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Developpement Et Utilisation D'outils Innovants AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE FACULTE DE MEDECINE DE MARSEILLE ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTE THESE DE DOCTORAT Présentée publiquement et soutenue devant LA FACULTÉ DE DES SCIENCES MEDICALES ET PARAMEDICALES DE MARSEILLE L’INSTITUT HOSPITALO-UNIVERSITAIRE MEDITERRANEE INFECTION Le 08 Novembre 2019 Par Monsieur Adama Zan DIARRA ___________________________________________________________________________ DEVELOPPEMENT ET UTILISATION D’OUTILS INNOVANTS EN ENTOMOLOGIE MEDICALE ___________________________________________________________________________ Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur d’Aix-Marseille Université Biologie-Santé, Spécialité Maladies Transmissibles et Pathologies Tropicales Membres du Jury de Thèse Mme le Professeur Florence Fenollar Aix-Marseille Université Examinatrice et Présidente Mme le Docteur Christelle POMARES Université de Nice Rapporteur Mr le Docteur Pascal DELAUNAY Université de Nice Rapporteur Mr le Professeur Philippe PAROLA Aix-Marseille Université Directeur de thèse Laboratoire d’accueil UMR 257 VITROME, AMU, IRD, SSA IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France AVANT PROPOS Le format de présentation de cette thèse correspond à une recommandation de la spécialité Maladies Infectieuses et Microbiologie du Master des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé qui dépend de l’Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie de Marseille. Le candidat est amené à respecter des règles qui lui sont imposées et qui comportent un format de thèse utilisé dans le Nord de l’Europe et qui permet un meilleur rangement que les thèses traditionnelles. Par ailleurs, la partie introduction et bibliographie est remplacée par une revue publiée dans un journal scientifique afin de permettre une évaluation extérieure de la qualité de la revue et de permettre à l’étudiant de commencer le plus tôt possible une bibliographie exhaustive sur le domaine de cette thèse. Par ailleurs, la thèse est présentée sur article publié, accepté où soumis associée d’un bref commentaire donnant le sens général du travail. Cette forme de présentation a paru plus en adéquation avec les exigences de la compétition internationale et permet de se concentrer sur des travaux qui bénéficieront d’une diffusion internationale. Professeur Didier RAOULT Remerciements Je tiens à remercier le Professeur Didier RAOULT de m’avoir accueilli au sein de l’IHU Méditerranée infection et de m’avoir octroyé la bourse de la fondation pour la réalisation de cette thèse. Je vous exprime ma profonde gratitude car mon séjour au sein de votre laboratoire reste une très grande expérience sur le plan professionnel et personnel. Je remercie très sincèrement le Professeur Philippe PAROLA, mon directeur de thèse de m’avoir accepté au sien de son équipe et de m’avoir guidé tout au long de cette thèse. Je tiens également à lui exprimer toute ma gratitude pour sa disponibilité, son attention et son soutient qui m’ont permis de mener à bien mes travaux. Enfin, je le remercie pour ses nombreux efforts effectués pour la poursuite de ma carrière dans le domaine de l’entomologie. Je remercie Lionel ALMERAS, Maureen LAROCHE, Jean-Michel BERENGER, Anne-Marie GOTTRAU pour leurs collaborations, conseils et convivialités. Vous avez rendu mes années de thèse agréables, enrichissantes et inoubliables. Je remercie tous les étudiants et stagiaires de l’IHU et en particulier ceux de l’insectarium actuels ou passés. Je remercie les ingénieurs, les techniciens et tout le personnel de l’IHU particulièrement Mme Micheline PITACCOLO et Mme Annick ABEILLE qui ont d’une manière ou d’une autre contribué à la réalisation de cette thèse. Je remercie mes collègues maliens de l’école doctorale de la science de la vie de Marseille pour les bons moments passé ensemble qui nous ont permis d’oublier les différents soucis. Mes plus sincères remerciements à toute ma famille : mon père Soungalo, ma femme Assitan TRAORE, mes enfants Korotoum, Djenebou et Adama junior et mes frères et sœurs pour leur soutiens moral, les encouragements et pour les difficultés vécues durant ces années d’absence. Un grand merci à toutes et tous celles ou ceux que j’ai pu oublier de nommer, et qui, d’une manière ou d’une autre ont contribué à la réalisation de ce travail. Je ne saurai terminer mes remerciements sans rendre un grand hommage à mon cher maître, feu Le professeur Ogobara K DOUMBO. Les mots me manquent pour qualifier tous ceux que vous avez faits pour moi. Que la terre vous soit légère, Dormez en paix cher Maître. Table des matières Résumé : ..…………………………………………………………………………….………1 Abstract : ......……………………………………………………………...………….………3 Introduction: ………….…………………………………………………...……….….….…5 Article 1: Ticks and tick-borne diseases to humans and animals in West Africa……...