Nantuo Formation, 314 strontium-isotope ratios, 60 location of outcrop area, 614 boundary relations, 361–362 Maieberg anomaly, 56 stratigraphy and sedimentology, 615–619 claystone, 719 Maieberg Formation, 198, 202–205 structural setting, 613–615 glaciations, 364 Mai Kenetal Synclinorium, 268 Valdres Basin, 617–618 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 360 composite chemostratigraphic reference Moema laminites, 535–540 depositional environment, 364 section, 273 boundary relations, 538 geochronological constraints, 363 Tambien Group, Northern Ethiopia characteristics, 538 Negash Synclinorium (Tigre), 264 chemostratigraphy, 538 composite chemostratigraphic reference Maikhan Ul Member, 100 geochronological constraints, 539 section, 273 diamictite units, 335 geological map of Sa˜o Francisco Basin, 536 Tambien Group, Northern Ethiopia glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, (Tigre), 264, 268 332–333 536–537 Neoproterozoic chemostratigraphy, 51–62 stratigraphy, 334 Neoproterozoic glaciogenic unit, 535–540 Neoproterozoic geochronology, 138–140 Makonga–Kibambale area, 179 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 539 age of primary standards, 141 Maldonado Group, 555–563 partial diagram of Formiga outcrop, 537 analytical methodologies, 138–140 boundary relations, 561 Sa˜o Francisco Basin, Brazil, 535–540 isochron techniques, 139–140 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 561–562 stratigraphy, 535–536, 537, 538 uranium lead methodologies, 138–139 radiometric ages, 563 structural framework, 535 uranium lead microbeam techniques, 139 stratigraphy, 556–560 Mongolia calculating age from multiple dates, 142 structural framework, 555–556 global correlation, 129 calibrating tracers for isotope-dilution, Mali Group, 165, 169 Khubsugul Group, 339–344 141–142 depositional environments, 166 Tsagaan Oloom Formation, 331–336, 343 complex uranium lead zircon systematic, Mall Bay Formation Monkman Pass area stratigraphic columns, 415 142–144 glaciogenic deposits and associated Moonlight Valley Formation, 666–671 dating, 135–137, 144–147 strata, 470 boundary relations, 669 accessory minerals from volcanic rocks, stratigraphy, 469 depositional interpretation, 668–669 135–136 Marinoan age, 100 glaciogenic deposits, 668–669 Avalon assemblage, 146 cap-carbonate sequences, 70–73 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 669 chemical precipitates and organic residues, 136 glaciations dating Neoproterozoic, 145 stratigraphy, 667–668 Doushantuo fauna, 146 Marmora Terrane, 217–221, 218, 218 structural framework, 666–667 earliest fossils, 146 generalized lithostratigraphy, 219 Moores Lake Formation, 442 Ediacaran glaciations, 144–145 730 INDEX
Neoproterozoic geochronology (Continued) subglacial settings, 40–44 boundary relations, 299–300 future directions, 146–147 terrestrial proglacial settings, 44 chemostratigraphy, 300–301 glacial intervals, 144–145 Neoproterozoic ice ages, 1–16 geochronological constraints, 301 Marinoan glaciations, 145 available datasets, Africa, 3 geographical position, 298 maximum and minimum age constraints, 137 available datasets, Australia, 13 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Nama assemblage, 146 available datasets, Eurasia and Nubian Shield, 5 298–299 Neoproterozoic events, 146 available datasets, Europe, 11 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 301 Pre-Sturtian glaciations, 145 available datasets, North America, 7 regional palaeogeography, 301–302 Re–Os dating of organic-rich available datasets, South America, 9 sedimentary environments, 301 sediments, 136 calibrating change, 15 stratigraphic position, 299 Shuram–Wonoka carbon isotope current knowledge base, 6–15 stratigraphy, 297–298 excursion, 146 Africa, 12 structural framework, 297 Sturtian glaciations, 145 Australia, 14 type sections, 300 uranium lead dating of carbonate, 136 Eurasia-Nubian Shield, 12 Upper Precambrian diamictites of Central uranium lead dating of phosphates, 136–137 Europe, 14 Siberia, 297–302 White Sea assemblage, 146 North America, 14 Noonday Dolomite, 453 decay constants, 141 South America, 14 carbonate platforms, 454 isochron diagram, 138 glaciogenic succession, Africa, 2 map, 461 linear arrays v. isochrons, 144 glaciogenic successions, Australia, 12 stratigraphy, 451, 462 microbeam uranium lead standardization, 140 glaciogenic successions, Eurasia and Nubian Nordaustlandet, 576 radio-isotopic dating techniques, 147 Shield, 4 stratigraphic nomenclature and radio-isotopic geochronometers, 137–138 glaciogenic successions, Europe, 10 correlations, 573 Uranium-lead, 137–138 glaciogenic successions, North America, 6 North America whole-rock geochronometers, 138 glaciogenic successions, South America, 8 glaciogenic succession map, 6 radiometric decay systems used in Neoproterozoic research, glacial geology, 17–30 knowledge base, 14 geochronology, 136 1871–1908, pioneering discoveries, 17–21 Neoproterozoic ice age data set, 7 random/internal uncertainties, 140 1909–1941, period of globalization, 21–22 North American Cordillera correlations, 444 sources