Marine Organic Micropollutants a Case Study of the Sundarban Mangrove Wetland
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SPRINGER BRIEFS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Santosh Kumar Sarkar Marine Organic Micropollutants A Case Study of the Sundarban Mangrove Wetland 123 SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8868 Santosh Kumar Sarkar Marine Organic Micropollutants A Case Study of the Sundarban Mangrove Wetland Santosh Kumar Sarkar Department of Marine Science University of Calcutta Calcutta , West Bengal , India ISSN 2191-5547 ISSN 2191-5555 (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science ISBN 978-3-319-43300-4 ISBN 978-3-319-43301-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43301-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016946345 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland Pref ace Micropollutants, or Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS), are a group of xenobiotic lipophilic organic compounds characterized by their semivolatile, persistent, bioac- cumulative and toxic nature. POPs are of considerable interest to scientists, envi- ronmental quality managers and policy makers, and are drawing increasing global attention due to their adverse immunological, teratogenic and neurological impacts on humans and other living beings. The book provides regional case studies on the characteristics, sources, analytical techniques, distribution and ecotoxicological aspects of three selective POPs, namely organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), poly- chlorinated phenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in coastal regions of the Indian Sundarban wetland (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), an iconic mangrove wetland with rich biodiversity. Measurements of their concen- trations and evaluation of ecological risk in this vast coastal environment are of signifi cant importance to protect environmental health. Substantial work has been carried out by international organizations, such as the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS), on the characteristics, hazards and fate of POPs. The book adds to the literature by highlighting impacts of these pollutants to the environment in low-lying coastal zones (LLCZ) of this region that are already problems such as siltation, eutrophication, coastal development, aqua- culture and pollution due to vibrant growth in industrial and agricultural sectors. The book is intended to serve as a reliable and up-to-date reference source for stu- dents, teachers and researchers engaged in the fi elds of chemical oceanography, ecotoxicology and pollution management. Santosh Kumar Sarkar v Acknowledgments The author sincerely acknowledges the permission extended by Springer for repro- ducing the following research papers used in the book, namely Archive of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2008) 55:358–371; Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2009) 153:221–234; Archive of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2010) 59:49–61; Water Air and Soil Pollution (2009) 201:305–318. I should acknowledge the generous support from the following academicians and researchers who have shared their knowledge and experience in upgrading the man- uscript, namely Drs. Jiang-Shiou Hwang, National Taiwan Ocean University; Simonetta Corsolini, University of Siena, Italy; Krishna Das, University of Liege, Belgium; Karla Pozo, Masaryk University, Czech Republic; Emmanoel V. Silva- Filho, Fluminense Federal University, Brazil; Jason Kirby, Commonwealth Scientifi c and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Australia; M.P. Jonathan (CIIEMAD) (IPN), Mexico; M.N.V. Prasad, University of Hyderabad, India; Rahul Kundu, Saurashtra University, India; Jayant Kumar Mishra, Pondicherry University, India; and K K Satpathy, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), India. The incredible support and assistance rendered by my research students Dibyendu Rakshit, Soumita Mitra, Priyanka Mondal as well as by my daughter Prathama Sarkar for preparing the manuscript are greatly appreciated. Finally I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Johanna Schwarz, Senior Publishing Editor, and Ms. Claudia Mannsperger, Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, Springer Nature, and Ms Sujitha, Project Manager, SPi Technologies India Private Ltd., for their keen interest and constant encouragement in the publication of the work. Thanks are also due to anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive comments and suggestions which helped in giving the book its fi nal shape. I sincerely hope this will provide greater understanding and stimulate greater interest in the topic of organic micropollutants. Constructive suggestions for improvement of the text are gratefully appreciated. vii Contents 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 Characteristic Features of the Organic Micropollutants . 1 1.1.1 Organochlorine Pesticides . 2 1.1.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls . 2 1.1.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons . 3 1.2 Micropollutants in Coastal Sediments . 4 1.3 Sundarban: An Iconic Tropical Mangrove Wetland . 5 References . 8 2 Organochlorine Pesticide Residues (OCPs) in Sediment Cores from Sundarban Wetland . 11 2.1 Introduction . 11 2.2 Methodology . 12 2.2.1 Study Sites . 12 2.2.2 Sampling Strategy and Analytical Protocol . 13 2.2.3 Reagents and Standards . 14 2.2.4 Extraction and Cleanup Procedure. 14 2.2.5 Instrumental Analysis . 15 2.2.6 Quality Assurance ( QA ) and Quality Control (QC) . 15 2.2.7 Statistical Analyses . 16 2.3 Results and Discussion . 16 2.3.1 Sediment Characteristics . 16 2.3.2 Levels of OCPs in Core Sediments . 16 2.3.3 Ecotoxicological Concerns . 23 2.3.4 Statistical Evaluations and Interpretations . 24 2.3.5 Comparative Account of OCPs in Coastal Regions of India . 25 2.4 Conclusion . 27 References . 27 ix x Contents 3 Congener Profiles of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Sediment Cores from Sundarban Wetland . 31 3.1 Introduction . 31 3.2 Methodology . 32 3.2.1 Study Area and Sampling Sites . 32 3.2.2 Sample Collection and Preservation . 33 3.2.3 Chemicals and Reagents . 34 3.2.4 Extraction and Cleanup . 34 3.2.5 Instrumental Analysis . 34 3.2.6 Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA) . 35 3.2.7 Statistical Analyses . 35 3.3 Result and Discussion . 36 3.3.1 Level of PCBs . 36 3.3.2 Statistical Evaluation and Interpretation . 42 3.3.3 Comparison with Other Studies . 44 3.3.4 Ecotoxicological Concerns . 44 3.4 Conclusion . 45 References . 46 4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediment Cores from Sundarban Wetland . 49 4.1 Introduction . 49 4.2 Methodology . 50 4.2.1 Study Area and Sampling Sites . 50 4.2.2 Sample Collection and Preservation . 51 4.2.3 Chemicals and Reagents . 51 4.2.4 Sample Extraction and Fractionation . 51 4.2.5 Quantitation . 52 4.2.6 Statistical Analyses . 52 4.3 Results and Discussion . 53 4.3.1 Sediment Geochemistry and PAH Accumulation . 53 4.3.2 Surface Distribution of Individual PAHs . 54 4.3.3 Variations of PAH Profi les in Sediment Cores. 56 4.3.4 Sources of PAH in Sediment Cores . 59 4.3.5 Assessment of Sediment Quality Using Environmental Quality Thresholds . 62 4.3.6 Risk Assessment . 63 4.3.7 Assessment of Sediment Toxicity Based on the Total Concentrations of PAHs . 64 4.4 Conclusion . 65 References . 65 5 Accumulation of Micropollutants in Representative Biota of Sundarban Wetland . 69 5.1 Introduction . 69 5.2 Methodology . 70 Contents xi 5.2.1 Study Sites, Sample Collection, and Preservation . 70 5.2.2 Analytical Methods . 72 5.3 Results and Discussion . 73 5.3.1 Sediment Geochemistry . 73 5.3.2 Distribution of PAH Congeners in Sediments . 76 5.3.3 Variations of PAH Congener Residues in Bivalve Tissues . 76 5.3.4 Variations of PAHs in Individual Organs . 78 5.3.5 Mussel PAH Concentration in Relation to Adjacent Sediments . 79 5.3.6 Identifying the Source of PAHs . 79 5.3.7 Assessment of Sediment Quality Using Biological Thresholds . 80 5.3.8 Comparative Account of PAH Accumulation in Bivalve Molluscs . 81 5.4 Conclusions and Recommendations . 82 References . 83 Index ..