Weight Relationships of F1 Hybrid Juveniles (Umbrina Cirrosa Χ Argyrosomus Regius

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http://www.egejfas.org Su Ürünleri Dergisi (2017) Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 34(3): 287-291 (2017) DOI: 10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.3.07

RESEARCH ARTICLE ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ

Some morphometric features and length - weight relationships of F1 hybrid juveniles (Umbrina cirrosa ♀ Χ Argyrosomus regius ♂)

F1 juvenil hibritleri (Umbrina cirrosa ♀ Χ Argyrosomus regius ♂)’nin bazı morfolojik özellikleri ve boy- ağırlık ilişkileri

Şule Gürkan1* ● Kutsal Gamsız2 ● Bilge Karahan2 ● Emel Özcan Gökçek2 1 Ege University Faculty of Fisheries Dep.of Hydrobiology, 35100 Bornova İzmir, Turkey 2 Ege University Faculty of Fisheries Dep.of Aquaculture, 35100 Bornova İzmir, Turkey * Corresponding author: [email protected] Received date: 02.01.2017 Accepted date: 05.06.2017

How to cite this paper: Gürkan, Ş., Gamsız, K., Karahan, B. & Özcan Gökçek, E. (2017). Some morphometric features and length - weight relationships of F1 hybrid juveniles (Umbrina cirrosa ♀ Χ Argyrosomus regius ♂). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 34(3): 287-291. doi:10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.3.07

Abstract: In this study, length-weight relations and some morphometric characteristics of hybrid juveniles obtained by crossing of Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758) and Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) via artificial fertilization under aquaculture conditions were investigated. Lengths, weights and condition factors of 39 hybrid juvenile specimen varied between 26.12 and 48.67 mm, 0.7 and 0.99 g, 0.81 and 1.09 respectively. Length-weight relationship (W) was calculated (0.000009 * TL3.006 r = 0.99). Individuals have shown isometric growth (b=3) according to the results of regression analyze by b value. All 10 morphometric measurements presented significant differences between the examined species in this study at the end of biometrical analyses except distance of maxilla and pectoral fin (MPL) (P<0.05). However, the strongest correlation was found between head length (HL) and total length (TL) (P<0.05). As a result, body height of hybrid fish was respectively lower than the parent species and length was shorter compared to Mediterranean populations indicating growth values were equal to those of natural populations

Keywords: Length-weight relationships, morphometric characters, Umbrina cirrosa, Argyrosomus regius, hybrid

Öz: Bu çalışmada, Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758) ve Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801)’un akuakültür şartlarında suni döllenme yoluyla çaprazlanmasıyla elde edilen hibrit bireylerinin bazı morfometrik özellikleri ve boy-ağırlık ilişkileri incelenmiştir. 39 bireyde boy, ağırlık ve kondisyon faktörü değerleri sırasıyla 26,12 - 48,67 mm, 0, 7 – 0, 99 g, 0,81- 1,09 arasındadır. Boy-ağırlık ilişkisi, 0, 000009 * TL 3.006 r = 0, 99 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre bireyler b değerine göre izometrik büyüme (b=3) göstermiştir. Biyotrik analizler sonunda örnekler arasında 10 morfometrik ölçüm içinde en önemli farklılık üst çene-pektoral yüzgeç (MPL) arasında (P<0, 05) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşın en yüksek korelasyon baş boyu (HL) ve total boy (TL) arasındadır (P< 0,05). Sonuç olarak, hibrit balıkların vücut yüksekliği ebeveynlerinden nispeten düşük, Akdeniz populasyonlarına göre daha kısa ve büyüme değerlerinin doğal populasyonlarla eşittir.

