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Fluoride Contamination Fluoride Contamination: Indian Scenario Celebrating 50 years Affordable clean water using nanotechnology T. Pradeep Department of Chemistry and Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036, INDIA http://www.dstuns.iitm.ac.in/pradeep_research_group.php It is the poor who drive our society. Potential Environmental Benefits of Nanotechnology: Fostering safe innovation-led growth OECD July 15-17, 2009 Chapter by T. Pradeep and Anshup O 99.84 pm 2 nm 104.45O HH Gas hydrates to ozone chemistry Water - prosperity, health, serenity, beauty, artistry, purity ….. Claude Monet, Waterlilies, 1906 Oil on Canvas, The Art Institute of Chicago Water - “the vehicle of nature" ("vetturale di natura”) – Leonardo Da Vinci Subject: Leonardo, Old Man with Water Studies, c. 1513 Leonardo Leonardo Old Man with Water Studies, c. 1513 Machine for raising water Water and civilizations Mohenjodaro - well http://dspace.rice.edu/bitstream/1911/9176/773/LanMa1890_135_a.jpg Aqueducts - The Assyrians - the first structure to carry water from one place to another - 7th century BC Archimedes’ screw - 287 and 212 BC - in the Netherlands Zoetermeer Mohenjodaro – the great bath Nitrates Fluoride Asbestos …… Microbes Heavy metals Chemicals, pesticides Water filtration: various media hof.povray.org/River.html Important milestones in the history of water purification (1800-2007) Year Milestone 1804 Setup of world's first city-wide municipal water treatment plant (Scotland, sand-filter technology) 1810 Discovery of chlorine as a disinfectant (Humphrey Davy) 1852 Formulation of Metropolis Water Act (England) 1879 Formulation of Germ Theory (Louis Pasteur) 1902 Use of Chlorine as disinfectant in drinking water supply (calcium hypo chlorite, Belgium) 1906 Use of ozone as disinfectant (France) 1908 Use of Chlorine as disinfectant in municipal supply, New Jersey 1914 Federal regulation of drinking water quality (USPHS) 1916 Use of UV treatment in municipal supplies Last globally big invention in 1935 Discovery of synthetic ion exchange resin (Adams, Holmes) water purification 1948 Nobel Prize to Paul Hermann Müller (insecticidal properties of DDT) 1959 Discovery of synthetic reverse osmosis membrane (Yuster, Loeb, Sourirajan) 1962 Publishing of Silent Spring, first report on harmful effects of DDT (Rachel Carson) 1965 World's first commercial RO plant launched 1974 Reports on carcinogenic by-products of disinfection with chlorine Formulation of Safe Drinking Water Act (USEPA) 1975 Development of carbon block for drinking water purification 1994 Report on use Zerovalent Iron for degradation of halogenated organics (Gillham, Hannesin) 1997 Report on use Zerovalent Iron nanoparticles for degradation of halogenated organics (Wang, Zhang) 1998 Drinking Water Directive applied in EU 2000 Adoption of Millennium Declaration during the UN Millennium Summit (UN Millennium Development Goals) 2003 Report on use Noble metal nanoparticles for degradation of pesticides (Nair, Tom, Pradeep) 2004 Stockholm Convention, banning the use of persistent organic pollutants 2007 Launch of world's first nanotechnology based domestic water purifier (Pradeep, Eureka Forbes Limited) Credits to several governments, organizations and individuals, we have moved ahead. Now, the journey of “pure water for all” calls for next big innovation. Source: Multiple sources from internet The cost of RO solutions has seen a dramatic fall since the discovery, but the costs have flattened recently. Costs analysis of Reverse Osmosis Plants (converted to 1995 base year level) Economic and technical assessment of desalination technologies, Fawzi Banat, From Red Sea to Dead Sea — Water and Energy, Geneva, June 6-8, 2007 www.desline.com/Geneva/Banat.pdf Review of major contaminants in drinking water Major Sources of Permissible Affected countries Population at risk Health effects Remarks pollutant origin limits (estimates) Pesticides - Farming, DDT: 1 ppb US, Kenya, Egypt, Poisoning: 28 million Cancer, cardiovascular/ Pesticide effluents, Carbofuran: India, European Union, agricultural workers in reproductive/ contamination in soft home use 40ppb Africa, China, developing countries. neurological disorders, drinks, Union Carbide Simazine: 4 ppb Australia ~18,000 deaths Liver/kidney problems Bhopal tragedy (India) Halogenated Chlorination, CCl4: 5 ppb Japan, Central Asia, ~180 million people in -CCl4: High toxicity to - 25 million pounds organics effluents, TCE: 5 ppb Arabian Peninsula, US consume liver and kidney, TCE were released in home TTHMs: 80 ppb Sweden, Poland, chloraminated water carcinogenic. TCE: the U.S. environment insecticide Germany, USA, Egypt, Lung/liver tumor by manufacturing China plants in 1995 Fluoride - Geological 2 ppm Asia, Mexico, 62 million (India) - Dental and skeletal A union of 1,200 