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RecyclingRecycling TechnologiesTechnologies && ConsiderationsConsiderations (Introduction(Introduction toto MineralMineral ProcessingProcessing && ExtractiveExtractive MetallurgyMetallurgy inin Recycling)Recycling) Edgar E. Vidal and Patrick R. Taylor Kroll Institute for Extractive

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials KIEM WhyWhy ShouldShould CompaniesCompanies Recycle?Recycle?

Computer Monitor Recycling in – ¾ The bottom line is Copyright Basel Action economics. Network ¾ But in addition, companies may derive positive benefits from addressing both: social responsibility and sustainable development issues.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM WhatWhat TechnologyTechnology isis usedused inin Recycling?Recycling? ¾ Most recycle is based upon our understanding of both processing and . ¾ Innovative advances in both have been, and are being, made to address the unique resource recovery problems associated with both recycling and waste Computer Wire Recycling minimization. in China (Copyright Basel Action Network)

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM DUST EXHAUST TRUNK LINK COLLECTOR EXHAUST AIR

Fe

WIRE CROSSBELT INPUT MAGNET TWO DECK EXHAUST SCREEN WASTE FAN PRIMARY PRODUCT GRANULATOR

CROSSBELT SECONDARY TERTIARY DUAL MAGNET GRANULATOR GRANULATOR ASPIRATOR BIN Fe OR ALUMINUM DUST

GRAVITY WireWire ProcessingProcessing SystemSystem SEPARATOR

(System(System Flowsheet)Flowsheet) SCREENERS TAILINGS With WASTE STONER RESIDUAL COPPER Technology CONCENTRATE ALUMINUM COPPER PRODUCT PRODUCT

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM 20002000 poundpound perper hourhour MechanicalMechanical WireWire RecoveryRecovery PlantPlant

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM SomeSome QuestionsQuestions

¾ What information do we need to obtain relative to a waste or recycle stream, both during the design and operational phases? ¾ Should we use , , and/or on a specific waste or recycle stream?

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM SomeSome QuestionsQuestions

¾ What is “liberation” and why is it important? ¾ Some materials do not require liberation for recovery, in this case what is the concept of “exposure”? ¾ What specific qualities of a waste or recycle stream might be exploited in order to separate and/or expose it; or to selectively recover a specific metal or ?

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Building an Economic Opportunity from a Resource

Economic Opportunity Identified Resource •Metallic Mineral •Industrial Mineral •Energy Mineral Resource •Recycle Material

Process Properties/ Characteristics

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM The ultimate goal is Process Supports production of metals and the Economic materials in their Opportunity economically purest form, Economic from the resource. Opportunity

The goal of Process is Resource a product with the highest possible recovery at acceptable grade. Process Properties/ Characteristics

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Properties/Characteristics support the Process

Start with determining the Economic properties/characteristics of Opportunity the resource matrix and its components. •Size •Shape • Resource •Density •Conductivity •Magnetic Susceptibility

Process Properties/ Characteristics

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM CharacterizationCharacterization byby MicroscopicMicroscopic GrainGrain CountCount ¾Typical Heavy Mineral (beach sand) concentrate assemblage. ¾, , , etc., (valuable HM) as as non-value . ¾Characterization required to develop process scheme and to monitor process

Photograph by Inc., Jacksonville FL 2007 success.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM TwoTwo QuartzQuartz SandSand DepositsDeposits Optical Microscopy Characterization showing Potential Inclusion Problems Both Deposits have nearly identical Fe content

YES NO

Pictures Outotec Inc., Jacksonville FL, 2007

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Complexity of Particles’ Characterization and Liberation ¾Requires sophisticated computer-controlled scanning. Always conducted as a (f) particle size ¾Scanning electron (1 - 0.005 μm) ¾QEM-Scan is commercial SEM based unit with very broad application including minerals ¾Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLS) is also SEM based ¾Provides bulk mineral assemblage, a calculated bulk chemical analysis and particle-by-particle deportment of target metals