Anahtar kelimeler: Boy-ağırlık ilişkisi, morfometrik karakterler, Umbrina cirrosa, Argyrosomus regius, hibrit

INTRODUCTION The parent species of the hybrids considered in this study demonstrate ontogenetic changes of body shape in the cannot mate in the natural environment due to the different fisheries biology area (Turan, 1999; Dwivedi and Dubey, 2013). reproduction period and behaviors and different natural habitats In other words, the degree of morphologic similarities or (Chao, 1986; Griffiths and Heemstra, 1995; Barbaro et al. 1996; differences between populations as well as the morpho - Cardellini et al. 1999). On the other hand, the two closely ecological results of the genetically rising characteristics can be related species in the same habitat can mate and generate defined by the morphometric studies (Chan, 2001). hybrids when there is no any genetic barrier (Majumder and Morphometric measurements are widely used to identify Sharma, 1997). differences between fish populations and shape-based recognition can be performed to obtain size and species There are significant morphological variations between the information (To and Ci, 2015). According to Mattson and Belk fish species that may point out ecological and evolutionary (2013), the formation of different morphologies within same interests and sometimes heritable (Mattson and Belk, 2013). species that are specified by using of different resources can Morphometric measurements are used to determine similarities be a great power for the evaluation of new species. Recently or differences between taxonomic categories and to several studies that were focused on the some hybrid culture © Published by Ege University Faculty of Fisheries, Izmir, Turkey Gürkan et al., Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 34(3): 287-291 (2017) under aquaculture conditions. For example, Hamad (2014) (To and Ci, 2015). In this study, potential effects of 70% alcohol reported that the significance of the morphometric preservation to 39 juvenile individuals were ignored. characteristics of C. gariepinus is, due (in the Asian aquaculture) the hybrids of its with other species are cultured and detailed characteristics of the morphometric features may be needed to distinguish the different species and hybrids within the Clarias genus. Also Interspecies morphologic variations are observed to be related together with the habitat, food and other factors (Moles et al. 2010). Therefore, while length-weight, length- length relations near the morphologic characteristics are useful tools to evaluate local and regional growth characters (Ricker, 1968), condition factor is the other important feature to express growth in aquaculture (Agbebi et al. 2009). Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) which is one of the 10 Figure 1. Sample of hybrid fish closely related species of Argyrosomus genus, is distributed across the marine and brackish waters of East Atlantic coasts, Eleven morphometric measurements from hybrid fish were Black Sea, West African coasts (Poli et al. 2003; Sumila et al., performed according to Hubbs and Lagler (1964). These 2007; El-Shebly et al. 2007). These species are considered as measurements were 1.Total Length (TL), 2.Distance of lower an alternative aquaculture species to gilthead sea bream jaw and anal fin (MaAL), 3.Pre-dorsal length (MDL), 4.Pre - (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in the pectoral length (MPL), 5.Pre -pelvic length (MaPL), 6.Body Mediterranean region, especially in France, Italy, Spain and height (BH), 7.Head length (HL), 8.Interorbital distance (IOD), Turkey due to their high economic value since 1990 (Garcia - 9.Eye diameter (ED), 10.Oblic distance of second dorsal fin Mesa et al. 2014; Gamsiz et al., 2008). Total production amount base and caudal fin (OD), 11. Distance of snout and eyes of meagre and brown meagre in the world is 43.735 tones (in (MuD) respectively (Figure 2). Digital compass with 0.001 mm aquaculture and fishing) according to FAO records in 2015. sensitivity was used for morphometric measurements and However the literature on its taxonomic status of parents of analytical scale with 0.0001g sensitivity was used for hybrid is still know and there was no knowledge about measuring body weight. Eight morphometric characters were morphological characteristics of juvenile hybrids from Turkish evaluated as TL % and other two characters (eye diameter and aquaculture. Studies are carried out to reproduce more efficient distance of muso and eye) were evaluated as HL % (Carlender species in order to close the gap in aquaculture. Hybridization and Smith, 1954; Hile, 1948). Regression of various body parts studies in aquaculture aim to improve productivity via crossing against TL of the fish were drawn by least square method. available stocks of different but related species (Karahan et al. Dependent and independent variables, total length and 2013). In this case, determination of the quantitative characters morphometric measurements, respectively, were transformed via molecular studies of offspring obtained by crossing two using log 10. different species is becoming important (Cailliet et al. 1986). The earliest detailed studies on morphometric characters of the species belong to Argyrosomus genus were presented by Griffits and Heemstra (1995), and García- Mesa et al. (2014). However, there is no any study considering morphometric measurements of hybrids. The aim of this study is to investigate and fill a gap in the knowledge some of the morphometric characters such as body height, head length and weight-length relations during juvenile stage of F1 hybrids. MATERIALS AND METHODS

