Industrial Water Technology Markets 2015 Publication Information Ii

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Industrial Water Technology Markets 2015 Publication information ii

Executive summary iii Global spending on water and wastewater treatment technologies for industry, 2015 iii Global spending on water and wastewater treatment by technology, 2013–2020 iv General drivers iv Industries v Global spending on water and wastewater treatment technologies by industry, 2013–2020 v 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Industrial water use 1 Figure 1.1 Water withdrawal and consumption by major industries, 2012 1 1.2 The market for industrial water and wastewater treatment 2 Figure 1.2 Icon key: industries 2 Figure 1.3 Global expenditure on water and wastewater treatment by industry, 2013–2020 3 Figure 1.4 Icon key: functions 3 Figure 1.5 Global expenditure on water and wastewater treatment by technology function, 2013–2020 4 Figure 1.6 Icon key: challenges 5 Figure 1.7 Icon key: applications 5 Figure 1.8 Water and wastewater treatment functions by industry and application 6 Figure 1.9 Global expenditure on water treatment technologies by application, 2013–2020 7 1.2.1 Forecast methodology 7 Figure 1.10 Global spending on water and wastewater treatment technologies in industry, 2015 8 Figure 1.11 Global spending on water and wastewater treatment in the industrial water market, 2015 9 Figure 1.12 Global market forecast data, 2013–2020 10 1.3 Characteristics of the industrial market 12 Figure 1.13 Selected investments in water treatment technologies, 2014 13 2. Upstream oil & gas 15 2.1 Top water treatment challenges 15 2.2 Water treatment needs 15 2.2.1 Shale gas/tight oil produced water treatment 16 2.2.1.1 Contaminants to be treated 16 Figure 2.1 Produced water treatment in the shale gas/tight oil industry 16 2.2.1.2 Drivers for new treatment technologies 17 2.2.2 Conventional onshore produced water management 17 2.2.2.1 Contaminants to be treated 17 Figure 2.2 Produced water treatment in the conventional oil and gas industry 17 2.2.2.2 Drivers for new treatment technologies 17 2.2.3 Offshore produced water management 18 2.2.3.1 Contaminants to be treated 18 Figure 2.3 Produced water treatment train for offshore oil and gas operations 18 2.2.3.2 Drivers for new treatment technologies 18 2.2.4 Reuse of produced water for steam (thermal) EOR 18 2.2.4.1 Contaminants to be treated 18 Figure 2.4 Treatment of produced water for reuse in SAGD operations 19 2.2.4.2 Gaps in technologies 19 2.2.4.3 Drivers for new treatment technologies 19 2.2.5 Coalbed methane produced water treatment 20 2.2.5.1 Contaminants to be treated 20 Figure 2.5 Treatment technologies for CBM produced water 20 2.2.5.2 Gaps in technologies 20 2.2.5.3 Drivers for new treatment technologies 21 2.2.6 Technologies for sulphate removal and low salinity water 21 2.2.6.1 Contaminants to be treated 21 Figure 2.6 Sulphate removal treatment trains 21

2.2.6.2 Drivers for new treatment technologies 22 2.3 What do end users want from the water sector? 