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Example MLA

*From CAMP-Corby Anderson

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM MineralMineral ProcessingProcessing andand ExtractiveExtractive MetallurgyMetallurgy ¾ Mineral Processing – the utilization of methods to separate valuable minerals (or metals) from waste minerals based on physical or surface chemistry properties ¾ Hydrometallurgy – the utilization of aqueous environments to “leach” metals from minerals (or other sources), to separate dissolved metals from each other or dissolved impurities, and to recover metals from solution. ¾ Pyrometallurgy – the utilization of high to modify the chemistry of minerals (or other sources), to reduce minerals to metals, and to refine metals. ¾ Electrometallurgy – the utilization of electricity to recover and/or to refine metals in aqueous or molten salt solutions.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM MineralMineral ProcessingProcessing

¾ Mineral properties: chemistry, density, magnetic susceptibility, conductivity, surface chemistry, optical properties, etc. ¾ : Crushing, grinding, shredding (liberation) ¾ Sizing (screening, hydrocyclones, etc.) ¾ ¾ Flotation ¾ Electrostatic separation ¾ Dense media separation ¾ Magnetic separation ¾ Solid-liquid separation (Thickening and filtering) ¾ Waste treatment and minimization

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM HydrometallurgyHydrometallurgy

¾ – the selective dissolution of metals from minerals, , or other sources. ¾ Solid/liquid separation – thickening, filtering. ¾ Solution purification – solvent extraction, exchange, etc. ¾ Metal recovery - precipitation of metals or reduction, cementation, pH changes, etc. ¾ Waste treatment and minimization.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM PyrometallurgyPyrometallurgy ¾ Fuel and preparation – reductants, , , , agglomeration, etc. ¾ Reduction of metal oxides – iron reduction, etc. ¾ Volatile metals – vaporization, production, processes, etc. ¾ and refractories – impurity removal, heat and product containment, etc. ¾ Matte – Copper smelting, smelting, etc. ¾ Refining Processes – desulfurization, deoxidation, etc. ¾ Rare and Reactive Metals – Ferroalloys, metallothermic reactions, pure metals, halides, etc.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM ElectrometallurgyElectrometallurgy

¾ – the utilization of electricity to recover metals from solutions. ¾ Electrorefining – the utilization of electrical energy to purify metals. ¾ Fused salt – the recovery of metals from molten salts through electricity (aluminum, , sodium, etc.)

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Extractive Metallurgist’s Toolbox ¾ Characterization of chemistry and properties. ¾ Energy & Mass Balances ¾ Chemical ¾ Heterogeneous Kinetics ¾ Reactor Design ¾ (Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer) ¾ Unit Operations in Mineral Processing, Hydro - , Pyro - and Electro - metallurgy ¾ Unit Operations in Recycle and Waste Processing

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM IntroductionIntroduction ¾ The art of extracting metals from ores dates back to the dawn of human . ¾ Around 4000 B.C. man learned to produce copper and by the smelting of copper and ores in a fire. ¾ A visitor to a modern metallurgical plant will be struck by the large number of complex operations. ¾ The many different metallurgical processes may be understood as the result of a relatively small number of fundamental principles.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM OreOre (Resource)(Resource)

¾ An Ore (or Resource) is a material which can be mined (or processed) economically to serve as for the production of metals. ¾ The economic aspect is an important point, which makes the limit between what is ore and what is worthless depending on the existing state of technology and by the market price for the metal in question. ¾ The price of the metal or commodity is the most important driver, along with the costs (capital and operating) to treat and recover the materials.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM FlowFlow SheetsSheets ¾ The combination of processes which is CB Carbonate Source used in a given plant Stockpile Off Gas is illustrated conveniently by Rotary Kiln means of a flow Mineral Processing sheet. Physical Separations ¾ The example illustrates the recycle of used Pyrometallurgy Waste Hydrometallurgy circuit boards.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM UnitUnit OperationsOperations

¾ If a flow sheet is examined more closely it is seen that they consist of combinations of steps or operations, and that some of the same steps or operations are found in the production of different metals and in different locations. Unit operations. ¾ For most metal resource recovery flow sheets we have the first steps that involve crushing, grinding and physical separation. ¾ The purpose of these steps, called mineral processing, is to separate the valuable constituents from the waste or from other valuable constituents. Liberation or Exposure.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM LiberationLiberation oror ExposureExposure

