The Evolution of Engineering Materials
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2000 Stainless Steels: an Introduction to Their Metallurgy and Corrosion
Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation, Vol. 20, No. 7, Pages 506-517 Copyright© International Association for Food Protection, 6200 Aurora Ave., Suite 200W, Des Moines, IA 50322 Stainless Steels: An Introduction to Their Metallurgy and Corrosion Resistance Roger A. Covert and Arthur H. Tuthill* and why they sometimes do not. In most cases, selection of the proper stainless steel leads to satisfactory performance. COMPOSITION, NOMEN- CLATURE AND GENERAL PROPERTIES Most metals are mixtures of a primary metallic element and one or more intentionally added other ele- This article has been peer-reviewed by two professionals. ments. These mixtures of elements are called alloys. Stainless steels are alloys, as are brasses (copper + zinc), bronzes (copper + tin), the many alu- INTRODUCTION better understanding of stainless minum alloys, and many other me- Worldwide, in industry, in busi- steels, especially to the non-metal- tallic materials. In general, solid ness and in the home, metals called lurgist. metals and alloys consist of randomly stainless steels are used daily. It is Industries are concerned with oriented grains that have a well-de- important to understand what these integrity of equipment and product fined crystalline structure, or lattice, materials are and why they behave purity. To achieve these, stainless within the grains. In stainless steels, the way they do. This is especially steels are often the economical and the crystalline structures within the true because the word “stainless” is practical materials of choice for pro- grains have been given names such as itself somewhat of a misnomer; these cess equipment. However, before ferrite, austenite, martensite, or a materials can stain and can corrode intelligent decisions can be made mixture of two or more of these. -
Robotics/Principles of Technology (Semester Course)
Robotics/Principles of Technology (Semester Course) Course Description Robotics/Principles of Technology is aligned with the NGSS standards and was developed based upon the interest of students. Through the use of technology, engineering and robotics, the course stresses problem‐solving skills in a real world setting. Students will be given tasks and will need to design and construct various projects. Students will work independently as well as in pairs, small groups and large groups. Both verbal and written communication of ideas will be emphasized. The course is designed to motivate the student of all ability levels to participate in real‐world scenarios utilizing engineering and robotic concepts to problem solve through hand on activities. Robotics/Principles of Technology encompass STEM principles in a variety of in‐class and out‐of‐class learning activities designed to teach the student about careers in technology, engineering, robotics and science. Suggested Course Sequence: History of Robotics (2 weeks) Careers in STEM (1 week) Design in Engineering & Technology (2‐3 weeks) Getting Started in Robotics (3‐4 weeks) Space Exploration Robotics (6‐7 weeks) Design & Build a Robot (3 weeks) ENGAGING STUDENTS • FOSTERING ACHIEVEMENT • CULTIVATING 21st CENTURY GLOBAL SKILLS Unit Overview Content Area: Robotics/Principles of Technology Unit Title: History of Robots Grade Level: 11‐12 Unit Summary: This unit will cover the development of robotics over time. Students will research how robotics has evolved over time. Interdisciplinary Connections: History 6.1.4.C.17 6.1.4.C.16 English RT.11‐12.9 RT.11‐12.10 WHST.11‐12.2B Technology 8.1.12.E.1 8.2.12.A.3 8.2.12.C.2 21st Century Themes and Skills: ‐ CRP2 Apply appropriate academic and technical skills. -
The Neolithic Copper Melting Crucibles from Switzerland
In: A. Shortland, I. Freestone and Th. FromRehren mine (eds) to microbe 2009, From Mine to Microscope, 155-162 155 Chapter 15 From mine to microbe – the Neolithic copper melting crucibles from Switzerland Th. Rehren1 Abstract The occurrence of chalcopyrite in several late Neolithic crucibles from NW Switzerland and SW Germany has been variously interpreted as indicating evidence for local copper smelting, or being due to post-depositional phenomena. This study uses optical microscopy and a discussion based on textural and micro-stratigraphical arguments to demonstrate that chalcopyrite is a late formation and not indicative of copper smelting. This has significant implications for the technological and archaeological interpetation of these finds, but also illustrates the potential of image-based studies in science-based archaeology. Introduction these cultures back into line with their neighbours. The emergence and spread of metallurgy in Europe Only after a further half a millennium or so metal- is a major concern of archaeological and archaeo- lurgy emerges again in Central Europe, heralding the metallurgical research. In the 1960s scholars such as beginning of the Bronze Age throughout the Contin- Renfrew and Branigan focused their attention – and ent. This time, it is a broad and sustained develop- consequently that of others – on the role which metals ment with no particular emphasis on the Swiss or have played in the development of stratified societies southwest German regions. and the emergence of elites, showing off with their It is against this background that the crucible access to these new materials. The Balkans and fragments of the Pfyn culture have attracted attention Western Asia are now both known to have had for more than a century, having been found at a wide metallurgically competent Neolithic cultures, and range of sites and representing certainly several issues of technology transfer and autochthonous dozen different vessels. -
