Introduction to Mineral Processing & Extractive Metallurgy in Recycling
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1. Define: Unit Operation. Useful Physical Changes Occur in the Chemical Industry Is Known As a Unit Operation
INTREVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Define: Unit operation. Useful Physical changes occur in the chemical industry is known as a Unit Operation. Example: Distillation, Filtration, Drying, Extraction, Gas absorption, Crystallization, etc. 2. Define: Unit process. Useful Chemical changes with or without physical change occur in chemical industry are known as a Unit Process. Example: - Oxidation, Reduction, Alkylation, Sulfonation, Chlorination, etc. 3. Define: Boiling Point and Bubble Point. Boiling Point: -It is a temperature of a liquid at which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to atmospheric pressure. Bubble Point: -It is a temperature at which first bubble of vapour is formed. 4. When does liquid boil? When the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to atmospheric pressure at that time liquid is boil. 5. Define: - Volatile Liquid. It is a tendency of a liquid to vaporize. 6. Acetone and water out of this which is more volatile and why? Acetone is more volatile than water because of boiling point of acetone (56.7 °C) is low compa re to boiling point of water (100° C) 7. What is the Relative Volatility? It is a ratio of concentration of more volatile component in vapour phase to liquid phase is called Relative Volatility 8. What is important of Relative Volatility? For separation of liquid mixture using distillation, Relative volatility should be more than 1. 9. Why is Reflux done in distillation column? and Define Reflux Ratio. For Increasing product purity. Reflux: -It is amount of distillate which is resend to distillation column is known as a reflux. Reflux Ratio: -Reflux ratio is the ratio of the portion of the overhead liquid product from a distillation column that is returned to the upper part of column to the portion of liquid collected as distillate. -
From Base Metals and Back – Isamills and Their Advantages in African Base Metal Operations
The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Base Metals Conference 2013 H. de Waal, K. Barns, and J. Monama From base metals and back – IsaMills and their advantages in African base metal operations H. de Waal, K. Barns, and J. Monama Xstrata IsaMill™ technology was developed from Netzsch Feinmahltechnik GmbH stirred milling technology in the early 1990s to bring about a step change in grinding efficiency that was required to make Xstrata’s fine-grained lead/zinc orebodies economic to process. From small-scale machines suited to ultrafine grinding, the IsaMill™ has developed into technology that is able to treat much larger tonnages, in coarser applications, while still achieving high energy efficiency, suited for coarser more standard regrind and mainstream grinding applications. The unique design of the IsaMillTM, combining high power intensity and effective internal classification, achieves high energy efficiency and tight product distribution which can be effectively scaled from laboratory scale to full-sized models. The use of fine ceramic media also leads to significant benefits in downstream flotation and leaching operations. These benefits are key drivers for the adoption of the technology into processing a diverse range of minerals worldwide, and offer major opportunities for power reduction and improved metallurgy for the African base metal operations. Keywords: IsaMill, regrind, energy efficiency, inert grinding. Introduction The development of the IsaMillTM, by MIM (now GlencoreXstrata) and Netzsch Feinmahltechnik GmbH, was initiated to enable the development of the fine-grained ore deposits at Mt Isa and McArthur River in Northern Australia. To liberate the valuable minerals and so produce a saleable concentrate this ultrafine-grained ore needed to be ground to a P80 of 7 μm. -
Chemical Metallurgy Second Edition
Chemical Metallurgy Second Edition J.J. MOORE, PhD, BSc, CEng, MIM Professor and Head, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA Co-authors E.A. Boyce, CChem, FRSC MJ. Brooks, BSc B. Perry, PhD, BSc, CEng, MIM P.J. Sheridan, PhD, BSc, CChem, MRSC Lecturing staff in the Materials Technology Division at Sandwell College of Further and Higher Education FachbereicM^aiBriaivvisssnschaft derTechn.KochschuieD3mstaol Inv.-Nr.: Butterworths London Boston Singapore Sydney Toronto Wellington Contents Preface v Units and symbols xv 1 BONDING AND PERIODICITY 1 (E.A. Boyce) 1.1 The Atomic Structure of Elements 1 1.1.1 The Nucleus 1 1.1.2 Atomic Spectra 2 1.1.2.1 Bohr theory 2 1.1.2.2 Quantum numbers 3 1.1.2.3 Electronic configuration of the elements 4 1.2 The Periodic Table of the Elements 7 1.3 Chemical Bonds 7 1.3.1 The Ionic Bond (Electrovalency) 9 1.3.1.1 Size of atoms 9 1.3.1.2 Ionisation energy 10 1.3.1.3 Electron affinity 11 1.3.1.4 Electronegativity value 12 1.3.1.5 Structures of ionic solids 13 1.3.1.6 Applications of ionic compounds 15 1.3.2 The Covalent Bond 15 1.3.2.1 Shapes of covalent molecules 16 1.3.2.2 Multiple bonds 18 1.3.2.3 Intermolecular forces 18 1.3.2.4 Covalent giant structures of industrial importance 18 1.3.3 The Metallic Bond 20 1.4 A More Detailed Study of the Periodic Table of the Elements 22 1.4.1 The s-Block elements 22 1.4.1.1 Oxides 22 1.4.1.2 Chlorides 22 1.4.2 Transition Elements (d-Block) 22 1.4.2.1 Magnetic properties 25 1.4.2.2 Colour 26 1.4.2.3 Catalytic properties 26 1.4.2.4 Interstitial compound formation 26 1.4.2.5 Variable oxidation states 26 1.4.2.6 Complexes 26 1.4.2.7 The first transition series (Sc to Zn) 27 1.4.3 The p-Block Elements 29 s I viii Contents . -