and types of uncertainty, 140–147 1942–1964, rebutting challenges, 22–23 Northern Arabian–Nubian Shield, 277–283 subjective interpretation of dates, 147 Newcastle and Ko¨ln palaeoclimate Atud and Nuwaybah diamictite location, 280 uncertainties from geologic complexity, conferences, 22–23 boundary relations, 281 142–144 palaeomagnetism and meridional extent of characteristics, 281–282 uranium lead concordia diagram, 137, 138 ice sheets, 22 chemostratigraphy, 281 uranium lead zircon data, 143, 144 1965–1981 in wake of plate tectonic revolution, evidence for Early and Mid-Cryogenian lower Doushantuo Formation samples, 143 23–24 glaciation, 277–283 Pocatello Formation samples, 144 associated chemical sediments banded geochronological constraints, 282 Scout Mountain Member samples, 144 iron- and manganese-formation and locality map showing geologic units, 278 users guide, 135–147 cap carbonates, 23 location of Neoproterozoic deposits of possible Neoproterozoic glacial palaeolatitudes, 93–107 climate models and white Earth instability, glacial origin, 278 depositional palaeolatitudes for Neoproterozoic 23–24 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 282 strata, 94–97 earth’s Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record possible glaciogenic deposits and associated global update, 93–107 volume, 24 strata, 280–282 methods, 93–98 1982–1997, gathering storm, 24–28 stratigraphic summaries of possibly glaciogenic palaeoequators plotted across Australia and biocatalysed weathering, 28 Cryogenian units, 279 Mawsonland, 103 cap carbonates, 25–26 stratigraphy, 278–280 palaeoequators plotted across Laurentia, 99 carbonate burial, 26 structural framework, 278 palaeomagnetic constraints, 98–106 causative theories for glaciation, 26–28 Northern Paraguay Belt published assessment of glacial influences, continental break-up, 28 Puga Formation, 487–496 94–97 continental distribution, 27 Serra Azul Formation, 499–501 reliability of palaeomagnetic depositional ice-ring collapses, 27 North Flinders Zone latitudes, 98 impact ejecta, 27 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Neoproterozoic glaciations large orbital obliquity, 26–27 714–715 chemical index of alteration, 81–90 ocean stagnation, 27–28 lithofacies description, 707–708 chemical sediments, 67–74 bibliographic history of Pleistocene glacial North Urals, 289–295 chemostratigraphy, 51–57 controversy, 29 Norway. See also South Norway history of research, 17–29 bidirectional climate change, 20 Baltoscandian craton and Hedmark and Valdres geochronology, 135–147 causative theories for glaciation, 26 rift basins and Engerdalen Basin, 620 Ediacaran glaciations, 144 astronomical theories, 26 Smalfjord and Mortensnes formations, Marionoan glaciations, 145 first reported occurrences of glaciogenic deposits Vestertana Group, E. Finnmark, 593–600 Pre-Sturtian glaciation, 145 by palaeocontinent, 19 Norwegian sparagmite basins, 100 Sturtian glaciation, 145 glaciation papers growth in annual number, 18 Nova Aurora Formation, 529 iron formation, cap carbonate, barite and glaciogenic deposits, cumulative discovery by Nubian Shield, 239, 251, 263–275, 277–283 phosphorite, 67–77 palaeocontinent, 18 glaciogenic succession map, 4 palaeolatitudes, 93–107 greenhouse effect, 20 knowledge base, 12–14 Neoproterozoic glaciogenic successions, 39–47 iconic sketch of glacially striated pavement Neoproterozoic ice age data set, 5 classification, 40 beneath end-Cryogenian Smalfjord Nularvik dolomite diamictite units, characteristics, 42–43 diamictite, 19 chemo- and lithostratigraphy, 384 glacial environments characteristics, 39–45 idiosyncratic sedimentary and early diagenetic crystal fans, 385 glacial influence recognition, 39–47 features in cap dolostones, 25 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, glaciolacustrine and glaciomarine settings, long road to consensus, 28–30 382–383 44–45 Pleistocene glacial controversy, 20 Numees Formations, 223–230 glacial sedimentary indicators, 41 Port Askaig Tillite discovery and historical boundary relations, 228 historical development of terminology, 39 scientific context, 18–21 chemostratigraphy, 228–229 palaeoclimatic significance boulder beds, 18–19 distinct carbonate unit, 227 clast characteristics, 46 Ngalia Basin, 687 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, diamictite, 45–46 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 226–228, 227 outsized clasts in bedded sediments, 46 685–686 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 229 stratigraphic trends and sequence boundaries, Nguba groups, 173 radiometric age control, 230 46–47 Niari diamictites, 188 stratigraphy, 225–226 reconstructing palaeoenvironmental conditions, Nichatka Formation, 297–302 structural framework and tectonic evolution, 45–47 age, 301 223–226 INDEX 731