Surface Adhering Components – Physical Separation

Distributed Components – Physical Separation

Chemically Homogeneous Components – Hydro/Pyro Sep

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM UnitUnit OperationsOperations ¾ The next steps are typically chemical in nature and allow the recovery of a product that might be refined to a more marketable form. “Extractive Metallurgy”. ¾ Extraction and refining are typically required in order to produce marketable products. ¾ Thus a large variety of flow sheets are possible by combinations of a relatively small number of different single steps. “Unit Operations”. ¾ Typically these are classified by either the physical or chemical step or both.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM ChemicalChemical UnitUnit OperationOperation ¾ All flow sheets require detailed mass balances. ¾ A chemical has as its main purpose to carry out a given set of chemical reactions. ¾ It is necessary to know how to make the reaction run in the desired direction, and how to avoid unwanted side reactions. ¾ This is first of all a question of and . ¾ In some cases, a certain reaction is needed. ¾ This requires a knowledge of heats of reaction, heat capacities and the principles of .

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM ThermodynamicThermodynamic ModelModel

EE--WasteWaste CompositionComposition withwith ExcessExcess OO2 50 CO2(g), H2O(g), O2(g),

SnF2(g) Cu, Fe2O3 45

Al O 40 2 3

35

PbCl2 PbCl 30 2(g)

25

CuBr3(g) kg/tonne e-waste 20

SnCl2(g) 119 kg Metal 15 Halide @ ZnO 600°C 4.47 kg 10 Halide Acids 5

0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Temp, °C

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM HeatHeat TransferTransfer andand KineticsKinetics

¾ From heats of reactions and heat capacities, the theoretical energy requirements may be calculated and heat balances can be performed. ¾ Finally, the process has the purpose to produce the wanted product preferably as fast as possible. ¾ An evaluation of the production capacity and of the factors which determine the size and design of reactors is obtained partly from chemical kinetics and reactor design and possibly from heat transfer and fluid flow considerations.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM FeaturesFeatures ofof MetalMetal ExtractionExtraction ¾ The final combination of unit operations into a complete flow sheet is to a large extent dependent on economic considerations: the cost of raw materials and market conditions. ¾ Often the same metals can be produced by several different methods. ¾ Most metals are produced from impure ores or recycle streams. ¾ Most commonly these are recovered to give an impure metal or solution.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM RefiningRefining ofof MetalsMetals ¾ The impure metal or solution may be refined further to remove impurities and give a product of the required purity. ¾ Alternatively the feed stock could be treated to give an essentially pure of the metal, and the compound may be reduced to give a pure metal. ¾ This procedure, is more commonly used for the more reactive metals: , niobium, and the light metals.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM RecirculationRecirculation

¾ If we examine various flow sheets, we will observe certain other common features. ¾ One of these is the circulation or return of intermediate products to previous steps. Recirculation. ¾ This is done in order to recover, as completely as possible, the valuable constituents. ¾ It is also done to provide methods for waste minimization. ¾ Recirculation cannot be used in all cases due to potential build up of unwanted species.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM ByBy--productproduct RecoveryRecovery

¾ In may flow sheets we observe the recovery of By- products. ¾ Most ores (or resources) contain, in addition to the major elements, smaller or larger quantities of by- product elements. ¾ These may be enriched in certain phases at certain stages in the treatment. ¾ Also, special processes may be developed to recover valuable by-products which do not separate out during the normal refining processes.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM IntegratedIntegrated ProcessProcess

¾ If the plant produces more than one main product, it is called an Integrated process. ¾ In an integrated plant, the by-product from one part may serve as raw material for another. ¾ The efficient utilization of by-products in an integrated plant contributes greatly to the economy of such a plant.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM From the paper “The World’s Most Complex Metallurgy”

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM SomeSome ExamplesExamples fromfrom KIEMKIEM

Recent or Current Projects ¾ Electronic Scrap as feed to a Copper Smelter ¾ Metal and Energy Recovery from Fluff (Automobile Shredder Residue) ¾ Titanium Recovery from Investment Chemical Solutions. ¾ Recovery from a Ferro-nickel

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Low Temperature Pre-processing with Halide Control

IA V IIIA H He 29 kg Element Cu IIA Symbol IIIA IV A V A V IA V IIA Li Be BCN O F Ne 504 g 222 kg mass per tonne 237 kg 1 kg 118 kg 20 kg

Raw E-Waste Na Mg Al Si PSClAr 22 kg 78 kg 15 kg IIIB IV B V B V IB V IIB V III IB IIB KCaScTi V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br* Kr 68 g 2 g 27 g 137 g 89 kg 68 g 22 kg 222 kg 11 kg 2.4 g 3 kg 2.4 kg 3 kg 15 kg

