Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. Special Issue, No. 9: 73-79, December 2016 https://doi.org/10.5635/ASED.2016.SIN9.043

Review article Current Status of Fauna on Jindo Island, Korea

Hong Shik Oh1,*, Seon Mi Park1, Yoo Kyung Kim1,2, Sang Hyun Han2, Hwa Jin Lee1,3, Jeong Wook Ha3

1Faculty of Science Education, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea 2Educational Science Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea 3Division of Ecological Survey Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon 33657, Korea

ABSTRACT

In the present study, to explore the current status of that inhabit Jindo Island, Jeollanam-do, South Korea, a survey was conducted from July 6 to July 9, 2016. Using several survey methods, such as Sherman’s live trap, footprint, caves, excretions, and road-kill investigations, the mammals observed on Jindo Island were found to be from 5 orders and 9 families, including 12 species in total. Among them, three species of small mammals were wogura, shantungensis, and Apodemus agrarius. Additionally, two legally protected species were found through excretion observations. Lutra lutra and Prionailurus bengalensis, which were designated to endangered wild classes I and II, respectively. The survey results can be used as a valuable resource for identifying the distribution and habitat status of mammals in the Jindo-gun area, as well as for building a database for ecosystem preservation. Keywords: distribution, ecosystem preservation, habitat status, Jindo Island, mammal

INTRODUCTION to urbanization, development, and people collecting rare plants and , the destruction of its ecosystems has been Island regions have several distinct features. They are sur­ rapidly progressing. Therefore, we need to be proactive in rounded by seas on all four sides and are socially, economi­ dealing with environmental changes such as regional wild cally, and culturally separated from inland areas. They also animal extinction or a decrease in biological diversity. have a relatively limited land space. Since marine and terre­ Numerous studies have been conducted with regard to strial ecosystems coexist in island regions, they have unique island biogeography and taxonomic groups (e.g., mammals, biological diversity and biota due to the interplay between reptiles, etc.) abroad (Ota, 1998; Chung et al., 2000; Millien, the island interior, the sea, and the atmosphere (Byun and 2011; de Bruyn et al., 2014; Brown et al., 2016; Sanguila et Jeon, 2008; Lee, 2010). al., 2016). Calls for further research on the ecosystems of Due to the unique ocean-environmental characteristics the large islands have been voiced in Korea; nevertheless, of the island regions off the southwest coast of Korea, the little research has been carried out with a focus on the Jindo islands are inhabited by a variety of species. Jindo Island is area, the third biggest island in the country. located in the southern part of the Yellow Sea and is the third Prior to the current survey, the second and third National largest island in Korea, following the Jeju and Geoje islands. Environment Surveys were conducted to survey mammals Its annual average temperature is 13-14°C. Most islands on Jindo Island (MOE, 1998; NIER, 2006, 2012a, 2012b, belonging to Jindo-gun consist of high mountains and have 2012c, 2012d, 2012e, 2012f). This study was initiated in stable forest systems. Small rivers flowing among the moun­ line with the 4th National Environment Survey (2016) to tains are commonly seen in the areas, providing good condi­ explore the distribution and habitat status of mammals on tions for wild animals to live due to the abundant quantities Jindo Island. of water. However, with the growing human population due

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative *To whom correspondence should be addressed Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ Tel: 82-64-754-3283, Fax: 82-64-725-4902 licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, E-mail: [email protected] and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. pISSN 2234-6953 eISSN 2234-8190 Copyright The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology Hong Shik Oh, Seon Mi Park, Yoo Kyung Kim, Sang Hyun Han, Hwa Jin Lee, Jeong Wook Ha

Table 1. Mammal survey locations in the Jindo-gun area Section Location Survey site Section 1 Goseong-ri, Gogun-myeon 2-6 area Section 2 Hyangdong-ri, Gogun-myeon San 155-1 & San 194-1 areas Section 3 Sacheon-ri, Uisin-myeon San 20-4 & San 12 areas Section 4 Gojeong-ri, Imhoe-myeon San 1 area (Aengmu Bridge) Section 5 Gahak-ri, Jisan-myeon San 34 area (Gachi Breakwater) Section 6 Simdong-ri, Jisan-myeon San 9 area (Simdong Bridge) Section 7 Bojeon-ri, Jisan-myeon San 4 area (Bojeon Breakwater) Section 8 Sammak-ri, Imhoe-myeon Sammak-bong area Section 9 Sacheon-ri, Uisin-myeon Mt. Cheomchalsan area

Table 2. Survey dates and methods Location Date Survey method Goseong-ri area Jul 6-7 Sherman’s trap Hyangdong-ri area Jul 7-8 Sherman’s trap, field signs and road-kill Sacheon-ri area Jul 7-8 Sherman’s trap and field signs Gojeong-ri area Jul 8 Field signs Gahak-ri area Jul 9 Field signs Simdong-ri area Jul 9 Field signs Bojeon-ri area Jul 9 Field signs Sammak-bong area Jul 8 Field signs Mt. Cheomchalsan area Jul 7-9 Field signs