22 2.4 Market dynamics 23 Figure 2.7 Key players in the upstream oil and gas market for water treatment 23 2.4.1 System integrators 23 2.4.2 Emerging solutions 26 Figure 2.8 Emerging technologies in the upstream oil and gas industry 26 2.5 Market forecast 28 Figure 2.9 Capital expenditure on water and wastewater treatment in upstream oil and gas, 2013–2020 28 Figure 2.10 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by technology, 2013–2020 29 Figure 2.11 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by region, 2013–2020 29 2.5.1 Market drivers and restraints 30 2.5.1.1 Drivers 30 2.5.1.2 Restraints 30 Figure 2.12 Water treatment market forces in the upstream oil and gas industry 31 Figure 2.13 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment in upstream oil and gas, 2015 32 Figure 2.14 Market forecast data, 2013–2020 33 3. Refining 34 3.1 Top water treatment challenges 34 3.2 Water treatment needs 34 3.2.1 Process water 34 Figure 3.1 Water quality requirements for refinery process water streams 35 Figure 3.2 Typical process water treatment train 35 3.2.1.1 Cooling tower make-up 36 3.2.1.2 Boiler feedwater 36 3.2.1.3 Water for hydrocarbon processing 36 3.2.1.4 Drivers for new treatment technologies 36 3.2.2 Wastewater 36 3.2.2.1 Contaminants to be treated 37 3.2.2.2 Main technologies 37 Figure 3.3 Typical treatment train for wastewater treatment 37 3.2.2.3 Drivers for new treatment technologies 38 3.3 Market dynamics 39 Figure 3.4 Key players in the refining market for water treatment 39 3.3.1 System integrators 40 3.3.2 Emerging solutions 42 Figure 3.5 Emerging solutions in refinery water treatment 43 3.4 Market forecast 44 Figure 3.6 Capital expenditure on water and wastewater treatment in refining, 2013–2020 44 Figure 3.7 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by technology, 2013–2020 45 Figure 3.8 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by region, 2013–2020 45 3.4.1 Market drivers and restraints 46 Figure 3.9 Water treatment market forces in the refining industry 46 Figure 3.10 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment in refining, 2015 47 Figure 3.11 Market forecast data, 2013–2020 48 4. Mining 49 4.1 Top water treatment challenges 49 4.2 Water treatment needs 49 4.2.1 Water at the mine face 49 4.2.1.1 Main treatment technologies 50 4.2.1.2 Drivers for new treatment technologies 50 4.2.2 Process water 50 Figure 4.1 Treatment train for process water 50 4.2.2.1 Drivers for new treatment technologies 51 4.2.3 Tailings water treatment 51 4.2.3.1 Contaminants to be treated 51 Figure 4.2 Typical treatment of waste streams in mining 52 4.2.3.2 Main technologies 52

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Sulphates 52 Cyanide 53 Selenium 53 Mercury 54 Salts 54 4.2.3.3 Drivers for new treatment technologies 54 4.3 What do end users want from the water sector? 54 4.4 Market dynamics 55 Figure 4.3 Key players in the mining market for water treatment 55 4.4.1 System integrators 56 4.4.1.1 General water treatment suppliers 56 4.4.1.2 Desalination specialists 57 4.4.2 Emerging solutions 58 Figure 4.4 Electrochemical technologies 58 Figure 4.5 Electrochlorination 58 Figure 4.6 Nanofiltration for sulphate removal 58 Figure 4.7 Metal recovery 59 Figure 4.8 Eutectic freeze crystallisation 59 4.5 Market forecast 60 Figure 4.9 Capital expenditure on water and wastewater treatment in mining, 2013–2020 60 Figure 4.10 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by technology, 2013–2020 61 Figure 4.11 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by region, 2013–2020 61 4.5.1 Market drivers and restraints 62 4.5.1.1 Drivers 62 4.5.1.2 Restraints 62 Figure 4.12 Water treatment market forces in the mining industry 62 Figure 4.13 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment in mining, 2015 63 Figure 4.14 Market forecast data, 2013–2020 64 5. Power generation 65 5.1 Top water treatment challenges 65 5.2 Water treatment needs 65 5.2.1 Boiler feedwater 65 Figure 5.1 Treatment train for boiler feedwater 65 5.2.2 Cooling tower 65 