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Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation of Late Quaternary Marine Molluscan Assemblages, Canadian Arctic Archipelago

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Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation of Late Quaternary Marine Molluscan Assemblages, Canadian Arctic Archipelago Document generated on 09/25/2021 1:46 a.m. Géographie physique et Quaternaire Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation of Late Quaternary Marine Molluscan Assemblages, Canadian Arctic Archipelago Interprétation paléoenvironnementale des faunes de mollusques marins de l'Archipel arctique canadien, au Quaternaire supérieur. Interpretación paleoambiental de asociaciones marinas de muluscos del Cuaternario Tardío, Archipiélago Ártico Canadiense Sandra Gordillo and Alec E. Aitken Volume 54, Number 3, 2000 Article abstract This study examines neonto- logical and palaeontological data pertaining to URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/005650ar arctic marine molluscs with the goal of reconstructing the palaeoecology of DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/005650ar Late Quaternary ca. 12-1 ka BP glaciomarine environments in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. A total of 26 taxa that represent 15 bivalves and 11 See table of contents gastropods were recorded in shell collections recovered from Prince of Wales, Somerset, Devon, Axel Heiberg and Ellesmere islands. In spite of taphonomic bias, the observed fossil faunas bear strong similarities to modern benthic Publisher(s) molluscan faunas inhabiting high latitude continental shelf environments, reflecting the high preservation potential of molluscan taxa in Quaternary Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal marine sediments. The dominance of an arctic-boreal fauna represented by Hiatella arctica, Mya truncata and Astarte borealis is the product of natural ISSN ecological conditions in high arctic glaciomarine environments. Environmental factors controlling the distribution and species composition of the Late 0705-7199 (print) Quaternary molluscan assemblages from this region are discussed. 1492-143X (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Gordillo, S. & Aitken, A. E. (2000). Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation of Late Quaternary Marine Molluscan Assemblages, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 54(3), 301–315. https://doi.org/10.7202/005650ar Tous droits réservés © Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal,2000 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 2000, vol. 54, n° 3, p. 301-315, 2 fig., 3 tabl., 1 app. PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL INTERPRETATION OF LATE QUATERNARY MARINE MOLLUSCAN ASSEMBLAGES, CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO Sandra GORDILLO* and Alec E. AITKEN, respectively: Cátedra de Estratigrafía y Geología Histórica, FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sárfield 299, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina; Department of Geography, University of Saskat- chewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A5. ABSTRACT, 2000, vol. 54, n° 3, 2 fig., 3 tabl., 1 app., 54(3), 2000S. GORDILLO and A. E. AITKEN This study examines neonto- RÉSUMÉ Interprétation paléoenvironne- RESUMEN Interpretación paleoambiental logical and palaeontological data pertaining to mentale des faunes de mollusques marins de de asociaciones marinas de muluscos del arctic marine molluscs with the goal of recon- l’Archipel arctique canadien, au Quaternaire Cuaternario Tardío, Archipiélago Ártico Cana- structing the palaeoecology of Late Quater- supérieur. On étudie ici les données néonto- diense. Este trabajo pretende la reconstruc- nary ca. 12-1 ka BP glaciomarine environ- logiques et paléontologiques qui se rapportent ción paleoecológica de ambientes glacioma- ments in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. A aux mollusques marins de l’Arctique dans le rinos del Cuaternario Tardío ca. 12-1 ka BP del total of 26 taxa that represent 15 bivalves and but de reconstituer la paléocologie des milieux Archipiélago Artico Canadiense en base al 11 gastropods were recorded in shell collec- glaciomarins du Quaternaire supérieur entre análisis de datos neontológicos y paleontoló- tions recovered from Prince of Wales, Somer- 12 et 1 ka BP. Un total de 26 taxons composé gicos relativos a moluscos marinos árticos. Se set, Devon, Axel Heiberg and Ellesmere de 15 bivalves et de 11 gastéropodes a été obtuvieron un total de 26 taxa que representan islands. In spite of taphonomic bias, the consigné dans les collections de coquillages 15 bivalvos y 11 gasterópodos procedentes de observed fossil faunas bear strong similarities assemblées dans les îles du Prince-de-Galles, las islas Prince of Wales, Somerset, Devon, to modern benthic molluscan