2000 Stainless Steels: an Introduction to Their Metallurgy and Corrosion
Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation, Vol. 20, No. 7, Pages 506-517 Copyright© International Association for Food Protection, 6200 Aurora Ave., Suite 200W, Des Moines, IA 50322 Stainless Steels: An Introduction to Their Metallurgy and Corrosion Resistance Roger A. Covert and Arthur H. Tuthill* and why they sometimes do not. In most cases, selection of the proper stainless steel leads to satisfactory performance. COMPOSITION, NOMEN- CLATURE AND GENERAL PROPERTIES Most metals are mixtures of a primary metallic element and one or more intentionally added other ele- This article has been peer-reviewed by two professionals. ments. These mixtures of elements are called alloys. Stainless steels are alloys, as are brasses (copper + zinc), bronzes (copper + tin), the many alu- INTRODUCTION better understanding of stainless minum alloys, and many other me- Worldwide, in industry, in busi- steels, especially to the non-metal- tallic materials. In general, solid ness and in the home, metals called lurgist. metals and alloys consist of randomly stainless steels are used daily. It is Industries are concerned with oriented grains that have a well-de- important to understand what these integrity of equipment and product fined crystalline structure, or lattice, materials are and why they behave purity. To achieve these, stainless within the grains. In stainless steels, the way they do. This is especially steels are often the economical and the crystalline structures within the true because the word “stainless” is practical materials of choice for pro- grains have been given names such as itself somewhat of a misnomer; these cess equipment. However, before ferrite, austenite, martensite, or a materials can stain and can corrode intelligent decisions can be made mixture of two or more of these. -
United States Patent 19 11 Patent Number: 5,364,534 Anselme Et Al
US005364534A United States Patent 19 11 Patent Number: 5,364,534 Anselme et al. 45 Date of Patent: Nov. 15, 1994 54 PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR 4,872,991 10/1989 Kartels et al. ...................... 210/651 TREATING WASTE LIQUIDS 5,093,072 8/1991 Hitotsuyanagi et al. ........... 210/650 5,154,830 10/1992 Paul et al. ........................... 210/639 75 Inventors: Christophe Anselme, Le Vesinet; Isabelle Baudin, Nanterre, both of FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS France 2628337 9/1989 France . 73 Assignee: Lyonnaise Des Eaux - Dumez, 4018994 1/1992 Japan ................................ 210/195.2 Nanterre, France Primary Examiner-Frank Spear (21) Appl. No.: 129,387 Assistant Examiner-Ana Fortuna Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Pollock, Vande Sande & 22 Filed: Sep. 30, 1993 Priddy (30) Foreign Application Priority Data 57 ABSTRACT Oct. 2, 1992 FR France ................................ 92 1699 Process for purifying and filtering fluids, especially 51l Int. Cl............................................... BOD 61/00 water, containing suspended contaminants and using 52 U.S. Cl. .................................... 210/650; 210/660; gravity separation means as well as membrane separa 210/800; 210/805; 210/195.1; 210/195.2; tion means, in a finishing stage, comprising the step of 210/257.2 introducing a pulverulent reagent into the fluid stream 58) Field of Search ............... 210/650, 639, 800, 790, to be treated downstream of the gravity separation and 210/195.1, 195.2, 295, 805, 900, 257.2, 660 upstream of the membrane separation, wherein said 56) References Cited pulverulent reagent is recycled from the purge of the U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS membrane separation means to the upstream of the gravity separation means. -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Lectures Note
PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY B.TECH, 3RD SEMESTER LECTURES NOTE BY SAGAR NAYAK DR. KALI CHARAN SABAT DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BERHAMPUR DISCLAIMER This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the author for their respective teaching assignments as an additional tool for the teaching-learning process. Various sources as mentioned at the reference of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the respective author or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the faculty is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The committee faculty members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. BPUT SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY (3-1-0) MODULE I (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Pyro metallurgy: Calcination and roasting, sintering, smelting, converting, reduction, smelting-reduction, Metallothermic and hydrogen reduction; distillation and other physical and chemical refining methods: Fire refining, Zone refining, Liquation and Cupellation. Small problems related to pyro metallurgy. MODULE II (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Hydrometallurgy: Leaching practice: In situ leaching, Dump and heap leaching, Percolation leaching, Agitation leaching, Purification of leach liquor, Kinetics of Leaching; Bio- leaching: Recovery of metals from Leach liquor by Solvent Extraction, Ion exchange , Precipitation and Cementation process. -
The Neolithic Copper Melting Crucibles from Switzerland
In: A. Shortland, I. Freestone and Th. FromRehren mine (eds) to microbe 2009, From Mine to Microscope, 155-162 155 Chapter 15 From mine to microbe – the Neolithic copper melting crucibles from Switzerland Th. Rehren1 Abstract The occurrence of chalcopyrite in several late Neolithic crucibles from NW Switzerland and SW Germany has been variously interpreted as indicating evidence for local copper smelting, or being due to post-depositional phenomena. This study uses optical microscopy and a discussion based on textural and micro-stratigraphical arguments to demonstrate that chalcopyrite is a late formation and not indicative of copper smelting. This has significant implications for the technological and archaeological interpetation of these finds, but also illustrates the potential of image-based studies in science-based archaeology. Introduction these cultures back into line with their neighbours. The emergence and spread of metallurgy in Europe Only after a further half a millennium or so metal- is a major concern of archaeological and archaeo- lurgy emerges again in Central Europe, heralding the metallurgical research. In the 1960s scholars such as beginning of the Bronze Age throughout the Contin- Renfrew and Branigan focused their attention – and ent. This time, it is a broad and sustained develop- consequently that of others – on the role which metals ment with no particular emphasis on the Swiss or have played in the development of stratified societies southwest German regions. and the emergence of elites, showing off with their It is against this background that the crucible access to these new materials. The Balkans and fragments of the Pfyn culture have attracted attention Western Asia are now both known to have had for more than a century, having been found at a wide metallurgically competent Neolithic cultures, and range of sites and representing certainly several issues of technology transfer and autochthonous dozen different vessels. -
MATERIAL BALANCE NOTES Revision 3 Irven Rinard Department
MATERIAL BALANCE NOTES Revision 3 Irven Rinard Department of Chemical Engineering City College of CUNY and Project ECSEL October 1999 © 1999 Irven Rinard CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 A. Types of Material Balance Problems B. Historical Perspective I. CONSERVATION OF MASS 5 A. Control Volumes B. Holdup or Inventory C. Material Balance Basis D. Material Balances II. PROCESSES 13 A. The Concept of a Process B. Basic Processing Functions C. Unit Operations D. Modes of Process Operations III. PROCESS MATERIAL BALANCES 21 A. The Stream Summary B. Equipment Characterization IV. STEADY-STATE PROCESS MODELING 29 A. Linear Input-Output Models B. Rigorous Models V. STEADY-STATE MATERIAL BALANCE CALCULATIONS 33 A. Sequential Modular B. Simultaneous C. Design Specifications D. Optimization E. Ad Hoc Methods VI. RECYCLE STREAMS AND TEAR SETS 37 A. The Node Incidence Matrix B. Enumeration of Tear Sets VII. SOLUTION OF LINEAR MATERIAL BALANCE MODELS 45 A. Use of Linear Equation Solvers B. Reduction to the Tear Set Variables C. Design Specifications i VIII. SEQUENTIAL MODULAR SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR 53 MATERIAL BALANCE MODELS A. Convergence by Direct Iteration B. Convergence Acceleration C. The Method of Wegstein IX. MIXING AND BLENDING PROBLEMS 61 A. Mixing B. Blending X. PLANT DATA ANALYSIS AND RECONCILIATION 67 A. Plant Data B. Data Reconciliation XI. THE ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC PROCESS MODELING 75 A. Conservation of Mass for Dynamic Systems B. Surge and Mixing Tanks C. Gas Holders XII. PROCESS SIMULATORS 87 A. Steady State B. Dynamic BILIOGRAPHY 89 APPENDICES A. Reaction Stoichiometry 91 B. Evaluation of Equipment Model Parameters 93 C. Complex Equipment Models 96 D. -
Chapter 11: Beneficiation