Figure 5.2 Water treatment processes in a recirculating cooling system 66 5.2.3 FGD wastewater 67 Figure 5.3 Physical-chemical treatment train for FGD wastewater 67 5.3 Market dynamics 68 Figure 5.4 Key players in the power generation market for water treatment 68 5.3.1 System integrators 68 5.3.2 Emerging solutions in power water treatment 71 Figure 5.5 Emerging technologies in power water treatment 71 5.4 Market forecast 72 Figure 5.6 Capital expenditure on water and wastewater treatment in power generation, 2013–2020 72 Figure 5.7 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by technology, 2013–2020 73 Figure 5.8 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by region, 2013–2020 73 5.4.1 Market drivers and restraints 74 5.4.1.1 Drivers 74 5.4.1.2 Restraints 74 Figure 5.9 Water treatment market forces in the power generation industry 74 Figure 5.10 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment in power, 2015 75 Figure 5.11 Market forecast data, 2013–2020 76 6. Food & beverage 77 6.1 Top water treatment challenges 77 6.2 Water treatment needs 77 6.2.1 Process water 77 Figure 6.1 Process water production in the food and beverage industry 77 6.2.1.1 Contaminants to be treated 78

6.2.1.2 Main technologies 78 6.2.1.3 Gaps in technologies 78 6.2.1.4 Drivers for new treatment technologies 78 6.2.2 Wastewater treatment 79 Figure 6.2 Wastewater treatment process in the food and beverage industry 79 6.2.2.1 Contaminants to be treated 79 6.2.2.2 Main technologies 80 6.2.2.3 Gaps in technologies 80 6.2.2.4 Drivers for new technologies 81 6.3 Market dynamics 81 Figure 6.3 Key players in the food and beverage market for water treatment 81 6.3.1 System integrators 82 6.3.1.1 Water treatment specialists 82 6.3.1.2 General engineering companies for food and beverage production 83 6.3.2 Emerging solutions 84 Figure 6.4 Emerging technologies in the food and beverage industry 84 6.4 Market forecast 86 Figure 6.5 Capital expenditure on water and wastewater treatment in food and beverage, 2013–2020 86 Figure 6.6 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by technology, 2013–2020 87 Figure 6.7 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by region, 2013–2020 87 6.4.1 Market drivers and restraints 88 6.4.1.1 Drivers 88 6.4.1.2 Restraints 88 Figure 6.8 Water treatment market forces in the food and beverage industry 89 Figure 6.9 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment in food and beverage, 2015 90 Figure 6.10 Market forecast data, 2013–2020 91 7. Pulp & paper 92 7.1 Top water treatment challenges 92 7.2 Water treatment needs 92 7.2.1 Process water 92 Figure 7.1 Process water production in the pulp and paper industry 92 7.2.1.1 Contaminants to be treated 93 Figure 7.2 Paper production process 93 7.2.1.2 Main technologies 93 7.2.1.3 Gaps in technologies 94 7.2.1.4 Drivers for new treatment technologies 94 7.2.2 Wastewater treatment 94 Figure 7.3 Wastewater treatment process in the pulp and paper industry 94 7.2.2.1 Contaminants to be treated 94 7.2.2.2 Main technologies 95 7.2.2.3 Gaps in technologies 95 7.2.2.4 Drivers for new treatment technologies 95 7.3 Market dynamics 96 Figure 7.4 Key players in the pulp and paper market for water treatment 96 7.3.1 System integrators 96 7.3.1.1 Water treatment specialists 96 7.3.1.2 General engineering companies for pulp and paper production 97 7.3.2 Emerging solutions 98 Figure 7.5 Main emerging technologies in the pulp and paper industry 98 7.4 Market forecast 99 Figure 7.6 Capital expenditure on water and wastewater treatment in pulp and paper, 2013–2020 99 Figure 7.7 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by technology, 2013–2020 100 Figure 7.8 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by region, 2013–2020 100 7.4.1 Market drivers and restraints 101 7.4.1.1 Drivers 101 7.4.1.2 Restraints 101 Figure 7.9 Water treatment market forces in the pulp and paper industry 102 Figure 7.10 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment in pulp and paper, 2015 103