Nuwaybah Formation diamictite, NW Saudi Arabia palaeoenvironmental setting of Ghaub chemostratigraphy, 550 geochronological constraints, 282 Formation, 205 comparative stratigraphic chart, 550 Northern Arabian–Nubian Shield, 280 palaeolatitudes and palaeogeography, 204 Dom Feliciano Belt geology, 549 possible glaciogenic deposits and associated role of rift faulting, 205 geochronological constraints, 551 strata, 281 stratigraphy, 196–197 glacially influenced environment, 551 NW Tasmania, 651–654 cross-section, 198 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, geochronological constraints, 654 crustal stretching and thermal subsidence, 548–550 glaciogenic and associated strata, 652–653 196–197 gravity-driven deposits, 552 Nyanga-Niari Basin, 188 Otavi Group subgroups, 196 logged section, 550 Nyborg Formation, Finnmark, 599 palaeogeography of platform and southern morphotectonic divisions, 548 dolostones, 600 foreslope, 197 palaeogeographic reconstruction, 551 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 597 relations in Abenab Subgroup and Ghaub palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 550–551 Formation, 201 stratigraphy, 548 oceanographic theories for Neoproterozoic restoration in north-south cross-section, 197 structural framework, 547–548 glaciation, 26 structural framework, 195–196 Playa Verde Basin, 547–552 ocean stagnation Neoproterozoic glacial geology, Otavi Mountains, 195 stratigraphic chart, 550 27–28 oxygen isotopes Pleistocene glacial controversy Officer Basin, South Australia, 673–675, 688 current knowledge base, 6–14 bibliographic history, 29 chemostratigraphy, 673–674 Neoproterozoic glacial geochronological constraints, 674 Pahrump Group, 432, 450, 459 geology, 20 glaciogenic deposits and associated Palaeozoic succession in Greenland, 588 Pocatello area stratigraphy, 429 strata, 673 Panamint Range, Death Valley, California, Pocatello Formation, 425–433 Mid-Ediacaran ice-rafting, 673–675 459–464. See also Kingston Peak Formation stratigraphy, 427–428, 429 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 674 boundary relations uranium lead zircon data, 144 stratigraphy, 673 Limekiln Spring/Surprise Members, 463 Pod’em Formation, 101 structural framework, 704 overlying and underlying non-glacial units, Polarisbreen Group, Svalbard, 571–578 Old Fort Point (OFP) Formation 463 biostratigraphy, 577 boundary relations, 419 Wildrose sub-member, 463 chemostratigraphy, 576 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 418 characteristics, 463 composite stratigraphic column, 574 stratigraphic columns, 418 chemostratigraphy, 463 geochronological constraints, 577 Windermere Supergroup, southern Canadian composite stratigraphic column of geological sketch map, 572 Cordillera, 414–415, 420 Neoproterozoic units in Death Valley glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Olhos d’A´ gua Formation, 514 region, 460 573–576 Olympic Formation, 685 geochronological constraints, 464 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 576–577 Oman Member Formation, 239–247, 251–260 glaciogenic and related strata of Neoproterozoic, stratigraphic nomenclature and CIA, 89 459–464 correlation, 573 Neoproterozoic outcrops and salt basins, 252 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, stratigraphic sections, 575 Ombaatjie Formation boundary relations, 202 462–463 stratigraphy, 573 Ongoluk Diamictite Kingston Peak Formation, 459–464 structural framework, 571–578 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, map showing distribution, 461 Port Askaig Formation, 19, 635–640 340–342 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 464 boundary relations, 638 stratigraphy, 343 stratigraphy, 460–462 chemostratigraphy, 638 Ongoluk Formation, 343 Limekiln Spring Member, 460–461 CIA and WIP values, 88 Ongoluk Gol stratigraphy, 343 Noonday Dolomite, 462 economic deposits and biomarkers, 638 Oorabra, 686 Sourdough Member, 462 environmental conditions, 639 Oselok Group, 101, 317–327 South Park Member (exclusive of Wildrose geochronological constraints, 639 boundary relations, 323–324 Sub-member), 462 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, correlation of Late Neoproterozoic Surprise Member, 461–462 636–638 deposits, 326 Wildrose sub-member of South outcrops map, 636 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 324 Park Member, 462 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, stratigraphy, 319–321 structural framework, 459–460 638–639 structural framework, 317–319 pan-global infra-Cambrian glaciation, 577 potassium-metasomatism, 88 Otavi carbonate platform and foreslope, northern Paraguay Belt, Brazil, 487–496, 499–501. See also stratigraphy, 636, 636, 637 Namibia, 195–206 Puga Formation, Serra Azul Formation structural framework, 635–636 associated carbonates, 206 Patom region, 101 Port Askaig Tillite boundary relations, 201–202 Patom SGr in Ura Uplift succession, 311 centenary of Thomson’s (1891) study of, 23 chemostratigraphy, 202–204 Peake Ranges lithofacies description, 708 discovery and historical scientific context, boron and calcium isotopes, 203 Penge Formation, 188 18–21 carbon isotopes, 202–203 Pepuarta Tillite dropstones, 718 Port Nolloth Group, 223–230 oxygen isotopes, 203 periglacial aeolianite, 717 lithostratigraphy, 225 post-glacial negative anomalies, 202 permafrost regolith, 717 Port