faunas inhabiting Somerset, Devon, Axel Heiberg et Ellesmere. Axel Heiberg y Ellesmere. A pesar de los ses- high latitude continental shelf environments, Malgré l’influence des processus taphonomi- gos tafonómicos, la fauna fósil observada reflecting the high preservation potential of ques, les faunes fossiles observées ressem- guarda una gran similitud con las faunas molluscan taxa in Quaternary marine sedi- blent beaucoup aux faunes de mollusques actuales de moluscos bentónicos, lo que ments. The dominance of an arctic-boreal benthiques modernes habitant le plateau con- refleja alto potencial de preservación de los fauna represented by Hiatella arctica, Mya tinental des hautes latitudes, ce qui reflète la moluscos en sedimentos marinos del Cuater- truncata and Astarte borealis is the product of grande capacité de préservation des taxons nario. La dominancia de una fauna boreal- natural ecological conditions in high arctic gla- de mollusques dans les sédiments du Quater- ártica, representada por Hiatella arctica, Mya ciomarine environments. Environmental fac- naire. La dominance de la faune boréale-arc- truncata y Astarte borealis obedece a las con- tors controlling the distribution and species tique représentée par Astarte borealis, Hiatella diciones ecológicas imperantes en ambientes composition of the Late Quaternary molluscan arctica et Mya truncata est le résultat des con- glaciomarinos de alta latitud. Finalmente, se assemblages from this region are discussed. ditions écologiques naturelles qui prévalent discuten los factores ambientales que afectan dans les mileux glaciomarins du Haut Arcti- la distribución de los moluscos del Cuaternario que. On étudie enfin les facteurs environne- Tardío de esta región. mentaux qui déterminent la répartition et la composition des faunes de mollusques de la région, au Quaternaire supérieur. Manuscrit reçu le 17 décembre 1999 ; manuscrit révisé accepté le 16 janvier 2001 * e-mail address: [email protected] 302 S. GORDILLO and A. E. AITKEN INTRODUCTION Fossil marine molluscs from the Arctic region are of con- siderable interest to earth scientists studying the nature of environmental change at high latitudes during the Quater- nary period. Firstly, they are common and well preserved forms in the Quaternary fossil record. Molluscs, especially bivalves, are by far the most common macrofossils recov- ered in Late Pleistocene and Holocene raised marine depos- its from glaciated North America and Greenland (Feyling- Hanssen, 1955; Andrews et al., 1981; Simonarson, 1981; Mode et al., 1983; Aitken, 1990; Dyke et al., 1996a). Despite the bias in preservation due to taphonomic processes, Qua- ternary fossil molluscan assemblages retain useful informa- tion pertaining to the life habit and habitats of the arctic marine benthos from which they are derived (Aitken, 1990). Comparing different marine environments in the eastern Canadian Arctic region, Aitken (1990) observed that mol- luscs inhabiting nearshore environments (depths < 50 m) exhibit the greatest preservation potential of all the arctic marine benthos. Secondly, the Arctic is a critical region for the interpreta- tion of faunal distributions in polar regions, as it lies between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. Molluscs recovered from Tertiary and Quaternary deposits have been used to follow periods of interchange and colonization between these two ocean basins. Information on this topic is provided through numerous publications, notably by Durham and Macneil (1967), Einarsson et al. (1967), Hopkins et al. (1972), Allison (1973), Troitskiy (1974), Bernard (1979), Gladenkov (1979), Lubinsky (1980), Evseev and Krasnov (1985), Golikov and Scarlato (1989), Fyles et al. (1991), Vermeij (1991) and Dyke et al. (1996a). In this regard, two geologic events appear to have had an important impact on the evolution of Canadian arctic molluscan faunas: (1) during the Tertiary, the opening of the Bering Strait at 3.5-3.0 Ma ago and (2) during the Late Quaternary, deglaciation of North America, Europe and Asia re-established the connection between the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans, after they were segregated by Quaternary glaciations and the emergence of the Bering Land Bridge. The information provided above demonstrates that the molluscs inhabiting nearshore environments in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago have particular significance as they provide a key to reconstructing palaeocommunities and to evaluating changes in faunal composition during the Qua- ternary period. This study attempts to reconstruct the palae- oecology of Late Quaternary marine macrofossil assem- blages from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago based on a combination of neontological and palaeontological data. PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION GLACIAL HISTORY FIGURE
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