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Figure 7.11 Market forecast data, 2013–2020 104 8. Microelectronics 105 8.1 Top water treatment challenges 105 8.2 Water treatment needs 105 8.2.1 Contaminants to be treated 105 Figure 8.1 Major contaminants of concern for UPW production 106 8.2.2 Main technologies 106 Figure 8.2 Process water treatment 106 8.2.3 Gaps in technologies 107 8.2.4 Drivers for new treatment technologies 107 8.3 Wastewater treatment 108 8.3.1 Wastewater contaminants 108 Figure 8.3 Wastewater streams generated in the semiconductor industry 108 8.3.2 Main technologies 108 Figure 8.4 Typical microelectronics wastewater treatment and management options 108 8.3.3 Drivers for new treatment technologies 108 8.4 Market dynamics 109 Figure 8.5 Key players in the microelectronics market for water treatment 109 8.4.1 System integrators 110 8.4.2 Emerging solutions 111 Figure 8.6 Emerging solutions in microelectronics water treatment 111 8.5 Market forecast 112 Figure 8.7 Capital expenditure on water and wastewater treatment in microelectronics, 2013–2020 112 Figure 8.8 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by technology, 2013–2020 113 Figure 8.9 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by region, 2013–2020 113 8.5.1 Market drivers and restraints 114 8.5.1.1 Drivers 114 8.5.1.2 Restraints 114 Figure 8.10 Water treatment market forces in the microelectronics industry 115 Figure 8.11 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment in microelectronics, 2015 116 Figure 8.12 Market forecast data, 2013–2020 117 9. Pharmaceuticals 118 9.1 Top water treatment challenges 118 9.2 Water treatment needs 118 9.2.1 High-purity water 119 Figure 9.1 Typical water treatment process in the pharmaceuticals industry 119 9.2.1.1 Contaminants to be treated 119 Figure 9.2 Purified water quality standards from USP, Ph. Eur. and JP 120 Figure 9.3 WFI quality standards from USP, Ph. Eur. and JP 120 9.2.1.2 Main technologies 120 Potable water quality 120 Purified water (PW)/Water for injection (WFI) 121 Water purification systems 121 9.2.1.3 Drivers for new technologies 121 9.2.2 Wastewater treatment 122 9.2.2.1 Contaminants to be treated 122 9.2.2.2 Main technologies 122 9.2.2.3 Other wastewater technologies 122 Figure 9.4 Wastewater treatment technologies 122 9.2.2.4 Drivers for new technologies 123 9.3 Market dynamics 123 Figure 9.5 Key players in the pharmaceuticals market for water treatment 123 9.3.1 System integrators 124 9.3.2 Emerging solutions 126 Figure 9.6 Emerging solutions in pharmaceutical water treatment 126 9.4 Market forecast 127 Figure 9.7 Capital expenditure on water and wastewater treatment in pharmaceuticals, 2013–2020 127