……..8 Première partie: Identification des arthropodes et leur repas de sang par la spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF MS…………………………………………………………...…………58 Article 2: Molecular and MALDI-TOF identification of ticks and tick-associated bacteria in Mali………………………………...…………………………………………………………61 Article 3: Use of MALDI-TOF MS for the Identification of Chad Mosquitoes and the Origin of Their Blood Meal………………………………………………………………….89 Deuxième partie : Détection des microorganismes associés aux animaux et leurs ectoparasites (arthropodes)…………………………………………………………………...98 Article 4: Molecular identification of protozoal and bacterial organisms in domestic animals and their infesting ticks from north-eastern Algeria………….……………………………..101 Article 5: Molecular detection of microorganisms associated with small mammals and their ectoparasites in Mali………………………………………………………………………...132 Conclusion générale et perspectives : …...……………………………………………….174 Reference : …………………………….…………………………………………………...177 Annexes : …………………..……………………………………………………………….181 RESUME Les vecteurs sont des arthropodes hématophages assurant la transmission biologique active des nombreux pathogènes (bactéries, virus et parasites), d’un animal à un autre, dont l’homme. Les agents infectieux transmis sont responsables de millions de cas d’infections humaines et animales et de décès chaque année à travers le monde. Les pathogènes transmis par ces arthropodes causent parfois des maladies émergentes ou réémergentes peu connues ou sous estimées surtout dans les pays du sud. La lutte anti-vectorielle et la surveillance épidémiologique des vecteurs sont essentielles dans les stratégies de lutte et de contrôle de ces maladies vectorielles. L’identification correcte des arthropodes, la détermination de l’origine du repas sanguin ainsi que la caractérisation du répertoire des pathogènes associés sont des étapes cruciales dans la lutte contre les vecteurs. Nos travaux ont ainsi porté sur une combinaison des méthodes (morphologie, moléculaire et MALDI-TOF MS) pour l’identification des arthropodes, la détermination de repas de sang et des pathogènes associés avec les hôtes et leurs arthropodes. Dans la première partie de notre travail, nous avons utilisé l’outil MALDI-TOF MS pour identifier des tiques collectées au Mali et conservées dans de l’éthanol 70%. Les tiques étaient aussi testées par la biologie moléculaire pour rechercher les microorganismes associés. Nous avons également identifiés par MALDI-TOF MS des moustiques collectés au Tchad et conservés avec du silicagel. L’origine animale du repas sanguin de ces moustiques a également pu être étudiée par cet outil. La seconde partie nous a permis de détecter à l’aide d’outils de biologie moléculaire des microorganimes dans des animaux (bœufs, moutons, chèvres, chevaux, ânes, rongeurs et insectivores) et leurs ectoparasites (tiques, puces et mites) en Algérie et au Mali. 1 Nos travaux nous ont donc permis de confirmer l’intérêt du MALDI-TOF MS en entomologie médicale, avec pour la première fois son application sur des moustiques collectés sur le terrain au sud et conservé avec du siligalel, et de compléter le répertoire des agents pathogènes associés aux arthropodes au Mali et en Algérie. Nos perspectives comprennent un travail de collaboration pour l’utilisation de ces outils innovants dans une étude des tiques de la République Démocratique du Congo. 2 ABSTRACT Vectors are blood-sucking arthropods that ensure the active biological transmission of many pathogens (bacteria, viruses and parasites) from one animal to another, including humans. Transmitted infectious agents are responsible for millions of cases of human and animal infections and deaths each year around the world. Pathogens transmitted by these arthropods sometimes cause emerging or re-emerging diseases that are little known or underestimated, especially in southern countries. Vector control and epidemiological surveillance of vectors are essential in strategies for the control and monitoring of these vector-borne diseases. The correct identification of arthropods, the determination of the origin of the blood meal and the characterization of the repertoire of associated pathogens are crucial steps in vector control. Our work thus focused on a combination of methods (morphology, molecular and MALDI-TOF MS) for identifying arthropods, determining blood meals and pathogens associated with hosts and their arthropods. In the first part of our work, we used the MALDI-TOF MS tool to identify ticks collected in Mali and stored in 70% ethanol. Ticks were also tested by molecular biology to look for associated microorganisms. We also identified by MALDI-TOF MS mosquitoes collected in Chad and preserved with silicagel. The animal origin of the blood meal of these mosquitoes could also be studied by this tool. The second part allowed us
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