Nolloth Zone within Gariep Belt, 224 pre-glacial negative anomalies, 202 Perry Canyon, 428 potassium feldspar reactive iron and manganese Pertatataka Formation age, 314 Chinese glacial and non-glacial concentrations, 203 Petit Conglomerat Formation deposits, 84 strontium isotopes, 203 clasts, 181 sedimentary enrichment, 87 sulphur isotopes, 203 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, potassium metasomatism, 85 diagnostic glacial indicators, 204 179–180 Port Askaig and Fiq formation, 88 Duurwater trough and moraine, 200 petrographic studies, 180 Precambrian diamictites of Central Siberia, foreslope of Fransfontein Ridge, 200 radiometric data, 181 297–302 Fransfontein foreslope differentiation, 198 Petrovbreen Member Proterozoic evaporites, 106 geochronological constraints, 204 characteristic stratigraphic sections, 575 Puga Formation, 487–496 geological map of Otavi Group fold diamictite, 577 boundary relations, 493 belt, 196 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, characteristics, 494 Ghaub Formation facies association, 200 573–574 chemostratigraphy, 493–494 glaciogenic and associated strata, 195–206 phosphorite, 67–77 composite record of carbon and grounding-line oscillations, 206 Pickelhaube Formation, 227 strontium, 494 ice-rafted dropstones for maximum ice-shelf Pioneer Sandstone, 685 correlations and geotectonic extent, 205–206 Pirrilyungka Formation, 684 evolution, 495–496 magnitude of base-level and glacioeustatic Playa Hermosa Formation, Uruguay, 547–552 geochronological constraints, 494 changes, 206 boundary relations, 550 geological map of Paraguay Belt, 488 732 INDEX
Puga Formation (Continued) Nichatka Formation, 297–302 geochronological constraints, 646–647 glacially influenced sedimentation and North and Middle Urals, 289–295 geological map, 644 carbonates, 487–496 Russøya Member, 573 geological map of Scottish–Irish Dalradian glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Highlands, 644 492–493 Sadlerochit Mountains geological glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, lithostratigraphy of Jacadigo Group, 491 map, 380, 382 644–645 Neoproterozoic lithostratigraphy nomenclature, SAFFRAN quarry MacDuff, Inishowen and Loch na Cille Boulder 489, 490 glaciogenic deposits and associated Beds, 645–646 Northern Paraguay Belt depositional settings, strata, 537 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 646 494–495 stratigraphy, 538 Port Askaig Formation, Dalradian Supergroup, palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 494 Salitre Formation, 506 19, 635–640 radiometric constraints, 496 San Carlos Formation, 555–563 Stralinchy–Reelan formations and Cranford and schematic cross-section, 489 boundary relations, 561 Whiteness cap carbonates, 645 Southern Paraguay Belt depositional chemostratigraphy, 561 stratigraphic framework of Dalradian settings, 495 fossil content support, 562 Supergroup, 644 stratigraphic section and variations, 493 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, stratigraphy, 644 stratigraphy, 490–492 560–561 structural framework, 643–644 structural framework, 489–490 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 561–562 Scottish–Irish Dalradian Highlands, 647 stratigraphy, 556–560 geological map, 644 Qakmaklik Group, 367 structural framework, 555–556 Scout Mountain Member, 144, 428–429 Quruqtagh area whole succession, 557 Sen Formation, 298 geological map, 372 Sansikwa Subgroup, 188 Sergipano Fold Belt glaciogenic diamictites, 370–373 Sa˜o Francisco Basin, Brazil, 509–519, 524, chemostratigraphy, 515–516 stratigraphic log, 373 535–539, 541–545 geological map, 515 stratigraphy, 370–372 associated strata, 512–513 Serra Azul Formation, Brazil, 499–501 Quruqtagh region, 101 basal glacial deposit, 518 boundary relations, 500–501 Brasilia Belt geological map, 513 chemostratigraphy, 501 radiative energy-balance equations, 23 chemostratigraphy, 514–517 geochronological constraints, 501 Rainout deposits, 42 correlations, 511, 516 geological maps, 500 Rapitan Group geochronological constraints, 516–517 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, boundary relations, 403 geological map, 536 499–500 Canadian Cordillera Mackenzie Mountains, glaciogenic deposits, 509–519 stratigraphy, 499, 500 398, 399 lithostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic structural framework, 499 geochronological constraints, 406 correlations, 516 Serra da Bodoquena, 494 glaciogenic and associated strata, 400–402 megasequences of Neoproterozoic Serra do Catuni Formation, 528 iron and manganese deposits, 69 successions, 511 Sheepbed formation stratigraphy, 400 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 406 mineralization, 517 Sheldon, Richard P., 27 palaeontology, 405–406 Moema laminites, 535–540 Shezal Formation, 399 section in Hayhook Lake area, 399 Neoproterozoic cover, 510 diamictite, 402 stratigraphy, 393, 400 Neoproterozoic successions, 509–519 Shiquan Formation stratigraphy, 371 synglacial hematite jaspilite, 405 Olhos d’A´ gua Formation, 514 Shiraro area, 264 Tatonduk Inlier, Alaska-Yukon, 391 