Nanotechnology, Ethics and Policy Education: Research and Pedagogy: Selected Bibliography
Association for Practical and Professional Ethics Conference Presentation, March 2013 NSF Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education grant (#EEC-1138257) focused on creating interdisciplinary modules about the social, ethical, environmental, and economic impact of nanotechnology for all students at the Colorado School of Mines. (For an overview of the project plan, see NanoSTEP: Nano-Science, Technology, Ethics and Policy Poster Presentation to NSF EEC conference March 2012 ) Dr. Corinne Packard, a professor in the department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering who works with solar cell nanomaterials, was the PI. The team of Co-PIs and Senior Personnel were drawn from the multidisciplinary Liberal Arts and International Studies department which is responsible for delivering core courses in humanities and social sciences. The first part of the project was a module for the freshman ethics and writing course, Nature and Human Values, which included a common lecture and reading assignments and different course activates and discussions about the risks and benefits of the technology. (See Workshop and Module Design—Part 1—Nature and Human Values). The second part of the project was a module for the sophomore-level course, Human Systems, a history of sociological, religious, political, and economic systems. For this course, the focus of the module was on policy and international relations in technology development. (See Workshop and Module Design—Part 2—Human Systems). We disseminated our work at several conferences and to universities in China and Spain, but most notably contributed a panel discussion with several team members at APPE 2013 in San Antonio (See Association for Practical and Professional Ethics 2013 Conference Presentations). -
Chemical & Biological Engineering Department History (PDF)
Chemical & Biological Engineering The University of Alabama A Century of Excellence and Quality A Legacy of Leadership 1910 – 2010 By Gary C. April University Research Professor & Head (Emeritus) A Century of Excellence and Quality A Legacy of Leadership 1910-2010 Gary C. April University Research Professor & Head Emeritus Chemical & Biological Engineering The University of Alabama October 2010 ii Dedication The author would like to dedicate this brief history of the Chemical Engineering Department at The University of Alabama to Lynne, his wife, partner and soul mate of 48 years, to his children, Andrew, Brian and Elizabeth, who lived most of their lives while he was a professor there, and to his granddaughters, Andrea, Abigail, Caroline and Olivia who continue to provide him with encouragement by sharing a vision for the future that is filled with hope and opportunities. iii Table of Contents Preface ..................................................................................................................... v 1. The Beginning of Engineering Education at The University of Alabama 1 ................................................................................................................. 1 2. The Emergence of the Chemical Engineering Profession ........................... 7 3. Chemical Engineering at the University of Alabama – A Century of Excellence and Quality – A Legacy of Leadership 5 ....................................... 11 4. The Significance of Who We Are ................................................................. -
M Have Certain Distinctive Properties Which Seem to Have Appealed To
OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRSTPROOFS, Fri Dec 05 2014, NEWGEN !"#$%&' )* !"# $%&'( )#(*+,-&. */0 123&#''%-/' -4 5-6%*+ 8-,#& +,-.&' /&01, 2#%"#'34& 5#-.&' I!"#$%&'"($! M&%#-6 have certain distinctive properties which seem to have appealed to European Neolithic and later communities: brilliance, magical transformations behind their crea- tion, and potential for re-melting, re-casting, and re-modelling. 7ey were also valued for their colours: gold for the sun, high on the horizon, copper for the setting sun or the blood of life, and silver for the moon. In the formative years of metallurgy, copper and its ores appear to have held primarily aesthetic roles as cosmetic colours, beads, and other personal adornments. 7ey are likely to have been recognized as rare and precious, and were later mobilized in social di8erentiation. 7e adoption of metals altered economies and social relations, and triggered cra9 specialization. 7e roots of social di8erentia- tion were already present in some Neolithic communities, yet the uneven distribution of metal ores, like certain types of stone already, became elements in long-distance exchange networks and eventually trade. 7is paper attempts to go beyond simplistic ideas of metals in social strati:cation: it presents a more complex picture, outlining sim- ilarities and di8erences geographically in the presence and role of metallurgy during an early, middle, and late Copper Age. 03_3-part.indd 673 12/5/2014 7:57:19 PM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRSTPROOFS, Fri Dec 05 2014, NEWGEN ;<= /&01, 5#-.&' T)* E+#,(*-" M*"+,,&#./ (! E&#$0*: A N*+# E+-"*#! O#(.(!2 The origins of metals can be found in the zone from which farming and animal husbandry came: the so-called ‘Fertile Crescent’ and adjacent Anatolia, the west- ernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of modern-day Turkey. -