Figure 9.8 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by technology, 2013–2020 128 Figure 9.9 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment by region, 2013–2020 128 9.4.1 Market drivers and restraints 129 9.4.1.1 Drivers 129 9.4.1.2 Restraints 129 Figure 9.10 Water treatment market forces in the pharmaceuticals industry 130 Figure 9.11 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment in pharmaceuticals, 2015 131 Figure 9.12 Market forecast data, 2013–2020 132 10. Oil/water separation 133 10.1 Overview 133 Figure 10.1 Maturity of technologies versus applicability to the oil and gas industry 133 10.2 Core technologies 133 10.2.1 Gravity separators 133 10.2.1.1 API gravity separators 134 10.2.1.2 Gun barrel 134 10.2.1.3 Free-water knockout (FWKO) 134 10.2.1.4 Heater treater 134 10.2.1.5 Corrugated plate interceptor (CPI) 134 10.2.2 Hydrocyclones 134 10.2.3 Gas flotation 134 10.2.3.1 Induced air flotation (IAF) 134 10.2.3.2 Dissolved air flotation (DAF) 134 10.2.3.3 Degassers 135 10.2.3.4 Compact flotation unit (CFU) 135 10.2.4 Nutshell filters 135 10.3 Emerging technologies 135 Figure 10.2 Macro Porous Polymer Extraction (MPPE) 135 Figure 10.3 CTour 136 Figure 10.4 MyCelx Oil-Free Water Technology 136 Figure 10.5 Electrocoagulation 137 Figure 10.6 Vorti-SEP 138 10.4 Market forecast 139 Figure 10.7 Total spending on oil/water separation technologies by type, 2013–2020 139 Figure 10.8 Total spending on oil/water separation technologies by industry, 2013–2020 140 Figure 10.9 Total spending on oil/water separation technologies by region, 2013–2020 140 10.4.1 Market drivers and restraints 141 10.4.1.1 Drivers 141 10.4.1.2 Restraints 141 Figure 10.10 Market forces for oil/water separation in industrial markets 141 Figure 10.11 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment in oil/water separation, 2015 142 Figure 10.12 Market forecast data, 2013–2020 143 11. Suspended solids removal 144 11.1 Overview 144 Figure 11.1 Maturity of technologies versus application (in terms of use by different industries) 144 11.2 Core technologies 145 11.2.1 Clarifier/Settling tanks 145 11.2.2 Dissolved air flotation (DAF)/Induced air flotation (IAF) 145 11.2.3 Non-membrane filtration 145 11.2.3.1 Granular media filters 145 11.2.3.2 Cloth media/Disc filters 145 11.2.3.3 Cartridge filters 145 11.2.3.4 Automatic self-cleaning filters 145 11.2.4 MF/UF polymeric membranes 145 11.2.5 Electrocoagulation 146 11.3 Emerging technologies 146 11.3.1 Low pressure membranes 146 11.3.2 Ceramic membranes 146

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Figure 11.2 Ceramic membranes 146 Figure 11.3 PolyCera membrane 147 11.3.3 Other emerging technologies 148 Figure 11.4 Tequatic Plus fine particle filter 148 Figure 11.5 Spiral Water Automatic Filter 148 Figure 11.6 akvoFloat 149 11.4 Market forecast 150 Figure 11.7 Total spending on suspended solids removal technologies by type, 2013–2020 150 Figure 11.8 Total spending on suspended solids removal technologies by industry, 2013–2020 151 Figure 11.9 Total spending on suspended solids removal technologies by region, 2013–2020 151 11.4.1 Market drivers and restraints 152 11.4.1.1 Drivers 152 11.4.1.2 Restraints 152 Figure 11.10 Market forces for suspended solids removal in industrial markets 152 Figure 11.11 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment in suspended solids removal, 2015 153 Figure 11.12 Market forecast data, 2013–2020 154 12. Dissolved solids removal 155 12.1 Overview 155 Figure 12.1 Maturity of technologies versus application 155 Figure 12.2 Volume reduction technologies 156 Figure 12.3 Energy consumption, feedwater and maximum product water salinity 156 12.2 Core technologies 157 12.2.1 Reverse osmosis (RO) 157 12.2.2 Multi-stage flash (MSF) evaporation 157 12.2.3 Multi-effect distillation (MED) 157 12.2.4 Vapour compression (VC) distillation 157 Figure 12.4 Vapour compression distillation process 157 12.2.5 Ion exchange (IX) 158 