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 0 g 1 g 3 kg 56 g 2.5 kg 41 g 3 kg 44 kg 33 g

Cs Ba La Hf Ta WReOsIrPtAu Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 0 g 29 kg ** 1.5 kg 4 kg 22 kg 12 kg

Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 1 g

ThPaU NpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLr Shredded E-Waste

Energy Recovery

Au Low Temp Process Metal Recovery

Ag

Cu

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM ElectronicElectronic ScrapScrap ProcessingProcessing

Fundamentals: Unit Operations: ¾ Chemical Thermodynamics ¾ Crushing, grinding and/or ¾ Heat and Mass Balances shredding. ¾ Chemical Kinetics ¾ Rotary kiln ¾ Reactor Design ¾ Gas scrubbing ¾ Chemical analysis ¾ Mineral Processing ¾ Gas analysis ¾ Crucible reduction ¾ Partitioning ¾ behavior and chemistry (metal/slag/vapor) ¾ Refining

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM CompositionComposition ofof EE--WasteWaste

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM PyrolysisPyrolysis ofof ElectronicElectronic ScrapScrap ¾ Thermal decomposition of polymers in absence of oxygen ¾ Drive off Hydrogen and Methane gas ¾ Remaining material black ¾ and Fluorine = Dioxin - Furan

2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Cl O Cl Cl Cl Cl

Cl Cl O Cl O Cl Cl

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM PyrolysisPyrolysis ofof ElectronicElectronic ScrapScrap ¾ Sequestering of chlorine and fluorine was demonstrated using various carbonates (Shuey, 2006) ¾ Sodium Bicarbonate demonstrated the highest level of bromine, chlorine and fluorine sequestration ¾ Temperature range 550 to 600 C ¾ Potential generation of significant energy value

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM SequestrationSequestration

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM SequestrationSequestration

¾ Variables ¾Temperature ¾Carbonate Source

¾Trona, Na3CO3(HCO3)·2H2O ¾Sodium Bicarbonate, NaHCO3 ¾Gas phase Retention Time (Feed Rate) ¾ Responses ¾Maximize Br, Cl and F retention ¾Minimize Dioxin/Furan formation

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM ProcessProcess RoutesRoutes

CB Carbonate Source Stockpile Off Gas

Rotary Kiln

Mineral Processing Physical Separations

Pyrometallurgy Waste Hydrometallurgy

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM PyrometallurgicalPyrometallurgical ApproachApproach ¾ Pyrolyzed products are subjected to mineral processing to remove carbon and salts ¾ The material is then subjected crucible metal reduction ¾ Carbon provides both a heat source and a reductant ¾ Copper provides the collector for precious metals.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM PyrometallurgyPyrometallurgy FundamentalsFundamentals

Temperature

CO(g) CO2(g) "Me" Represents arbitrary metal Gas Phase

MeO(slag) + CO(g) Me(l,g) + CO2(g)

Me(l) Me(g)

MeO(slag) MeO(g)

Me(l) + O MeO(slag) Slag Phase a+ 2- MeO(slag) Me (slag) + 0.5aO (slag)

a+ 2- Me(alloy) + O Me (slag) + 0.5aO (slag)

Metallic Phase Me(l) Me(alloy)

e.g. Copper

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM ProductsProducts ¾ Copper for Electrolytic Refining ¾Precious metals recovered in slimes ¾ Slag ¾Disposal ¾Secondary Processing ¾ Baghouse Dust ¾Stabilization/Disposal ¾Secondary Processing

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Low Temperature Waste Processing for Energy Recovery

Energy Recovery Carbon-rich Solid Fuel Waste Lumber CH4/H2-rich Gas Fuel

Wood Chips

Metal Recovery

Cu Junked Cars

Al

Auto Shredder Residue, MSW

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM TransferredTransferred ArcArc ElectroElectro-- ReductionReduction ofof ElectronicElectronic WasteWaste

1 2

8

4 slag 3 7 metal

5 6

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM MineralMineral ProcessingProcessing

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM AnalysisAnalysis ofof SeparationSeparation

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM SeparabilitySeparability CurvesCurves

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Example Separability Curve

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM The concept of recovery and grade.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM ExampleExample ProcessProcess –– MineralMineral ProcessingProcessing • Recycling A Glass Resource