Transformative Copper Metallurgy in Chalcolithic Cyprus: a Reappraisal Bleda S
Antiquity 2021 Vol. 95 (381): 670–685 https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.171 Research Article Transformative copper metallurgy in Chalcolithic Cyprus: a reappraisal Bleda S. Düring1,*, Sarah De Ceuster2, Patrick Degryse1,2 & Vasiliki Kassianidou3 1 Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, the Netherlands 2 Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium 3 Archaeological Research Unit, Department of History and Archaeology, University of Cyprus, Cyprus * Author for correspondence: ✉ [email protected] The extraction and smelting of the rich copper ore deposits of Cyprus and the manufacture of copper objects on the island are thought to have begun dur- ing the Philia phase (c. 2400–2200 BC). Here, the authors present the results of lead isotope analysis undertaken on Late Chalcolithic (2900–2400 BC) metal objects from the site of Chlorakas-Palloures. The results facilitate a reassessment of the timing of the start of transformative copper technologies on Cyprus and the re-evaluation of contemporaneous copper artefacts from Jordan and Crete previously suggested to have been consistent with Cypriot ores. They conclude that there is no compelling evi- dence for transformative metallurgy in Chalcolithic Cyprus. Keywords: Cyprus, Chalcolithic, Philia phase, archaeometallurgy, copper, lead isotope analysis Introduction Cyprus was a major producer of copper in antiquity, and, as a consequence, the metal and the island toponym (from the Greek ‘Kúpros’) became synonymous (Kassianidou 2014). The question of when and how copper production and metallurgy started on the island, however, has proven difficult to answer. The earliest references to Cypriot copper exports date to the nineteenth to seventeenth centuries BC, occurring in cuneiform texts from Mari and Alalakh —both in the Northern Levant—and from Babylonia (Muhly 1972; Knapp 1996). -
The Metallurgy of Some Carat Gold Jewellery Alloys
The Metallurgy of Some Carat Gold Jewellery Alloys PART I — COLOURED GOLD ALLOYS Allen S. McDonald and George H. Sistare Handy & Harman, Fairfield, Connecticut, U.S.A. The classification of gold alloys in terms of caratage and colour provides no guidance as to the properties and working characteristics of the many carat gold alloys used in jewellery fabrication. Logical relationships do exist, however, between the composition, metallurgical structure and properties of such alloys, and these emerge from a study of the phase diagrams of the alloy systems involved. Part I of this review deals with coloured gold alloys. Part II will discuss their nickel containing counter- parts and will appear in the next issue of Gold Bulletin. Most carat gold for jewellery falls into one or other Three quasi-binary vertical sections of the ternary of two major categories, the coloured gold alloys diagram at constant gold contents characteristic of based on the gold-silver-copper or the gold-silver- jewellery alloys (10, 14 and 18 carat) are schematical- copper-zinc system and the white gold alloys. ly represented in Figure 4 where the parameter used Although many coloured gold alloys contain zinc on the abscissa is defined as: (from less than 1 to about 15 weight per cent), it is Ag wt.% valid to introduce this group in terms of the gold- Ag' = x 100 (per cent) silver-copper ternary system, from which all of the Ag wt.°Io + Cu wt.% alloys inherit certain fundamental metallurgical characteristics. After establishing these, the effects of Gold-silver-copper and gold-silver-copper-zinc- zinc will be introduced, and it will then be seen that alloys can be logically classified and discussed in in the amounts used this element does not change terms of two parameters, namely the caratage or gold these characteristics in kind but rather interacts to content and Ag'. -
Displacement and Equilibrium: a Cultural History of Engineering in America Before Its “Golden Age”
Displacement and Equilibrium: A Cultural History of Engineering in America Before Its “Golden Age” A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY David M. Kmiec IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Bernadette Longo, Adviser August 2012 Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1 Using historical context to contextualize history: The ideology of cultural history ........................................................................... 12 Motivation and methodology for a cultural history of American engineering ......................................................................................... 16 2 National service and public work: Military education and civilian engineering ......................................................... 23 Early modern France and the origins of military engineering ................................ 24 Military engineering and the American Revolution ................................................ 30 Civilian engineering as rationale for maintaining a military in peacetime .............................................................................................. 37 Engineering union in sectionalist America .............................................................. 51 3 The self-made engineer goes to school: Institutionalized education(s) for engineers ......................................................... 59 Colleges at the -
Introduction to Precious Metals 1 / Introduction