12.2.6 Continuous deionisation (CDI) 158 12.2.7 Electrodialysis (ED)/Electrodialysis reversal (EDR) 158 12.2.8 Electrodeionisation (EDI) 158 12.2.9 Thermal brine concentrator 159 Figure 12.5 A falling film brine concentrator with vapour compression 159 Figure 12.6 Example zero liquid discharge process 159 Figure 12.7 Installed volume reduction systems by supplier (since 2000) 160 Figure 12.8 Installed volume reduction systems by industry (since 2000) 160 12.2.10 Thermal crystalliser 160 12.3 Emerging technologies 161 12.3.1 Forward osmosis (FO) 161 Figure 12.9 Membrane Brine Concentrator (MBC) 161 Figure 12.10 HiCor 162 Figure 12.11 Porifera forward osmosis (PFO) 162 Figure 12.12 Trevi forward osmosis 163 12.3.2 Humidification-dehumidification 163 Figure 12.13 SaltMaker 163 Figure 12.14 Carrier gas expansion (CGE) HDH 164 Figure 12.15 AltelaRain 164 12.3.3 Advances in reverse osmosis 165 Figure 12.16 ElectroChem-RO 165 Figure 12.17 High-recovery reverse osmosis 165 Figure 12.18 ReFlex Closed-Circuit Desalination (CCD) 166 Figure 12.19 Brine Squeezer 166 12.3.4 Freeze desalination 167 Figure 12.20 CryoDesalination 167 Figure 12.21 HybridICE 167 Figure 12.22 Freeze-Thaw/Evaporation (FTE) 168 Figure 12.23 Eutectic Freeze Crystallisation 168 12.3.5 Membrane distillation (MD) 169

Figure 12.24 memDist, Vacuum Multi-effect Membrane Distillation (V-MEMD) 169 Figure 12.25 Memstill 170 Figure 12.26 XZERO-MD 170 12.3.6 Capacitive Deionisation (CapDI)/Membrane Capacitive Deionisation (MCDI) 171 Figure 12.27 Membrane Capacitive Deionisation (MCDI) 171 12.3.7 Other emerging technologies 172 Figure 12.28 Advanced Water Recovery Process 172 Figure 12.29 Dynamic Vapour Recovery (DyVaR) 172 Figure 12.30 Hittite low-temperature evaporator 173 Figure 12.31 Fluidised bed evaporator 173 Figure 12.32 Fractional Electrodeionisation (FEDI) 174 Figure 12.33 Radial Deionisation (RDI) 174 Figure 12.34 Metal recovery 175 12.4 Market forecast 176 Figure 12.35 Total spending on dissolved solids removal technologies by type, 2013–2020 176 Figure 12.36 Total spending on dissolved solids removal technologies by industry, 2013–2020 177 Figure 12.37 Total spending on dissolved solids removal technologies by region, 2013–2020 177 12.4.1 Market drivers and restraints 178 12.4.1.1 Drivers 178 12.4.1.2 Restraints 178 Figure 12.38 Market drivers and restraints 178 Figure 12.39 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment in dissolved solids removal, 2015 179 Figure 12.40 Market forecast data, 2013–2020 180 13. Biological treatment 181 13.1 Overview 181 Figure 13.1 Maturity of technologies versus application (in terms of use by different industries) 182 13.2 Core technologies 182 13.2.1 Anaerobic treatment technologies 182 13.2.1.1 Contact reactor 182 13.2.1.2 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)/expanded granular sludge blanket (EGSB) 183 Figure 13.2 Comparison between UASB, EGSB and ECSB processes 183 13.2.1.3 Fluidised bed reactor (FBR) 184 13.2.2 Aerobic/anoxic treatment technologies 184 13.2.2.1 Activated sludge/sequencing batch reactor (SBR) 184 13.2.2.2 Membrane bioreactor (MBR) 184 13.2.2.3 Moving bed bioreactor (MBBR)/integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) 184 13.2.2.4 Trickling filter 184 13.2.2.5 Biofilter 185 13.2.2.6 Rotating biocontactor (RBC) 185 13.3 Emerging technologies 185 Figure 13.3 External circulation sludge bed 185 Figure 13.4 Anaerobic ammonium oxidation 186 Figure 13.5 Anaerobic membrane bioreactor 186 Figure 13.6 Anaerobic moving bed bioreactor 187 Figure 13.7 Granular aerobic sludge 