F1 samples were taken from the larvae tanks of the hatchery (AKVATEK) where they were hatched after crossing two species (Umbrina cirrosa ♀ x Argyrosomus regius ♂) via artificial fertilization and transferred to Fish Breeding and Molecular Genetics laboratory of Ege University, Fisheries Figure 2. Diagram of morphometric characters in samples Faculty, Aquaculture Department in the sterile plates. Randomly chosen 120 day old of 39 F1 specimen within the samples were kept in tubes containing 70% ethanol for a month Length- weight relation (WLR) of the hybrid samples were in order to assess their morphometric characteristics (Figure 1) calculated as follows:

288 Some morphometric features and length - weight relationships of F1 hybrid juveniles (Umbrina cirrosa ♀ Χ Argyrosomus regius ♂)

W = a*Lb (Ricker, 1979) determine linear regression degree. The Fulton’s condition factor values (K) of F1 juvenile hybrids was computed following W is weight (g), Froese (2006). Regression analysis was used to compare L is total length (cm), morphometric characters. Statistically significant differences were computed with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) a is intersection point, with P<0.05. All data were analyzed using the Statistica V4.0 software program. b is determination coefficient. This formula was converted into its logarithmic expression: RESULTS ln a + bln TL. The parameters (a and b) were calculated by least-square regression, as was the coefficient of determination Total lengths were found between 26.12 and 48.67 mm and (r2). The regression co-efficient for isometric growth is ‘3’ and weights were found between 0.70 and 0.99g of 39 juvenile values greater or lesser than ‘3’ indicate allometric growth. hybrid fish in this study. Total length-weight relationship was W Regression analysis was used to estimate confidence interval = 0.000009 * TL3.006 (r= 0.99) (Figure 3). Morphometric parts of of b value and statistical relationships of morphometric juvenile hybrid samples were defined proportionally as Total measurements. Determination coefficient (r2) was used to Length (TL) to Head Length (HL) (Table 1).

Table 1. The morphometric characteristics of F1 hybrid samples (n = 39) Morphometric Characters Range M ± SD % P Total length (TL) 26.12 - 48.62 37.51 ± 7.69 100.00 P>0.05* Distance of mandibula and anal fin (MaAL) 14.07 - 32.26 20.55 ± 4.82 54.79 TL P> 0.05* Distance of maxilla and dorsal fin (MDL) 3.42- 9.89 11.28 ± 2.90 30.09 TL P> 0.05* Distance of maxilla and pectoral fin (MPL) 7.57- 3.86 10.48 ± 1.67 27.94 TL P<0.05 Distance of mandibula and pelvic fin (MaPL) 7.94- 5.76 11.29 ± 1.75 30.09 TL P> 0.05* Body heigth (BH) 6.96 -10.86 8.57 ± 0.91 22.85 TL P> 0.05* Head length (HL) 7.57- 4.22 10.28 ± 1.69 27.41 TL P> 0.05* Interorbital distance (OD) 2.12- 4.34 3.19 ± 0.61 31.03 TL P> 0.05* Eye diameter (ED) 0.78- 2.44 1 39 ± 0.36 13.52 HL P> 0.05* Oblic distance of II. Dorsal fin and caudal fin (OD) 2.02- 6.33 4.35 ± 1.18 11.59 TL P> 0.05* Distance of muso and eye (MuD) 1 35- 4.3 2.88 ± 0.67 28.02 HL P> 0.05* *: Statically differences

As a result of the regression analysis of b value calculated 1,4 within length-weight relationship, the samples showed W = 9E - 06 TL3,0063 isometric growth (3.006±[0.06 95 C.I. %]). Condition factor r = 0,99 values varied between 0.81 and 1.09. 1,2 Regression analysis was used for differences between 1 morphometric measurements. According to Table 1, significant 0,8 differences were found between all measurements except W (g) between distance of maxilla and pectoral fin base (MPL) 0,6 (P<0.05). Correlation coefficients of morphometric lengths-total length relationships were given in Table 2. 0,4

The closest relationship was found between total length 0,2 (TL) and head length (HL) according to linear regression values (P<0.05). MaAL had the 55 % of total variation according to 0 variation relations. Thus, an increase starting from distance of 20 30 40 50 60 mandibular and anal fin and distance of maxilla and pelvic fin TL (mm) can be described. Other variation relation is IOD which constitutes 31.03 % of total variation. Therefore, the interval between head area and eyes is respectively wider. Figure 3. Total length-weight relationships of hybrid fish