Introduction to precious metals 1 / introduction Introduction to Precious Metals Metallurgy for Jewelers & Silversmiths Mark Grimwade Introduction to precious metals Introduction to Precious Metals Metallurgy for Jewelers and SIlversmiths by Mark Grimwade Copyright 2009 Mark Grimwade Brynmorgen Press Brunswick, Maine 04011 USA www.brynmorgen.com ISBN: 978-1-929565-30-6 First printing Editors Tim McCreight All rights reserved. No part of this publication Abby Johnston may be reproduced or transmitted in any form Illustrations Michael Deles or by any means, electronic or mechanical, Proofreading Jay McCreight including photocopying, recording, or any storage Index Margery Niblock and retrieval system except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, web posting, or broadcast. [ iv ] Introduction to precious metals Table of Contents Introduction xi Chapter 1 Physical Properties of the Precious Metals 16 Chapter 2 Mechanical Properties of the Precious Metals 26 Chapter 3 Chemical Properties of the Precious Metals 39 Chapter 4 Occurrence, Extraction, and Refining 44 Chapter 5 Alloying Behavior 56 Chapter 6 Principles of Solidification 72 Chapter 7 Principles of Working and Annealing 83 Chapter 8 Silver and Its Alloys 91 Chapter 9 Gold and Its Alloys: the Karat Golds 100 Chapter 10 The Platinum Group Metals and Their Alloys 116 Chapter 11 Melting, Alloying, and Casting 126 Chapter 12 Working and Annealing Practice 144 Chapter 13 Joining Techniques 165 Chapter 14 Electroplating and Allied Processes 180 Chapter 15 The Use of Powder Metallurgy in Jewelry Manufacture 193 Chapter 16 Surface Decoration and Other Decorative Techniques 200 Chapter 17 Assaying and Hallmarking 207 [ [47 v ] ] Introduction to precious metals Foreword If you work with precious metal, you need to read this book. -
History of Engineering and Development of Industrial Engineering
History of Engineering and Development of Industrial Engineering Department of Industrial Engineering Çankaya University Fall’2015 References • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGx73g3mbEA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3K3-stVK0lM • http://www.introtoie.com/ • http://www.iienet2.org/details.aspx?id=716 • ... 2 Science and Engineering – Early Developments • How did the two words industrial and engineering become combined to form the label industrial engineering? • relationship of industrial engineering to other engineering disciplines • To understand the role of industrial engineering (IE) in today’s complex world, it is helpful to learn the historical developments involved in the progress of IE. • Science is concerned with the search for basic knowledge. • Engineering is concerned with the application of scientific knowledge. • Engineering and science have been developed in a parallel, complementary fashion, although not always at the same pace. 3 Science and Engineering – Early Developments • Engineering provides feedback to science in areas where new knowledge is needed. • In earlier times, although science and engineering each have different characteristics / are different disciplines, they are the same person • Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician, writer. • The person who discovered the knowledge also put into use • The Pyramids • the Great Wall of China • The Roman Construction Projects • Efforts to provide a better life 4 Science and Engineering – Early Developments • Almost all engineering developments prior to 1800 had to do with physical phenomena: • Overcoming friction • Lifting • Construction • Later developments were concerned with chemical and molecular phenomena: • Electricty • Properties of materials • Thermal processes • Combustion • Other chemical processes 5 Science and Engineering – Early Developments • Fundemental to almost all engineering developments were the advances made in mathematics. -
A History of American Engineering Education for Women Amy Bix Iowa State University, [email protected]
History Books History 1-2014 Girls Coming to Tech: A History of American Engineering Education for Women Amy Bix Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/history_books Part of the Engineering Education Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Bix, Amy, "Girls Coming to Tech: A History of American Engineering Education for Women" (2014). History Books. 4. http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/history_books/4 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the History at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Books by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONTENTS SERIES FOREWORD IX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XI INTRODUCTION RARE INVADERS: THE PRE-WORLD WAR II HISTORY OF WOMEN IN AMERICAN ENGINEERING 29 2 WORLD WAR II: EMERGENCY ENGINEERING EMPLOYMENT TRAINING 55 3 NEW WARTIME AND POSIWAR ENGINEERING MAJORS: PURDUE, RPI. COLUMBIA 95 4 COEDUCATION VIA LAWSUIT: GEORGIA TECH I 3 I 5 COEDUCATION FOR SOCIAL LIFE: CALTECH I 9 I 6 A SPECIAL CASE: WOMEN AT MIT 223 7 CHANGING THE CLIMATE 255 NOTES 299 INDEX 353 WLEDGMENTS .1cJimsey, as INTRODUCTION nee in help my mistakes >ssible with ler scholarly :he National nia Institute : University, rersity, Uni :y ofMichi versity. I am •ant to offer Engineering education in the United States has a gendered history that until relatively a State Uni recently prevented women from finding a comfortable place in the predominantly on multiple male technical world. Throughout the nineteenth century and most of the twentieth, American observers treated the professional study of technology as men's territory.