188 Figure 13.8 Nutrient recovery 188 Figure 13.9 XCeed immobilised cell bioreactor 189 Figure 13.10 EcoRight Membrane Bioreactor system 190 13.4 Market forecast 191 Figure 13.11 Total spending on biological treatment technologies by type, 2013–2020 191 Figure 13.12 Total spending on biological treatment technologies by industry, 2013–2020 192 Figure 13.13 Total spending on biological treatment technologies by region, 2013–2020 192 13.4.1 Market drivers and restraints 193 13.4.1.1 Drivers 193 13.4.1.2 Restraints 193 Figure 13.14 Market forces for biological treatment in industrial markets 193 Figure 13.15 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment in biological treatment, 2015 194 Figure 13.16 Market forecast data, 2013–2020 195

14. Disinfection/oxidation 196 14.1 Overview 196 Figure 14.1 Maturity of technologies versus application (in terms of use by different industries) 196 14.2 Core technologies 197 14.2.1 Disinfection with chlorine-based compounds 197 14.2.2 Disinfection with ultraviolet light 197 14.2.3 Disinfection by ozonation 198 14.2.4 Advanced oxidation processes 199 14.3 Emerging technologies 200 Figure 14.2 Electrochlorination 200 Figure 14.3 UV to treat sulphate reducing bacteria 200 Figure 14.4 Ozone combined with biological treatment 201 Figure 14.5 Catalytic oxidation with UV and titanium dioxide 202 Figure 14.6 Super critical water oxidation 203 14.4 Market forecast 204 Figure 14.7 Total spending on disinfection/oxidation technologies by type, 2013–2020 204 Figure 14.8 Total spending on disinfection/oxidation technologies by industry, 2013–2020 205 Figure 14.9 Total spending on disinfection/oxidation technologies by region, 2013–2020 205 14.4.1 Market drivers and restraints 206 14.4.1.1 Drivers 206 14.4.1.2 Restraints 206 Figure 14.10 Market forces for disinfection/oxidation in industrial markets 206 Figure 14.11 Total spending on water and wastewater treatment in disinfection/oxidation, 2015 207 Figure 14.12 Market forecast data, 2013–2020 208 15. Company profiles 209 15.1 Aquatech 209 15.1.1 Market position and strategy 209 15.1.2 Key proprietary products and systems 209 Figure 15.1 Process water treatment 209 Figure 15.2 Ultrapure water production 210 Figure 15.3 Wastewater treatment 210 Figure 15.4 Key capabilities by function and industry 211 15.2 Cameron 212 15.2.1 Market position and strategy 212 15.2.2 Key proprietary products and systems 212 Figure 15.5 Process water treatment 212 Figure 15.6 Wastewater treatment 212 Figure 15.7 Key capabilities by function and industry 213 15.3 Degrémont Industry 214 15.3.1 Market position and strategy 214 15.3.2 Key proprietary products and systems 214 Figure 15.8 Process water treatment 215 Figure 15.9 Ultrapure water production 215 Figure 15.10 Wastewater treatment 215 Figure 15.11 Key capabilities by function and industry 217 15.4 Dow Water & Process Solutions 218 15.4.1 Market position and strategy 218 15.4.2 Key proprietary products and systems 218 Figure 15.12 Process water treatment 218 Figure 15.13 Ultrapure water production 219 Figure 15.14 Wastewater treatment 219 Figure 15.15 Key capabilities by function and industry 220 15.5 Evoqua Water Technologies 221 15.5.1 Market position and strategy 221 15.5.2 Key proprietary products and systems 221 Figure 15.16 Process water treatment 221 Figure 15.17 Ultrapure water treatment 222 Figure 15.18 Wastewater treatment 222