MATERIALS AND METHODS and was randomly selected among locations that had water courses and rocks around the intersection between meadows Field survey and forests. Additionally, the sizes, locations and ecological To identify objects, macroscopy, field signs (excretions, importance of rivers in each location were taken into ac­ foot prints, caves, etc.), road-kill investigation, and crying count. Survey locations were subdivided into nine sections discerning were used. Species identification was primarily (Table 1): Goseong-ri and Hyangdong-ri in Gogun-myeon, followed using Won (1967, 1968), Yoon (1992), and Yoon Sacheon-ri in Uisin-myeon, Gojeong-ri in Imhoe-myeon, et al. (2004). Village resident interviews were also carried Gahak-ri, Simdong-ri and Bojeon-ri in Jisan-myeon. For out. The observed excretions and footprints were identified wild rodents, considering that these are nocturnal animals, based on Choi and Choi (2007), while verifying habitat lo­ traps were placed after 4 PM and were checked the next cations through excretion observations were based on the morning. Information about the schedules, locations, and studies by Han (1997) and Choi et al. (2012). To explore the methods of the survey are summarized in Table 2. inhabitation of rodents, food attractants, such as sausages or fish cakes, were put in Sherman’s live traps spaced at 10 to 20 m apart. According to habitat types, rodent collection sites RESULTS AND DISCUSSION included grasslands, bush lands, mountainous area, wetlands, agricultural farms, and human settlement. Habitat informa­ Field survey results tion (e.g., pictures of excretions) and GPS coordinates of The mammals found on Jindo Island were from 5 orders and each location where legally protected species were found 9 families, including 12 species in total (Fig. 1, Table 3). They were recorded. The collected species were released after the were as follows: Mogera wogura, Crocidura shantungensis, identification process, whereas several objects necessary for Prionailurus bengalensis, Nyctereutes procyonoides, Lutra manufacturing samples were fixed using 80% ethanol and lutra, Mustela sibirica, Meles leucurus, Sus scrofa, Capre- transferred to our lab. olus pygargus, Hydropotes inermis, Lepus coreanus, and Apodemus agrarius. Among them, there were 3 species of Survey duration and locations small mammals: Mogera wogura, Crocidura shantungensis, The current survey was conducted on 6-9 Jul 2016. Each and Apodemus agrarius. Apodemus agrarius and Crocidura survey location was far away from villages or farmlands shantungensis were captured during trap investigations, and

74 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. Special Issue (9), 73-79 Mammals of Jindo

Fig. 1. The current distribution status of mammals found in the Jindo-gun area.

Table 3. Mammal status found in the Jindo-gun area in this survey Section no. Scientific name General name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Order Mogera wogura Japanese - ◦ - - - - - ◦ ◦ Crocidura shantungensis Asian lesser white-toothed - ◦ ------Order Carnivora Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat - ◦ - ◦ - - - ◦ ◦ Nyctereutes procyonoides Raccoon dog ------◦ ◦ Lutra lutra Eurasian river otter - - - ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ - - Mustela sibirica Siberian weasel - ◦ ------Meles leucurus Asian badger ------◦ Order Artiodactyla Sus scrofa Wild boar ------◦ ◦ Capreolus pygargus Eastern roe deer ------◦ - Hydropotes inermis Chinese water deer ◦ - - ◦ ◦ - - ◦ ◦ Order Lagomorpha Lepus coreanus Korean hare ------◦ Order Lagomorpha Apodemus agrarius Eurasian field mouse ◦ ◦ ◦ ------Total species (n=12) 2 5 1 3 2 2 1 6 7

Wild dogs and cats observed during the survey were excluded from the list.

Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. Special Issue (9), 73-79 75 Hong Shik Oh, Seon Mi Park, Yoo Kyung Kim, Sang Hyun Han, Hwa Jin Lee, Jeong Wook Ha

A B C

D E F

G H I

J K L

Fig. 2. Survey areas and mammals found on Jindo Island. A, B, Hyangdong-ri, Gogun-myeon; C, D, Sacheon-ri, Uisin-myeon; E, F, Gojeong-ri, Imhoe-myeon; G, Excretions of Lutra lutra; H, Excretions of Prionailurus bengalensis; I, Excretions of Mustela sibirica; J, Tunnels of Mogera wogura; K, Apodemus agrarius; L, Crocidura shantungensis. the underground tunnels and road-kill carcass of Mogera inermis, Apodemus agrarius, and Lutra lutra. The 7th sec­ wogura were found. Moreover, the excretions of Mustela tion, Mt. Cheomchalsan area, had the most diverse collec­ sibirica, Prionailurus bengalensis (endangered wild animal tion of species among all the surveyed locations, with 7 spe­ class II and Lutra lutra (endangered wild animal class I) cies of mammals in total. were observed (Fig. 2). The coordinates of the locations where the excretions of Prionailurus bengalensis and Lutra Comparison with previous survey results lutra were found are presented in Table 4. With respect to Mammals in the Jindo-gun area had been surveyed through Hydropotes inermis, its excretions, crying, and footprints the National Environment Surveys in 1998, 2006, and 2012 were found in agriculture farms, nearby wetlands, and in (MOE, 1998; NIER, 2006, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d, mountainous regions. There were three species with high 2012e, 2012f). Through these surveys, it was found that appearance frequency in the survey locations: Hydropotes mammals inhabiting the Jindo area were 18 species in 1998,