palaeomagnetic constraints, 104 Shublik Mountains geological map, 380 rare-earth elements, 405 Sergipano Belt geological map, 515 Shuram anomaly, 60, 258 Rasthof anomaly, 56 stratigraphy, 510–512 Shuram–Wonoka anomaly, 56 Ravensthroat Formation carbonate platform megasequence carbon isotope excursion dating carbon and oxygen isotope data from (marine), 511 Neoproterozoic, 146 dolomite, 404 dominant continental siliciclastic Siberia giant wave ripples, 402 megasequence, 512 Bokson Group, 285–288 glacial carbonate, 402–403 glaciogenic megasequence, 510–511 Bol’shoy Patom Formation, 309–315 stratigraphy, 400 Itabaiana dome area, 515 Marnya Formation, 317–327 Red Pine Shale, 430 structural and geotectonic Nichatka Formation, 297–302 Red Sea Hills, 274 framework, 509–510 palaeomagnetic constraints, 100–101 Re–Os Sa¨rv nappe, 630 Siberian Craton, 101, 317–327 dating organic residues, 136 Saudi Arabia, 282 Siberian Platform, 327 whole rock geochronometers, 138 Sayan Mountains, 285–288, 317–327 Sierra del Volca´n Formation Re–Os ages, 136, 420, 517, 519, 654, 687, 710, 718 Sayan region, 318 logged section, 567 Rhynie Sandstone, 119 Sayunei Formation, 399 outcrops, 566 Rio de la Plata Craton Scandinavian Caledonides, 623–627 Silasia Formation BIF, NW Saudi Arabia morphotectonic divisions, 548 boundary relations, 626–627 boundary relations, 281 Neoproterozoic palaeomagnetic chemostratigraphy, 627 geochronological constraints, 282 poles, 567 diamictite units older than Risba¨ck Group, 627 glaciogenic deposits and associated palaeomagnetic constraints on Neoproterozoic geological map, 624 strata, 281 glacial palaeolatitudes, 105–106, 561 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Sinian system and period, 8, 357 palaeomagnetic poles, 568 625–626 sedimentary basins, 101 Rio Peixe Bravo Formation, 527 glaciogenic diamictite, 627 Yangtze Region, China, 357 Risba¨ck Group glaciogenic lithologies map, 594 Slangen Member, 574 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 626 Ja¨mtland Supergroup stratigraphy, 625 Smalfjord Formation, 20, 593–600 glaciogenic diamictite, 627 La˚ngmarkberg Formation, 626–627, 627 boundary relations, 598 Ritsemjaure Window, 607 sections through La˚ngmarkberg Fm., 625 characteristics, 598–599 Roan Group, 173, 174 stratigraphy, 624–625 chemical index of alteration, 81–90 Rosh Pinah Formation structural framework, 623–624 chemostratigraphy, 598 glaciogenic deposits and associated Schisto-Calcaire Group, 188 diamictite, 19 strata, 227 Schwarzbach, Manfred, 22 geochronological constraints, 599 volcanic lithotypes, 227 Scotland, 635–640, 643–647 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Roxbury Conglomerate, 105 boundary relations, 645–646 594–598 Roxbury gravels, 478 carbon isotope trends for Dalradian Supergroup, map showing glaciogenic lithologies, 594 Russian Federation 646 Marinoan-type cap dolostone, 608 Bokson Group, 285–288 chemostratigraphy, 646 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 598 Bol’shoy Patom Formation, 309–315 CIA and WIP values, 88 schematic profile, 596 Marnya Formation, 317–327 economic deposits and biomarkers, 646 stratigraphic profiles, 595 INDEX 733
stratigraphy, 594 geological map, 631 Upper Werri Slate, 266–267 structural framework, 593–594 UNU, 633 Tanafjord area, 597 Snowball Earth, 151–159 Støvfanget Formation para-autochthonous Tandilia System, Argentina, 565–569 aftermath, 157–158 deposits, 587 boundary relations, 567 carbon dioxide consumption, 153 Stralinchy–Reelan formation, 645 chemostratigraphy, 567 climatic modelling argument, 156–157 stromatolites, 25 geochronology, 568 duration as function of carbon range chart, 121 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 566 dioxide, 157 successions of Australia, 121–125 integrated stratigraphy, 566 geochemical modelling argument, 157 taxonomic citations, 130 Neoproterozoic palaeomagnetic poles for Rio de hypothesis, 28, 151, 247 strontium isotopes, 53 la Plata, 567 ice and climate, 154–156 current knowledge base, 6–14 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 567–568 clear equatorial thin-ice as solution for life, ratios, 55, 60 palaeomagnetic poles for Rio de la Plata, 568 154–155 Stuart Shelf Sierra del Volca´n Formation logged section, 567 glacial deposits and continental ice behaviour, glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 716 Sierra del Volca´n Formation outcrops, 566 155–156 map, 714 stratigraphic chart, 550 onset of snowball, ice-albedo instability, 154 Stuart Shelf glaciogenic formations, 715 stratigraphy, 565–566 slushball theory, 154 Sturtian age structural framework, 565 initiation, 151–154 cap-carbonate sequences, 73 Tany Formation stratigraphy, 293 melting, 156, 158 glacial and post-glacial assemblages, 121 Taoudeni Basin, Africa, 163–169 modelling, 151–159 glacial succession in Australia, 701–710 boundary relations, 167–168 modelling studies of Neoproterozoic ice glaciations dating Neoproterozoic, 145 characteristics, 168 ages, 152 glaciation stratigraphy of Australia, 124–125, chemostratigraphy, 168 onset, 158 126 early diagenetic barite, 74 