origin, Australia, Argentina, fluorosis, Muscle fibre scientists, doctors and mineral Africa, New Zealand regeneration, nervous lawyers announced weathering, system malfunction opposition to water coal mining fluoridation (1999) Arsenic - Geological 10 ppb Bangladesh, India, 65 million (Asia) High blood pressure, - Death rate: 1 in 100 origin China, Pakistan, glucosuria, people (Conc: 50 ppb) Nepal, Myanmar, hyperpigmentation, and 10 in 100 people Vietnam keratoses, cancer (Conc: 500 ppb) Mercury - Industrial 2 ppb Indonesia, China, ~630,000 infants are Neurotoxicant, tremors, - ~30% of the mercury pollution, Africa, Philippines, born with high Hg respiratory failure, in US comes from dental filling, Japan, Kazakhstan, content in the blood gastrointestinal failures, abroad e.g. China - Food (fish) USA, Brazil, Australia, every year (EPA) and kidney damage Unilever plant, Taiwan, EU Kodaikanal. Minamata, Niigata, River Nura. Lead - Old piping 15 ppb Egypt, EU, USA, >300,000 US children Delays in physical or - Incidence of Gout due lines, mineral Thailand, China, and 65% of Shanghai mental development, to leaded wine and weathering, Cambodia children have high lead Kidney problems, high rum- Use of lead in paint concentration blood pressure paints and discharge in environment Review of major drinking water contaminants, their health impacts and a few associated eventsmultiple sources from internet Quantum of Fluoride Contamination Fluoride contamination: Indian Scenario • 25 million people are suffering from fluorosis and 62 million are at the risk of fluorosis Despite being a global contaminant, fluoride is still a unresolved mystery. A.K. Susheela, Fluorosis management programme in India, Current Science 77 (10) (1999) 1250–1256 How much of our environment is polluted by cadmium? Ground water (1995-96) (Source: PCB) Location State Cd (mg/l) Fresh water (Source: PCB) Coastal water (Source: PCB) Min Max Conc. Location Conc Location (mg/l) Korba Madhya Pradesh NT 0.01 (μg/l) Off Bombay 80.00 (1980) Bellandur Lake, Bangalore 0.70 Singrauli Utter Pradesh NT 0.01 Gobindpur Punjab NT 0.08 Point Calimere 0.1-0.6 (1991) Matla River, West Bengal 0.68 Parwanoo Himachal Pradesh NT 0.062 Cuddalore 2-27 (1994) Saptamukhi River, West 0.85 Bengal Kala Amb Himachal Pradesh NT 0.150 Madras Coast 1.4 (1987) Hugli River, West Bengal 0.59 Pali Rajasthan 0.005 0.224 River Coovum 0.98 (1991) Subernarekha River, West 0.47 Jodhpur Rajasthan <0.005 0.042 Parangipettai Coast 2-25 (1994) Bengal Nazafgarh Delhi NT 0.013 East Coast NT-2.9 (1999) • The Palakkad controversy showed that excessive withdrawal of ground water can also expose us to high metal contamination • The above figures are just a tip of the iceberg (itai-itai) – India produces 1.46L tons of e-waste annually – In India, 2M of computers become obsolete every year – 67,000 tons of computer waste contributed 1.1 tons Hg, 4.5 tons Cd and 3012 tons Pb into landfills (Canada, 05) – The average Cd generation per computer is 2.8 g Affordable Drinking Water Purifier – Market needs Unsolved technology problems Mercury contamination, Minamata, Microbial contamination, Zimbabwe, 2009 Japan, 1956 Pesticide contamination, Kerala, 2001 Fluoride contamination, India, 2003 Images collected from arsenic, fluoride and pesticide affected areas in India For 8-month old Sainaba to 18-year old Ramaswamy, science still has to deliver its benefits Pictures from the web Affordable Drinking Water Purifier – Market needs Commercial unviability – Pricing issues Brand Aquasana Amway Culligan Kenmore GE Ever Pure Aqua-Pure PUR Brita Brita Model AQ-4000 E-5199 SY-2300 Deluxe Smart Water H-54 DWS1000 Plus FM- Faucet Filter Pitcher Number 38465 GXSV10C 3000 Filter Retail $124.99 $420.00 $159.99 $149.99 $139.99 $149.99 $349.95 $49.95 $34.95 $24.95 Price Replacem $48.00 / $120.00 / $50.39 / $49.00 / $60.00 / 540 $79.95 / 750 $79.99 / 625 $20.00 / 100 $20.00 / 100 $7.70 / 30 ent Cost 500 Gal. 1250 Gal. 500 Gal. 500 Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. & Capacity Cost per 9.6 ¢ Per 9.6 ¢ Per 10¢ Per 9.8¢ Per 11¢ Per Gal. 10.6¢ Per 13¢ Per Gal. 20¢ Per 20¢ Per Gal. 25¢ Per gallon Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Gal. Chlorine >99% 97.9% 97% 99% 97% 96% 97% 98% 99% >75% Lead >99% 98% 95% 92% 98% 97% 95% 96% 99% 93% Cysts >99.99% 99.5% 99% NO >99% >99% >99% 99.99% 99.99% NO THMs >99% >99% 95% 99% 95% NO 92% NO NO NO VOCs >99% >99% 95% 95% 99% NO 92% NO NO NO Lindane >99% 72.7% 99% 99% 99% NO >99% 97% 99% NO Alachlor >98% 95% 98% 95% 98% NO 98% NO 99% NO Atrazine >97% >97% 97% 97% 97% NO 97% 96% 92% NO Benzene >99% >97% 99% 83% 99% NO >99% NO 96% NO TCE >99% >98% 99% 98% 99% NO >99% NO 99% NO MTBE >97% NO 90% NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Cost per $172.99 $420.00 $210.38 $198.99 $199.99 $229.90 $349.95 $229.95
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