D. Erik Spiller Principal Spiller Consultants LLC Research Professor, KIEM

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM PhysicalPhysical SeparationSeparation inin RecyclingRecycling Liberate THEN Separate

Scrubbing Size Shape Shredding Density Impacting Magnetic Susceptibility Cutting Electrical Conductivity Ripping Color/Reflectance Grinding Surface Chemistry Thermal

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM RecyclingRecycling aa GlassGlass ResourceResource

¾ Drivers are social responsibility and marketing ¾ Secondary driver is economics ¾ Straight Forward Physical Separation – with leaching ¾ Physical Separation Issues Recognized and Solved ¾ Wear on equipment surfaces ¾ Dewatering/draining related to Materials Handling ¾ Photovoltaic CdTe Modules – the resource ¾ Overlaid by another glass plate – thus making laminated module ¾ films (primarily CdTe) on glass substrate ¾ Includes various and wire components

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM ModuleModule ProductProduct

• Front: Substrate glass • Semiconductor • Metal conductor • Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) • Back: Cover glass

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Manufacture Waste Shredder & End-of-Life Modules Recycle of Photovoltaic Modules

Leach Reactor

Leach Liquor Screw Classifier Precipitation CdTe

4 mm Screen

Unders CCDBelt Filter Glass Cullet Recycle (glass) Overs – EVA & coarse glass Recycle Liquor & fine glass

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Shredded Modules 2 x 40 hp motors (>75 t/h)

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Hammer Mill 25 hp

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Drag Conveyor & Reactor

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Discharging Reactor

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Screw Classifier 36 - inch diameter

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM The Problem - Physical Characteristic

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Screen

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Belt Filter - More problems & Solutions

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Cullet for Recycle

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM ConclusionsConclusions Why should companies recycle? ¾ The bottom line is economics. ¾ But in addition, companies may derive positive benefits from addressing both: social responsibility and sustainable development issues. What technology is used in recycling? ¾ Most recycle technology is based upon our understanding of both mineral processing and extractive metallurgy. ¾ Innovative advances in both technologies have been, and are being, made to address the unique resource recovery problems associated with both recycle and waste minimization.

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Kroll Institute for Extractive Metallurgy

The goal of the Kroll Institute is to provide research expertise, well-trained to , and research and educational opportunities to students, in the areas of minerals, metals and materials processing; extractive and ; chemical processing of materials; and recycling and waste treatment and minimization. Mission: The mission of the KIEM is to support the minerals, metals and materials industries through the following activities: ¾ Maintain expertise and research capabilities important to the minerals, metals and materials industries ¾ Perform cutting edge research ¾ Train process engineers for industry ¾ Develop short courses ¾ Develop specialty conferences

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Kroll Institute for Extractive Metallurgy KIEM

Patrick R. Taylor Gerard P. Martins Brajendra Mishra Edgar E. Vidal D. Erik Spiller Director Professor of Metallurgical Associate Director Assistant Professor, Research Professor, G.S. Ansell Distinguished and Materials Engineering Professor of Metallurgical Metallurgical and Mineral Processing and Professor of Chemical and Materials Engineering Materials Engineering Extractive Metallurgy Metallurgy

EXPERTISE EXPERTISE EXPERTISE EXPERTISE EXPERTISE •Mineral Processing •Process and extraction •Pyrometallurgy •Extractive Metallurgy •Mineral Processing •Extractive Metallurgy metallurgy • •Thermal Processing of Comminution, physical •Recycling •Engineered ceramic and •Materials synthesis Materials separation, recycling, •Waste Treatment & metal powders •Waste Processing •Thermodynamic flotation, leaching, liquid- Minimization •Electrochemical systems •Recycling Modeling/Analysis of solid separation •Thermal •Molten Salt Processing Systems •Project management: Processing of Advanced •Transport phenomena •Oxidation •Synthesis of Advanced feasibility, engineering, Materials •Reactor Design & kinetics •Reactive & radioactive Materials construction management, •Thermal Plasma metals •Mineral Processing operations Processing of Wastes •Glove box processing

G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering KIEM Visit us in Golden, Colorado

Hill Hall The Kroll Institute for Extractive Metallurgy Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering G.S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Colorado School of Mines KIEM www.mines.edu