sea-ice thickness, 155 lithostratigraphic units, 708 geochronological constraints, 168 Sourdough Member stratigraphy, 449, 455, 462 rifting, 703–704 geological map, 164, 167 chemostratigraphy, 453, 455 Sturtian glaciogenic succession, 710 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, South America successions of Australia, 127 166–167 glaciogenic succession map, 8 Sturt Tillite, 113 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 168 knowledge base, 14 subaqueous debris flows, 43 phosphorite in cap-carbonate sequences, 74–75 Neoproterozoic ice age data set, 9 Sub-Saharan Africa. See also Africa stratigraphy, 163–166 Southern Georgina Basin geological sketch map, 186 structural framework and basin setting, 163 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 686 Sudan synthetic cross-section, 167 Oorabra, Sun Hill and Black Stump Arkose, 686 Meritri Group, 280–282 Tarim area composite stratigraphic log, 376 Southern Mount Freeling syncline, 695 sulphur isotopes, 52–53 Tarim Block, NW China, 367–377 Southern Paraguay Belt, 487–496 current knowledge base, 6–14 composite stratigraphic log chemostratigraphy, 494 Ediacaran, 61 Aksu-Wusi area, 371 depositional settings, 495 Sun Hill Arkose, 686 Guozigou-Keguqingshan area, 375 glaciogenic deposits and associated Supergroup in Mackenzie Mountains, 398 Quruqtagh area, 373 strata, 492–493 Surprise Member, 449, 461–462 Tarim area, 376 Southern Tasmania, 654–656 boundary relations, 463 Tielikeli area, 369 geochronological constraints, 656 glaciogenic deposits and associated geochronological constraints on diamictites, glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 655 strata, 462–463 375–376 structural framework, 654–655 stratigraphy, 461–462 geological map, 368 South Norway, 613–621, 615–619 Svalbard, 571–578 Aksu-Wusi area, NW Tarim Basin, 370 Baltoscandian ice sheet, 619 archipelago, 571 Guozigou-Keguqingshan area, 374 chemostratigraphy, 618 global correlation, 126–129 Quruqtagh area, 372 composite section across west, 620 Swartleikrans Bed of Buehrmann, 235 Tielikeli area, 368 correlation and age, 619–620 glaciogenic diamictites, 367–374 examples of facies and stratigraphic Table Mountain Group, 88 description, 368–369, 369–370, 371–373, context, 615 Talisayi Formation stratigraphy, 374 374 geochronological constraints, 619 Tambien Group, Northern Ethiopia, 102, 263–275 palaeolatitude data, 377 geological map of Sparagmite region, 614 boundary relations, 268 palaeolatitudes and palaeogeography, 376–377 Hedmark, Valdres and Engerdalen basins, chemostratigraphy, 268–270 stratigraphy, 373–374 618–619 chemostratigraphy data sets, 269 Tarqat Formation stratigraphy, 374 Koppang Formation, 618 composite chemostratigraphic reference section, Tasmania, 649–656 Moelv Formation, 615–619 272, 273 bedrock geological map of Smithton Neoproterozoic glaciation, 613–621 diamictite member, 267 Synclinorium, 652 outcrop area location, 614 Dugub Formation, 267, 268 boundary relations, 653 palaeogeographical reconstruction, 616 geochronological constraints, 271–272 chemostratigraphy, 653 palaeogeography, 618–619 glacial influence on sedimentation, 274–275 Cotcase Creek Formation, 654–656 Pre-Caledonian position, 618–619 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Cotton Breccia, 649–651 structural framework, 613–615 266–268 distribution of Proterozoic rocks and major South Park Member, 450, 464 glaciogenic deposits in Eritrea, 267–268 tectonic elements, 650 stratigraphy, 462 global palaeogeographic reconstruction, 270 geochronological constraints, 654 Southwestern Umberatana syncline, 694–695 key exposures, 264 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Sparagmite region geological map, 614 lithostratigraphic subdivision, 265 652–653 Spiral Creek Formation, Tillite Group, 587 magmatism, 272 Julius River Member and Croles Hill Diamictite, Spitsbergen, 571–578, 573 Mai Kenetal Synclinorium, 264, 268 651–654 Squantum Member, 475–479 Matheos Formation Diamictite Member, 268 King Island, 649–651 glaciogenic deposits and associated Negash Synclinorium, 264, 268 boundary relations, 651 strata, 477 palaeoenvironmental changes, 272–274 characteristics, 651 Stappogiedde Formation, 598 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 270–271 chemostratigraphy, 651 Starye Pechi Formation stratigraphy, 295 Post-Tambien Group magmatism, 272 geochronological constraints, 651 Starye Pechi Subformation, 292 Pre-Tambien Group magmatism, 271–272 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 650 Stelfox Member, 403 radiometric age constraints, 271 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 651 glaciogenic and associated strata, 402 Shiraro area, 264 stratigraphy, 650 Storeelv Formation, 581 stratigraphy, 266 structural framework, 649 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 587 structural framework, 264–266 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 653–654 Stor-Lo¨vsjo¨n tectonic and palaeogeographic setting, 275 Southern Tasmania, 654–656 diamictite, 633 timing of prospective glacial intervals, 274 boundary relation, 655 734 INDEX