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Table 2. Regression relationships and transformation formulas in morphometric characters. (n= 39)

Morphometric Characters Formulas r2 Distance of mandibula and anal fin (MaAL) 0.327 TL+ 0.751 0.02 Distance of maxilla and dorsal fin (MDL) 1.069TL- 0.637 0.06 Distance of maxilla and pectoral fin (MPL) 0.749 TL- 0.158 0.91 Distance of mandibula and pelvic fin (MaPL) 1.708 TL- 1.155 0.09 Body heigth (BH) 0.488 TL+ 0.166 0.85 Head length (HL) 0.756 TL- 0.177 0.92 Oblic distance of II. Dorsal fin and caudal fin (OD) 1.235 TL- 1.324 0.08 Distance of muso and eye (MuD) 1.007 TL- 0.518 0.74

DISCUSSION pre-dorsal, pre-pelvic, pre-pectoral, body height, head length and pre-orbital length measurements of the individuals were There are rather various records about the maximum length compared to those of Froese and Pauly (2011). Thus, all size of A. regius in the natural populations. Some of these measurements except pre-anal distance of the individuals were records are: 87 cm along France coasts, 152.5cm along higher in this study. These results indicate that hybrid England coasts and 182cm along Spain coasts (Quero and individuals that obtained from Mediterranean originated Vayne, 1987; Froese and Pauly, 2011). On the other hand, breeders (A. regius and S. umbra) may carry morphometric average length values of 1 year old individual in a culture features of Mediterranean Sciaenid populations (Shabana et al. environment were reported as 29.3cm, 28cm, and 27.1cm in 2012). Indeed, a molecular investigation of the considered some studies (El- Shebly et al. 2007; Rizk and Hashem, 1981; hybrid offspring showed 100 % of the individuals exhibited a García- Mesa et al. 2014; Campoverde et al.2017). Thereby, genotypic signature combining specific alleles from each the total length values in this study were compatible with species (Karahan et al. 2014). Our morphometric Campoverde et al. (2017) . measurements that were demonstrated in this study was a b values of some species belong to Argyrosomus genus clear evidence of the hybrids’ acquire of mix characteristics that were given as 3.025 for A. japonicas, 3.055 for A.indorus came from both parent species (Majumder and Sharma, 1997). (Griffiths and Heemstra, 1995), 2.67-3.05 (Froese and Pauly, Mattson and Belk, (2013) presented different morphometric 2011) and 2.85 (Shabana et al. 2012) for A.regius. b values variations resulting from using different niches depending on (3.006) of hybrid juveniles showed an isometric growth as a the different resources in benthic and pelagic locations for A. result of this study. Condition factor which indicates any inodorus which is a bento-pelagic species. Yet, gen flow is not changes in food reserves that were stocked in the fish muscle an expected factor or is low effective for interspecies is another important fact. The high mean condition values in the morphological variations for marine fish compared to fresh aquaculture environments presented by García - Mesa et al. water fish (Mattson and Belk, 2013). In this case, morphologic (2014), El-Shebly et al. (2007) and Poli et al. (2003) are variations between marine fish require more investigations. promoting our study results as well. Although one of the main As conclusion, hybrid individuals have reached even reasons for the condition factor changes is known to be gonadal growth speed of the natural populations (Hudson, 1989), development and increasing metabolic activities, the possible despite of having shorter length. The variations of effects of the food composition that juveniles were fed, feeding morphometric characteristics obtained in this study present interval, water temperature and number of the samples in the valuable findings in the terms of referring morphometric various results of condition must be kept in mind (Tesch 1971; changes of populations. But preservation in alcohol effect must Wotton 1992). The results of condition coefficient values be considered in the size lengths (Jawad 2003). Both hybrids suggest crossing of these two species in commercial scale of A. regius and S. umbra in the close future are likely to be strongly. cultured all over the world. Total Length (TL) and Head Length (HL) values are ACKNOWLEDGMENT considerable morphometric measurements showing a strong relationship and there are significant variations between these We would like to acknowledge that the study was supported characteristics in our study (P< 0.05). The results of pre-anal, by the marine fish hatchery, AKVATEK.

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