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Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 3, 112-151

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Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 3, 112-151 fied, they offer some additional information when con- the bottom communities as known from the Skager- sidered together with the sedimentological and mol- rak–Kattegat region when going from the deeper-wa- lusc records. ter communities of the present day, the so-called Maldane-Ophiura sarsi community, to the Venus com- munity of the more shallow seas. The mollusc assemblages in the Skagen sequence Conclusive remarks on the Skagen Well indicate a deeper-water facies during the Eemian, the In the description given above, the faunal record is Weichselian and the older Holocene in contrast to what the basis for understanding the climatic changes in the hitherto was known in other parts of the Danish area Skagen Well, supplemented by the observation on the during the Late Quaternary. changes in the sediments. However, the changes found The Skagen Well has a record of the changing seas during the Holocene are most likely to be connected during the Late Quaternary, from the Eemian through with changes in facies, and here the changing depth is the Weichselian (although only in parts) and the Holo- the most prominent agent, ending up with the last event cene. For the first time within the Danish area, the full represented by the depositional history of the Skagen record of the marine environmental transition from the Spit. Late Pleistocene to the Holocene can be demonstrated Based on the dating of the Holocene and the Late on the basis of molluscs. However, not all the epi- Weichselian, the descriptions have been given in terms sodes known from the Skagen Well can be found in of episodes. Especially the Holocene strata points to a marine facies of the other regions, but thanks to the development from deeper- to shallow-water facies from new records from the North Sea around the Jydske Preboreal to Subatlantic. In this development there Rev area, a near to full Holocene marine record is at appears to be a facies change that can be compared to hand, including part of the Preboreal (Petersen 1998). The environmental changes through time in the seven sectors based on the molluscan records The recorded mollusc species within each area are Order Myoida given in Appendix 6. Regarding the environmental Mya truncata Linnaeus 1758 changes through time within the Danish realm, the Total for climatic regions asb. : 1 (1.7%) seven sectors will be considered from the Eemian, start- ing in the south within the classical area where Climatic regions: .sb. Forchhammer named the deposits the Cyprina clay. Class Bivalvia Subclass Heterodonta Order Veneroida Arctica islandica (Linnaeus 1767) Order Myoida Eemian species sorted after climatic Zirfaea crispata (Linnaeus 1758) affinities Total for climatic regions .sb. : 2 (3.4%) The Bælt Sea Climatic regions: .sbl Age: Eemian Class Bivalvia Subclass Pteriomorpha Climatic regions: asbl Order Mytiloida Class Bivalvia Mytilus edulis Linnaeus 1758 Subclass Heterodonta Order Pterioida 112 GEUS Bulletin no 3.pmd 112 28-06-2004, 08:45 Heteranomia squamula (Linnaeus 1758) Ostrea edulis Linnaeus 1758 Subclass Heterodonta Subclass Heterodonta Order Veneroida Order Veneroida Mysella bidentata (Montagu 1803) Lepton nitidum (Turton 1822) Tellimya ferruginosa (Montagu 1803) Acanthocardia echinata (Linnaeus 1758) Spisula elliptica (Brown 1827) Parvicardium exiguum (Gmelin 1791) Macoma balthica (Linnaeus 1758) Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus 1758) Total for climatic regions .sbl: 6 (10.2%) Mactra stultorum (Linnaeus 1758) Spisula subtruncata (da Costa 1778) Climatic regions: ..bl Ensis ensis (Linnaeus 1758) Class Gastropoda Angulus tenuis (da Costa 1778) Subclass Prosobranchia Scrobicularia plana (da Costa 1778) Order Neotaenioglossa Abra alba (Wood 1802) Littorina littorea (Linnaeus 1758) Abra prismatica (Montagu 1803) Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant 1777) Chamelea striatula (da Costa 1778) Rissoa inconspicua Alder 1844 Timoclea ovata (Pennant 1777) Rissoa membranacea (J. Adams 1800) Dosinia lincta (Montagu 1803) Rissoa parva (da Costa 1779) Order Myoida Caecum glabrum (Montagu 1803) Corbula gibba (Olivi 1792) Bittium reticulatum (da Costa 1778) Barnea candida (Linnaeus 1758) Aporrhais pespelicani (Linnaeus 1758) Subclass Anomalodesmata Order Heterogastropoda Order Pholadomyoida Triphora adversa (Montagu 1803) Thracia phaseolina (Lamarck 1818) Epitonium clathrus (Linnaeus 1758) Total for climatic regions ..bl: 43 (72.9%) Order Neogastropoda Hinia pygmaea (Lamarck 1822) Climatic regions: ...l Hinia reticulata (Linnaeus 1758) Class Gastropoda Subclass Heterobranchia Subclass Opisthobranchia Order Heterostropha Order Bullomorpha Odostomia scalaris MacGillivray 1843 Haminoea navicula (da Costa 1778) Chrysallida