Tasmania (Continued) chemo- and lithostratigraphy of Dzabkhan Vakkejokk Breccia, 606 chemostratigraphy, 655 basin, 333 tillite, 609 geochronological constraints, 656 chemostratigraphy, 334 Valdres Basin, 617–618 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 655 geochronological constraints, 335 composite section, 620 stratigraphy, 655 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Varangerfjord, 596 structural framework, 654–655 332–334 Varangeristiden, 609 stratigraphy, 651–652 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 334–335 Vaza Barris Group structural framework, 651 stratigraphy, 332, 334, 335 chemostratigraphy, 515–516, 518 Wedge River beds, 654–656 structural framework, 331–332 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Tatonduk inlier, Alaska–Yukon border, tectonic map, 332 513–514 389–395 Tulasu Formation stratigraphy, 373 Neoproterozoic successions, 509–519 boundary relations, 392–393 Turkey Hill Formation, 684 Vazante Group, 518 chemo- and lithostratigraphy, 392 Twitya Formation, 400 chemostratigraphy, 514–515, 514, 517 chemostratigraphy, 393 Tyndall, John, 20 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, depositional setting, 394–395 512–513 geochronological constraints, 393–394 Ubangi Supergroup, 185–192 Vendian Bol’shoy Patom Formation, 314 geological map of exposures, 391 geological sketch map, 186 Vendian glacials stratigraphy, 291 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 191 Vestertana Group, 593–600 391–392 stratigraphy, 186–188, 188–190 boundary relations, 598 location map, 390 structural framework and basin setting, 185–186 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Neoproterozoic stratigraphy, 390, 394 Uda Formation 594–598 nomenclature chart, 390 depositional system, 320 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 598 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 393 stratigraphy, 320, 321 stratigraphy, 594 regional correlations, 395 Uinta Mountain Group stratigraphy, 427, 427 structural framework, 593–594 stratigraphy, 390, 393 Ulvesø Formation, 581 Villa Monica formation diamictite, 566 structural framework, 389–390 glaciogenic deposits and associated Vindela¨lven River, 626 Tatonduk River geological map, 391 strata, 587 Virgin Spring limestone, northern facies, 453 Tayga Group, 309 Ulyakha Member, 323 Volta Basin Tayshir Member, 335 tillite, 325 succession, 166 Te´niagouri Group, 169 Una Group, Bahia, Brazil, 503–507, 509–519 synthetic cross-section, 167 Tereeken Formation boundary relations, 506–507 Vredefontein Formation, 226 glaciogenic diamictites, 372 chemostratigraphic correlations, 516 Vredendal Outlier map, 234 stratigraphy, 371 chemostratigraphy, 507 Vreeland Formation, 413–414, 415, 417, 420 Terra-Wasserburg plots of SHRIMP data, 443 correlations, 511 boundary relations, 419 terrestrial debris flows, 43 geochronological constraints, 507 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, thermal-ionization mass spectrometry geological map showing Bebedouro 417–418, 417 (TIMS), 117, 138 Formation, 504 stratigraphic columns, 417 Thomson, James, 18 glacial lithofacies associations, 506 Tielikeli area glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Wahlgu Formation, 684 composite stratigraphic log, 369 504–506, 512 Walsh Formation, 659–662, 661, 669 geological map, 368 ice-contact glaciomarine system, 505 Walsh Tillite, 103 glaciogenic diamictites, 367–369 lithostratigraphic correlations, 505, 516 Wanapi Dolomite Member, 686 stratigraphy, 367–368 lithostratigraphic successions, 505 Warren Gorge, 716 Tillite Group, Greenland, 581–590 mineralization, 507 Weathering Index of Parker (WIP), 82 boundaries relations, 588 stratigraphic variation in carbonates, 506 CIA, 83–84 chemostratigraphy, 588 stratigraphy, 503–504 Wedge River Beds, 654–656 depositional setting, 589 structural framework, 503 Wegener’s theory of continental detailed stratigraphic logs, 585 United States of America displacement, 19 geochronological constraints, 589 global correlation, 129 West Congo Belt (WCB), 185–192 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Windermere Supergroup, 437–446 diamictites, 190–191 586–587 Upper Chapada Acaua˜ Formation, 528 West Congo Supergroup, 185–192 location map, 582 Upper group Tatonduk inlier in east-central chemostratigraphy, 191 Lower Palaeozoic succession, 588 Alaska, 392 Congo Craton, Central Africa, 185–192 other characteristics, 588 Urals, 289–295 correlations, 191–192 palaeogeographical setting, 590 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, geochronological constraints, 191 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 289–293 glaciogenic character of diamictites, 190 588–589 late Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic, 290 map of Neoproterozoic sedimentary sequence stratigraphy, 589 North and Middle, 289–295 basins, 186 stratigraphical nomenclature, 583 palaeolatitudes and palaeogeography, 293 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 191 stratigraphy, 583–586 possible correlations, 294 stratigraphy, 186–190 Andre´e Land