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Cote D'ivoire Journal of Medical Mycology xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Medical Mycology jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com General review Estimates of serious fungal infection burden in Coˆte d’Ivoire and country health profile a, a a a a a b D. Koffi *, I.V. Bonouman , A.O. Toure , F. Kouadjo , M.R.E. N’Gou , K. Sylla , M. Dosso , c,1 D.W. Denning a Parasitology and mycology department, Institut Pasteur de Coˆte d’Ivoire, 01 PoBox 490 Abidjan 01, Coˆte d’Ivoire b Bacteriology and virology department, Institut Pasteur de Coˆte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Coˆte d’Ivoire c Manchester Fungal Infection Group, faculty of medicine, biology and health, university of Manchester and Manchester academic health science centre, Manchester, UK A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Due to limited access to more powerful diagnostic tools, there are few data on the burden of fungal Received 15 September 2020 infections in Coˆte d’Ivoire, despite a high HIV and TB burden and many cutaneous diseases. Here we Received in revised form 12 November 2020 estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in this sub-Saharan country with a health profiling Accepted 17 November 2020 description. National demographics were used and PubMed searches to retrieve all published articles on Available online 21 November 2020 fungal infections in Coˆte d’Ivoire and other bordering countries in West Africa. When no data existed, risk populations were used to estimate frequencies of fungal infections, using previously described Keywords: methodology by LIFE (www.LIFE-Worldwide.org). The population of Coˆte d’Ivoire is around 25 million; Fungal disease 37% are children (14 years), and 9% are > 65 years. Tinea capitis in children is common, measured at Coˆte d’Ivoire Cryptococcosis 13.9% in 2013. Considering the prevalence of HIV infection (2.6% of the population, a total of 500,000) Burden disease and a hospital incidence of 12.7% of cryptococcosis, it is estimated that 4590 patients per year develop Histoplasmosis cryptococcosis. For pneumocystosis, it is suggested that 2640 new cases occur each year with the Candidiasis prevalence of 11% of newly diagnosed HIV adults, and 33% of children with HIV/AIDS. Disseminated AIDS histoplasmosis is estimated a 1.4% of advanced HIV disease – 513 cases. An estimated 6568 news cases of TB chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) occur after pulmonary tuberculosis (a 5-year prevalence of 6568 cases [26/100,000]). Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitisation (SAFS) were estimated in 104/100,000 and 151/100,000 respectively, in 1,152,178 adult asthmatics. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is common and recurrent VVC affects 6% of women in their fertile years – 421,936 women. An unknown number develop candidaemia and invasive aspergillosis. The annual incidence of fungal keratitis is estimated at 3350. No cases of sporotrichosis, mucormycosis and chromoblastomycosis are described, although some cases of mycetoma and Conidiobolus infection have been reported. This study indicates that around to 7.25% (1.8 million) of the population is affected by a serious fungal infection, predominently tinea capitis in children and rVVC in women. These data should be used to inform epidemiological studies, diagnostic needs and therapeutic strategies in Coˆte d’Ivoire. C 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. Introduction to species that belong to one of these four genera: Cryptococcus, Candida, Aspergillus or Pneumocystis. Epidemiological data for Invasive fungal disease has a high attributable mortality unless fungal infections are poor because many are misdiagnosed and diagnosed and treated promptly and appropriately. Nearly statistics are extrapolated from few (mostly geographically 2 million people die from invasive fungal infections each year in localized) studies. the world [1]. Over 90% of fungal infection-related deaths are due Coˆte d’Ivoire (or Ivory Coast) is located in West Africa south of the Sahara between 10 degree North latitude, 4 and 8 degree West 2 longitude. It has an area of 322,462 km and is bounded to the west * Corresponding author. by Liberia and Guinea-Conakry, to the north by Mali and Burkina E-mail address: davidkoffi[email protected] (D. Koffi). 1 In association with the LIFE program at www.LIFE-Worldwide.org. Faso, to the east by Ghana and to the south by the Gulf of Guinea. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101086 C 1156-5233/ 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. D. Koffi, I.V. Bonouman, A.O. Toure et al. Journal of Medical Mycology xxx (xxxx) xxx The population of Coˆte d’Ivoire is characterized by a growth rate papers. Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) was estimated in adults only of 2.6% per year and by the high proportion of its youth (41.5%) (it rarely occurs in children) at a rate of 12.7% among adult HIV/ [2]. The health status of the population is marked by high maternal AIDS patients with CD4 less than 200/mL [19]. PCP frequency was and infant-juvenile mortality, partly due to inadequate health estimated by assuming 11% of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS adults services. The epidemiological profile is dominated by a high (risk spread over 2 years) and 33% HIV/AIDS children at risk (25% of prevalence of HIV among those over 15 years of age as well as a those not on antiretroviral therapy) [20,21]. Disseminated histo- high incidence of malaria among children under 5 and tuberculosis plasmosis was estimated from an autopsy study published in 1994 in the population, respectively 2.6% [3], 189.9 per 1000 (Annual [22], and assumed to relate to all advanced HIV cases in the country Report on the Health Situation 2018) and 85 per 100,000 (80,000) over a 2 year risk period. inhabitants (Annual TB notification case 2018) [4]. The national Regarding invasive fungal infections associated with hospital health priorities are these three diseases (HIV, TB and malaria) and care (notably candidiasis and aspergillosis), we considered recently the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) absorbing hematology malignancies [23], lung cancer [18], chronic obstruc- all the funds allocated to the health system and hiding the urgency tive pulmonary disease (COPD) [24], ICU and assumed peritonitis of opportunistic infections such as severe fungal diseases (SFIs). surgical patients based on neighbouring country data [25]. No One of the best documented examples of underfunding for transplantation procedures are currently done in Coˆte d’Ivoire. For fungal diseases is cryptococcosis. This disease is currently chronic infections, mainly chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), responsible for 15–20% of deaths in individuals with AIDS, and we used the annual incidence of TB to calculate a annual incidence, yet in 2015 it received 1% of the funding allocated to tuberculosis as described previously [14–16]. This was then used to compute a [5]. Remedying this situation requires more advocacies by the five-year prevalence assuming a 15% annual mortality or surgical infectious disease community as well as more studies document- cure rate. We also assumed that 67% of all CPA cases had prior TB as ing the local, national and global burden of fungal diseases and the underlying disease. Invasive aspergillosis (IA), CPA and allergic their impact on human health. bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with Several studies documenting fungal disease in Coˆte d’Ivoire are fungal sensitization (SAFS) were estimated in adults only. Adult published. Oral Candida infections were reported in paediatrics and asthma data came from To et al. as part of the World Health Survey adult patients [6]. Reports on Aspergillus [7,8] and Pneumocystis on asthma [17]. We assumed that 2.5% of adult asthmatics had pneumonia (PCP) infections are limited to few cases [9,10]. Asthma ABPA [26] and 30% of the worst 10% of asthmatics had SAFS, is the most common chronic respiratory disease with hospitalisa- supported by a recent review on asthma in Africa [27]. tion rate of 5% [11] and allergic rhinitis (which may be partly fungal Tinea capitis prevalence was estimated based on a local study in in aetiology) was the most common allergic disease [12]. school children [28]. Fungal keratitis annual incidence was Estimates of the impact of diseases on public health, generally extrapolated from East Africa [29]. referred to as burden of disease, are valuable inputs for public health authorities, developing appropriate surveillance of fungal diseases and setting policy priorities. Many estimates of the Results and discussion burden of serious fungal diseases are now published for over 60 countries with populations > 1 million [13]. Disease burden Population profile should be considered as the underlying basis for health care prioritisation in Coˆte d’Ivoire. The total population of Coˆte d’Ivoire was 22,671,331 inhabi- Here we report on the burden of fungal disease in Coˆte d’Ivoire tants according to the results of the General Population and focusing in particular on prevalence data and the reliability of Housing Census (RGPH) of 2014. In 2018, it is estimated at current estimates. These data will contribute to the global SFIs 25,195,140 inhabitants (the basis of our estimates). About 48.4% estimation project and awareness campaign, help reframe health are females and 48% of population live below the poverty line. policy by bringing a numerical estimate for expanded advocacy, Poverty is unequally distributed among the regions of Coˆte d’Ivoire. increased research, and improved laboratory diagnostic capacity The level of poverty varies from 22.7% in urban areas to 71.7% in for the fighting of fungal infection. rural areas [30]. Moreover, with the scarcity of public resources, investments in basic social services (health, education, infrastruc- ture, etc.) have fallen considerably, leading to a decrease in the Methods supply of these services.
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