CHAPTER 11 Beneficiation – Comminution Sponsored by: SPONSOR PROFILE Through pioneering the introduction of modern process • project controls and reporting plants and associated technologies to remote and logistically • contract management challenging locations, Lycopodium Minerals Pty Ltd has • procurement and logistics management developed a successful track record in developing and • inspection and expediting commissioning major resource projects worldwide. • quality assurance/quality control Since its establishment in 1992, Lycopodium has become a • financial evaluations leading international engineering and project management • client representation. consultancy, with an enviable reputation for providing Engineering technically innovative and cost-effective engineering solutions. They are focused on the evaluation and development of projects • Conceptual through to detailed design in the fields of minerals processing, materials handling and • across all disciplines: earthworks, civil infrastructure. • structural, mechanical, piping • electrical, instrumentation, control Lycopodium Minerals has undertaken studies and projects across a broad range of commodities including gold (free, • systems, automation and infrastructure. gravity, refractory, preg robbing), base metals (concentrators, Process hydrometallurgy), iron ore, uranium, rare earths and industrial minerals. Their resume of projects reflects diversity in not • Metallurgical test work design only commodity, but client background, technology, scale of • management and interpretation -
A History of Tailings1
A HISTORY OF MINERAL CONCENTRATION: A HISTORY OF TAILINGS1 by Timothy c. Richmond2 Abstract: The extraction of mineral values from the earth for beneficial use has been a human activity- since long before recorded history. Methodologies were little changed until the late 19th century. The nearly simultaneous developments of a method to produce steel of a uniform carbon content and the means to generate electrical power gave man the ability to process huge volumes of ores of ever decreasing purity. The tailings or waste products of mineral processing were traditionally discharged into adjacent streams, lakes, the sea or in piles on dry land. Their confinement apparently began in the early 20th century as a means for possible future mineral recovery, for the recycling of water in arid regions and/or in response to growing concerns for water pollution control. Additional Key Words: Mineral Beneficiation " ... for since Nature usually creates metals in an impure state, mixed with earth, stones, and solidified juices, it is necessary to separate most of these impurities from the ores as far as can be, and therefore I will now describe the methods by which the ores are sorted, broken with hammers, burnt, crushed with stamps, ground into powder, sifted, washed ..•. " Agricola, 1550 Introduction identifying mining wastes. It is frequently used mistakenly The term "tailings" is to identify all mineral wastes often misapplied when including the piles of waste rock located at the mouth of 1Presented at the 1.991. National mine shafts and adi ts, over- American. Society for Surface burden materials removed in Mining and Reclamation Meeting surface mining, wastes from in Durango, co, May 1.4-17, 1.991 concentrating activities and sometimes the wastes from 2Timothy c. -
Challenges Related to the Processing of Fines in the Recovery of Platinum Group Minerals (Pgms)
minerals Review Challenges Related to the Processing of Fines in the Recovery of Platinum Group Minerals (PGMs) Kirsten C. Corin 1,* , Belinda J. McFadzean 1, Natalie J. Shackleton 2 and Cyril T. O’Connor 1 1 Centre for Minerals Research, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Cape Town, P Bag X3, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; [email protected] (B.J.M.); [email protected] (C.T.O.) 2 Minerals Expertise Tech Pty Ltd., Germiston 2007, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In order to increase the recovery of PGMs by flotation, it is necessary to optimise the liberation of the key minerals in which the platinum group elements (PGEs) are contained which include sulphides, arsenides, tellurides, and ferroalloys among others, while at the same time ensuring the optimal depression of gangue minerals. In order to achieve this, comminution circuits usually consist of two or three stages of milling, in which the first stage is autogeneous, followed by ball milling. Further liberation is achieved in subsequent stages using ultra-fine grinding. Each comminution stage is followed by flotation in the so-called MF2 or MF3 circuits. While this staged process increases overall recoveries, overgrinding may occur, hence creating problems associated with fine particle flotation. This paper presents an overview of the mineralogy of most of the more significant PGM ores processed in South Africa and the various technologies used in comminution circuits. The paper then summarises the methodology used in flotation circuits to optimise recovery Citation: Corin, K.C.; McFadzean, of fine particles in terms of the collectors, depressants, and frothers used.