Group, 583–584 regional palaeogeography, 294–295 structural framework and basin setting, associated para-autochthonous strata, 586 sedimentary environments, 293 185–186 Tillite Group, 584–586 stratigraphy, 289, 291, 293, 294, 295 Western Officer Basin stratigraphy of uppermost Andre´e Land structural framework, 289 Boondawari Formation, 684 Group, 584 uranium lead glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 684 structural framework, 582–583 dating of chemical precipitates, 136–137 White Earth problem, 23 timing of glaciation, 589–590 microbeam techniques, 139 White Sea assemblage, 146 Timan Basin, 593 sources and types of uncertainties, 140–144 Widouw Formation glaciogenic deposits, 234 Toby Formation, 413, 417, 420 U–Pb methodologies, 138 Wildrose sub-member boundary relations, 419 U–Pb radio-isotopic geochronometers, 137 boundary relations, 463 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, 416, Uruguay stratigraphy, 462 417 Las Ventanas and San Carlos formations, Williams, George, 26 stratigraphic columns, 417 555–563 Willis, Bailey, 21 Tonian successions, 117 Playa Hermosa Formation, Playa Wilsonbreen Formation Tossa˚sfja¨llet Group stratigraphy, 630 Verde Basin, 547–552 characteristic stratigraphic sections, 575 Trezona anomaly, 56,58 Utah glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Tsagaan Oloom Formation, southwestern Cryogenian glacial deposits, 425–433 575–576 Mongolia, 331–336, 343 Neoproterozoic correlation chart, 426 Windermere Supergroup, Idaho, USA, 437–446 associated carbonate rocks, 333–334 rifting and glaciation, 425–433 boundary relations, 442 INDEX 735
broader implications of Idaho geological record, boundary relations, 214 stratigraphy, 358 444–446 chemostratigraphy, 214 structural framework, 358 Canadian Cordillera Mackenzie Mountains, 398 economic deposits, biomarkers, 214 Yardida Tillite, 686 characteristics, 442 geochronological constraints, 214–215 Yerelina Subgroup map, 714 chemostratigraphy, 442 geological map of Damara foreland, 212 Yudnamutana Subgroup, South Australia, 701–710 correlation chart, 445 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Delamerian Orogen subdivision, 704 correlations along North American Cordillera, 213–214 facies architecture and depositional 444 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 214 environments, 709 depositional setting, 443–444 stratigraphy, 212–213, 212 geochronology, 709–710 Edwardsburg Formation, 437–446 structural framework, 211–212 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, geochronological constraints, 443, 444 Wonnadinna Dolostone, 686 704–708 geological map, 439, 440 Wushinanshan Group, 369 ironstone, 705 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, isotope chemostratigraphy, 709 441–442 Yalaguz Formation, 367 lithofacies, 710 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 443 Yangjiaping section in South China, 84 lithofacies description, 704–705 related rocks, 437–446 Yangtze Platform, South China, 74 lithostratigraphic units, 703 stratigraphy, 439–441 Yangtze Region, China, 357–364 lithostratigraphy of Yudnamutana structural framework, 438–439 BIF, 362 Subgroup, 706 Terra-Wasserburg plots of SHRIMP biomarkers, 363 outcropping deposits, 702 data, 443 boundary relations, 361–362 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 709 Windermere Supergroup, southern Canadian cap carbonate, 362 stratigraphic and tectonic relationships, 708 Cordillera, 413–421 characteristics, 362–363 stratigraphy, 701–702 boundary relations, 419 comparison of glaciations, 364 stratigraphy and suggested characteristics, 419 depleted mantle model age, 362 correlations, 715 chemostratigraphy, 419 depositional environment, 363–364 structural framework, 702–704 comparative stratigraphic columns, 415 distributions of Jiangkou Group, 360 Yudnamutana Trough lithofacies description, correlatives, 397 Fulu Formation, 357–358 707–708 geochronological constraints, 420 geochronological constraints, 363 Yukkengol Formation stratigraphy, 371 geological map showing outcrop glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, Yukon Tatonduk inlier, 389–395 distribution, 414 359–360 glaciogenic deposits and associated strata, isotope stratigraphy, 362 Za’am Group diamictite, 281–282 416–419 Jiangkou Group and Jiangkou Zabit Formation, 288 Old Fort Point (OFP) Formation, 414–415, 420 glaciation, 357 diamictites origin, 344 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 419–429 manganese deposits, 363 Zambian Copperbelt, 178 regional correlations, 421 Nanhuan system and period, 357 Zhamoketi Formation stratigraphy, 371 stratigraphy, 416 Neoproterozoic lithostratigraphy, 359 Zhaobishan Formation stratigraphy, 370 structural framework and basin setting, 415–416 outcrops of Neoproterozoic glacial Zhuya Group, 309 Toby Formation, 413, 417, 420 deposits, 358 age, 314 Vreeland Formation, 413–414, 417, 420 palaeolatitude and palaeogeography, 363 zircon, 135 Window Allochthon, 607 Sinian system and period, 357 dating rocks, 135–147 Witvlei Group, 211–215 stratigraphic columns, 361 detrital zircons, 137