76 Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. Special Issue (9), 73-79 Mammals of Jindo

Table 4. The coordinates of the finding sites of the protected species Species Locations Coordinates Lutra lutra Aengmu Bridge 34°26′32.18″N, 126°13′01.40″E Simdong Bridge 34°24′41.60″N, 126°07′35.05″E Gachi Breakwater 34°28′55.18″N, 126°09′47.27″E Bocheon Breakwater 34°29′43.41″N, 126°12′18.39″E Prionailurus bengalensis Hyangdong-ri, Gogun-myeon 34°28′10.10″N, 126°20′07.60″E Aengmu Bridge 34°26′33.80″N, 126°12′41.00″E Mt. Cheomchalsan area 34°28′42.36″N, 126°18′31.68″E Sammak-bong area 34°26′21.61″N, 126°14′18.03″E

Table 5. Comparison of mammals found in this survey with previously recorded surveys Scientific name General name 1998a 2004b 2012c This survey Order Soricomorpha Mogera wogura ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Crocidura lasiura Ussuri white-toothed shrew * - - - Crocidura shantungensis Asian lesser white-toothed shrew ◦ - - ◦ Order Chiroptera Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Greater horseshoe bat - ◦ ◦ - Order Carnivora Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat - - - ◦ Nyctereutes procyonoides Raccoon dog ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Vulpes vulpes Red fox ◦ - - - Lutra lutra Eurasian river otter - ◦ ◦ ◦ Mustela sibirica Siberian weasel ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Meles leucurus Asian badger - - - - Order Artiodactyla Sus scrofa Wild boar ◦ - ◦ ◦ Capreolus pygargus Eastern roe deer - ◦ - ◦ Hydropotes inermis Chinese water deer ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Order Lagomorpha Lepus coreanus Korean hare ◦ - - ◦ Order Rodentia Sciurus vulgaris Eurasian red squirrel ◦ ◦ - - Tamias sibiricus Siberian chipmunk ◦ - - - Clethrionomys regulus Korean red-backed vole * - - - Apodemus agrarius Eurasian field mouse ◦ - - ◦ Apodemus peninsulae Korean field mouse * - - - Micromys minutus European harvest mouse * - ◦ - Mus musculus House mouse * - - - Rattus norvegicus Norway rat ◦ ◦ ◦ - Rattus rattus Black rat ◦ - - - Total species (n=23) 18 9 9 12

Wild dogs and cats observed during the survey were excluded from the list. Species that have high probability of inhabitation are marked with asterisks (*) in 1998. aMOE (1998), The 2nd National Ecosystem Survey-Cheomchalsan in Jindo. bNIER (2006), The 2nd National Ecosystem Survey-Yeogwisan and Jiryeoksan in Jindo. cNIER (2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d, 2012e, 2012f), The 3rd National Ecosystem Survey.

9 species in 2006 and 2012, and 12 species in 2016. It is mals considering the relatively short time period and a num­ thought that the high number of mammals reported in 1998 ber of limiting factors in the survey process. This is because was because the researcher added possible species inhabit­ this survey focused on mammals inhabiting river and forest ing the area based on his/her own assumptions. The number areas. However, the results of this survey need to be verified of mammals in the 1998 survey was followed by that in the by long-term monitoring. If more surveys in other areas are current 2016 survey, which found a greater number of mam­ carried out with regular monitoring, more mammal species

Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. Special Issue (9), 73-79 77 Hong Shik Oh, Seon Mi Park, Yoo Kyung Kim, Sang Hyun Han, Hwa Jin Lee, Jeong Wook Ha may be found, apart from the species listed in this survey. cheon-ri in Uisin-myeon; however, more sanctuaries should Mogera wogura, Mustela sibirica, and Hydropotes inermis be designated to preserve living resources. Moreover, con­ have been found in the previous and current surveys, show­ sistent monitoring and inhabiting environment surveys are ing a relatively stable status in terms of their inhabitation. required to protect wild animals. A more detailed under­ Crocidura shantungensis and Apodemus agrarius were found standing of the habitat status of mammals on Jindo Island in the 1998 (MOE, 1998) and in the current survey, while through regular surveys and systematic management may they were not reported in the 2006 and 2012 surveys (NIER, help build a database for preserving biological diversity and 2006, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d, 2012e, 2012f). Lutra wild animals. lutra, the endangered class I wild animal, has been continu­ ously found since 2006, although there was no record of it in the 1998 survey (MOE, 1998). Prionailurus bengalensis, REFERENCES the endangered class II wild animal, was found only in the present survey and not in previous surveys. Therefore, Brown JL, Sillero N, Glaw F, Bora P, Vieites DR, Vences M, long-term systematic investigations on Lutra lutra and 2016. Spatial biodiversity patterns of Madagascar’s am­ Prionailurus bengalensis should be done in the future. Me- phibians and reptiles. 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