obtusa (Brown 1827) Class Bivalvia Chrysallida spiralis (Montagu 1803) Subclass Pteriomorpha Ebala nitidissima (Montagu 1803) Order Mytiloida Turbonilla crenata (Brown 1827) Mytilaster solidus (Poli 1795) Turbonilla lactea (Linné 1758) Subclass Heterodonta Subclass Opisthobranchia Order Veneroida Order Bullomorpha Lucinella divaricata (Linnaeus 1758) Philine aperta (Linnaeus 1767) Gastrana fragilis (Linnaeus 1758) Order Anaspidea Abra segmentum (Récluz 1843) Retusa truncatula (Bruguière 1792) Paphia senescens (Cocconi 1873) Retusa umbilicata (Montagu 1803) Gouldia minima (Montagu 1803) Akera bullata Müller 1776 Total for climatic regions ...l: 7 (11.9%) Class Bivalvia Subclass Palaeotaxodonta Total for the Eemian Bælt Sea: 59 (23.9%) Order Nuculoida Nucula nitidosa Winckworth 1930 Fifty-nine species have been found in the Bælt Sea Nucula sulcata (Bronn 1831) region during the Eemian, seven of which are found Subclass Pteriomorpha or have been, as is the case with Paphia aurea senes- Order Mytiloida cens, in the Lusitanian region. All of the Lusitanian Modiolula phaseolina (Philippi 1844) species are found only in the Eemian deposits and Order Pterioida represent species living in the shallow-water environ- 113 GEUS Bulletin no 3.pmd 113 28-06-2004, 08:45 ment. Mytilaster solidus is intertidal attached to rocks cay and can be found from the intertidal zone down to or algae, Abra segmentum is infralittoral on sandy mud, 75 m, in Danish waters often between 10 and 20 m. and Haminoea navicula found in Zostera beds in shel- Taken together, all the information from the above- tered areas. The other three living species Lucinella mentioned climatic groups indicates that the Bælt Sea divaricata, Gastrana fragilis and Gouldia minima are deposits are represented by two facies. One in littoral/ found from or just below the tidal zone and further infralittoral water not deeper than maximum 10 m, and out at different depths. Paphia aurea senescens may one at depths of more than 5 m, and it is seen that all as well be regarded as a shallow-water species, con- of the characteristic Eemian species within the Bælt sidering the distribution of the other Tapes species. In Sea area are Lusitanian species connected with the this way the overall climatic characterising species of shallow-water facies. the Eemian in the Bælt Sea area are connected with Fifteen mollusc species of the Eemian Bælt Sea fauna the shallow-water environment. show by the region of lowest mean salinity they in- All the Boreo-Lusitanian species are known from habit that the salinity of the Bælt Sea area must have the recent Danish fauna. This is by far the largest group been higher than present-day waters by up to 30–33‰ of molluscs, with 43 species forming 72.9% of the (Sorgenfrei 1958, table 11). Here listed as mentioned Eemian Bælt Sea fauna. 33 species can be found in the by Nordmann (1928, pp. 79–81): 33‰ Circe minima tidal to shallow-water environment, while 11 species – (Gouldia minima), 31‰ Dosinia lincta, 33‰ Lepton Epitonium clathrus, Ebala nitidissima, Turbonilla cre- nitidum, 33‰ Mactra stultorum, 30‰ Montacuta fer- nata, Retusa umbilicata, Akera bullata, Nucula niti- ruginosa (Tellimya ferruginosa), 30‰ Mytilus phase- dosa, Nucula sulcata, Lepton nitidum, Acanthocardia olinus (Modiolula phaseolina), 33‰ Nucula sulcata, echinata, Phaxas pellucidus and Timoclea ovata – find 31‰ Syndosmya prismatica (Abra prismatica), 30‰ their minimum depth, defined by Acanthocardia echi- Venus gallina (Chamelea striatula), 30‰ Parthenia nata, Phaxas pellucidus and Timoclea ovata, at 4 m, interstincta (Chrysallida spiralis), 32‰ Rissoa parva, and Epitonium clathrus at 5 m. So rather considering 30‰ (Epitonium clathrus), 33‰ Turbonilla lactea, and the maximum depth indicated by some of the shal- 30‰ Turbonilla rufa (Turbonilla crenata). low-water species, there must be two faunas, of which In the recent bottom communities out in the Bælt one is shallow out to a depth of a few metres and an- Sea area, Macoma balthica is the overall characteristic other for deeper water. mollusc occurring in all the samples from this region, There are six species with a rather broad range from in some cases being the only mollusc and in some the Subarctic to the Lusitanian regions. Five of these cases together with others such as Mytilus edulis, species can be found in shallow water, including the Cerastoderma edule and Scrobicularia plana in shal- intertidal zone, except Spisula elliptica, which occurs low water and in places with a vegetation of gastro- only at greater depth. pods like Littorina littorea, Littorina tenebrosa, Rissoa The eulittoral species Mytilus edulis has given name membranacea and Rissoa inconspicua (Petersen 1913). to the Mytilus beds found in the lower part of the The littoral elements with Mytilus edulis are well docu- marine Eemian deposits in the Bælt Sea region, char-
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