Figure 15.19 Key capabilities by function and industry 222 15.6 GE Water & Process Technologies 223 15.6.1 Market position and strategy 223 15.6.2 Key proprietary products and systems 224 Figure 15.20 Process water treatment 224 Figure 15.21 Ultrapure water production 224 Figure 15.22 Wastewater treatment 225 Figure 15.23 Key capabilities by function and industry 225 15.7 IDE Technologies 226 15.7.1 Market position and strategy 226 15.7.2 Key proprietary products and systems 226 Figure 15.24 Process water/wastewater treatment 226 Figure 15.25 Key capabilities by function and industry 227 15.8 Kurita 228 15.8.1 Market position and strategy 228 15.8.2 Proprietary products and systems 228 Figure 15.26 Key capabilities by function and industry 228 15.9 Organo 229 15.9.1 Market position and strategy 229 15.9.2 Key proprietary products and systems 229 Figure 15.27 Process water treatment 229 Figure 15.28 Ultrapure water production 229 Figure 15.29 Wastewater treatment 230 Figure 15.30 Key capabilities by function and industry 230 15.10 Ovivo 231 15.10.1 Market position and strategy 231 15.10.2 Key proprietary products and systems 231 Figure 15.31 Process water treatment 231 15.10.2.1 Ultrapure water production 232 Figure 15.32 Wastewater treatment 232 Figure 15.33 Key capabilities by function and industry 233 15.11 Paques 234 15.11.1 Market position and strategy 234 15.11.2 Key proprietary products and systems 234 Figure 15.34 Wastewater treatment 234 Figure 15.35 Key capabilities by function and industry 235 15.12 Siemens Water Solutions 236 15.12.1 Market position and strategy 236 15.12.2 Key proprietary products and systems 236 Figure 15.36 Wastewater treatment 236 Figure 15.37 Key capabilities by function and industry 237 15.13 Veolia Water Technologies 238 15.13.1 Market position and strategy 238 15.13.2 Key proprietary products and systems 239 Figure 15.38 Process water treatment 239 Figure 15.39 Ultrapure water production 239 Figure 15.40 Wastewater treatment 239 Figure 15.41 Key capabilities by function and industry 241 16. Directory 242 Figure 16.1 Icon key: directory 242 16.1 Oil/water separation 242 16.1.1 Gravity separation 242 16.1.2 Hydrocyclone 243 16.1.3 Flotation 243 16.1.4 Nutshell filter 244 16.1.5 Fine separation/Adsorbents 244 16.1.6 Other 245 16.2 Suspended solids removal 246

16.2.1 Flotation 246 16.2.2 Electrocoagulation 247 16.2.3 Filtration 248 16.2.3.1 Cartridge Filter 252 16.2.4 Membrane filtration 253 16.2.4.1 Polymeric UF/MF membranes 253 16.2.4.2 Ceramic MF/UF membranes 257 16.2.4.3 Other membranes/membrane systems 258 16.3 Dissolved solids removal 259 16.3.1 RO/NF Membranes 259 16.3.2 Ion exchange (IX) 261 16.3.3 Elecrodialysis (ED/EDR) 262 16.3.4 Electrodeionisation (EDI) 263 16.3.5 Thermal Separation/Distillation (MED, MSF and MVC) 263 16.3.6 Brine Concentration/Crystallisers 264 16.3.7 Other desalination 265 16.3.8 Chemical precipitation for heavy metals 266 16.3.9 Forward osmosis (FO) 266 16.4 Biological treatment 267 16.4.1 Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) 267 16.4.2 Biofiltration 268 16.4.3 Bio-disc/Submerged fixed bed 268 16.4.4 Trickling filter 269 16.4.5 Moving bed bioreactor/Integrated fixed-film activated sludge (MBBR/IFAS) 269 16.4.6 Membrane bioreactor (MBR) 270 16.4.7 Fluidised bed bioreactor (FBR) 272 16.4.8 Completely stirred bioreactor 272 16.4.9 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) 272 16.4.10 Other reactor 272 16.4.11 Specialist microbiology 273 16.5 Disinfection/oxidation 274 16.5.1 Chlorination and related processes 274 16.5.2 Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection 274 16.5.3 Ozone 275 16.5.4 Advanced oxidation process (AOP) 276 16.5.5 Other 277 Interviewees 279

References 281