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United States Foreign Assistance Oral History Program The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection Foreign Assistance Series ALEXANDER RAY LOVE Interviewed by: W. Haven North Initial interview date: February 10, 1998 Copyright 1998 ADST The oral history program was made possible through support provided by the Center for Development Information and Evaluation, U.S. Agency for International Development, under terms of Cooperative Agreement No. AEP-0085-A-00-5026-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the interviewee and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development or the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. TABLE OF CONTENTS Early years and education Joined USAID as a management intern in the Asia Bureau 1961 Experience with private sector loans 1960s Philippines Desk officer 1965-1969 Chief, Capital Projects Division, South Asia 1970 USAID Regional Economic Development Service Office; Nairobi, Kenya 1979 Southern Africa Development and Coordination Council (SADCC) Deputy Assistant Administrator, USAID Africa Bureau 1982 IDCA (International Development Cooperation Agency) WARDA (West African Regional Development Association) Promotion to Counselor of the Agency 1987 AID issues of special concern 1 Views on development aid coordination Concluding observations KEY WORDS agriculture aid coordination AID’s procedures Angola Ashugans fertilizer project Bangladesh Bataan Pulp and Paper Mills Botswana Burundi cement plant Chad Club du Sahel Consultative Groups Contra support program Cooley Loan Program Counselor of the Agency for International Development credit system crisis in the Sahel debt issues Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Development Fund for Africa (DFA) Development Loan Fund (DLF) drought conditions dynamite plant earmarking Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Egypt Ethiopia Ethiopian National Relief and Rehabilitation Commission Ethiopian drought Export-Import Bank Famine Early Warning System Fauji fertilizer food aid freedom fighters geothermal project green revolution 2 human rights India Indonesia infrastructure projects Inspector General (IG) integrated rural development programs Interagency Working Group on Food International Development Intern program (IDI) International Development Cooperation Agency (IDCA) International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) International Cooperation Administration (ICA) irrigation Junior Management Intern Kenya Korry Report Lesotho local currency locomotives locusts maize (corn) growing Malaysia Management Intern Program Marshall Plan Mauritius miracle rice Mozambique municipal water supply system New Directions Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Office of Southern Africa Regional Assistance Coordination (OSARAC) Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) Pakistan fertilizer plant Pakistan paper mills Peter McPherson Philippines population ports and harbors power plants private sector loans provincial development programs public sector investment Public Law 480 (PL480) Regional Economic Development Service Office (REDSO) road and bridge construction projects rural electrification 3 rural health clinics Rwanda self help funds Senegal River basin development project shutting down a mission South Korea Southern Africa Development Coordination Council (SADCC) Special Program for Africa (SPA) Sudan Supporting Assistance Swaziland tandem couples Tanzania Thailand Uganda Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) Vietnam water supply systems West African Regional Development Association (WARDA) West Africa Wheeler Group Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe INTERVIEW Q: To begin with, Ray, how many years were you with AID? LOVE: Well, let's see. If you counted my time with DAC [Development Assistance Center], I joined in 1961. I went to DAC in 1990 and retired in 1994. Q: Let's start off by getting a little bit of your background. Where were you born, where did you grow up, where did you go to school? Did this period have any connection with your future decision to go into the field of international development? Early years and education LOVE: I was born and raised in Oakland, California. I went to the University of California at Berkeley, California, for the first time in 1951. This was just about the time the Korean War started. I majored initially in liberal arts. Then, halfway through the course I shifted to civil engineering. While I was in college at the University of California, I joined the Naval ROTC [Reserve Officers Training Corps], since at that time you had to figure out how you were going to handle your military obligation. Joining the 4 Naval ROTC gave me a chance to finish college before going on active duty in the U.S. Navy. By shifting into civil engineering I had to extend my college time by six months to make up for some of the course changes I had to make. So I graduated from the University of California at Berkeley in June, 1955. Then I went on active duty in the Navy. Q: Why did you shift your major to civil engineering? LOVE: Well, I guess that after two years of liberal arts studies I decided that, somewhere along the line, I was going to have to make a living. While the liberal arts curriculum was "fun," I began to have concerns about where this branch of studies was going to take me. I had always enjoyed mathematics and the sciences, so I shifted into engineering. Q: Did you take any courses that related to your future work in international development? LOVE: No, none whatsoever. Well, many of the engineering courses were of enormous help to me later on, as I got involved in development projects in particular. However, at the time I was studying civil engineering, there was no focus at all in my studies on international affairs. The only international linkage was the fact that my parents had both immigrated from Scotland, and we still have relatives back there. At that time I had no interest in considering any international work. However, when I graduated from the University of California in 1955, I went on active duty in the Navy on a Destroyer Escort, based out of Pearl Harbor. I spent quite a bit of time, steaming around the Western Pacific. I visited Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, and the Philippines. I was particularly struck with Hong Kong. In 1955 it still had a large population of immigrants who had come over the border from Mainland China. The sides of the hills in Hong Kong were just "stacked" with the hovels where these immigrants lived. It was really quite a depressing sight to see. At the time I thought that the Philippines was probably doing rather better. So my naval service certainly gave me an exposure to the Pacific area. Furthermore, we sailed quite a bit in the South Pacific islands, visiting the smaller, populated islands, such as Palau and so forth. After two years, I left the Navy and returned to Berkeley. Actually, by my last year in engineering school, I had decided that I didn't want to spend my time in a "design office." After I had designed my first bridge, I decided that a computer could do this better than a human being. I had spent many years romantically looking at Golden Gate bridge and the San Francisco Bay bridge. But, in real life, civil engineering design was a very tedious, uninteresting, unimaginative job. So I opted to go back to the University of California in Berkeley and see what the options were in terms of getting some schooling in business, so that I could combine engineering and business. I returned to Berkeley and talked to them about their MBA [Master's in Business Administration] program, which took two years to complete. My grades from engineering 5 school, because I had crammed so many courses in, were not "great." However, when I talked this over with the Registrar's Office at the University of California, the woman who was advising me said: "Well, you have another option. You could come back to California for a bachelor's degree in business. Berkeley will automatically readmit you for a second bachelor's degree, simply on the basis that you graduated from the university in the first instance. You then could take the 'core' courses for business, and we'll give you a second bachelor's degree in business." I figured that that would take two full semesters, plus two summer school sessions. I asked her what it would take if, at the end of that time, I decided to go on to get an MBA degree. She said that it would only take one year. She said that it was a two-year program if you start at the beginning and a one- year program if you already have a degree in business. I said that this was kind of a "can't lose" kind of proposition. I said that, first of all, I didn't have to argue with her about my grades in order to get into graduate school. I would just return to the university and get another bachelor's degree. So I went back to the university, and took a course in business administration at the undergraduate level, with emphasis on mathematics. I finished that up by the end of the summer of 1957. At this point I had my second bachelor's degree. I went to work for a year for the Pacific Gas and Electric Company in the construction area. I worked on natural gas transmission, gas pumping plants, and so forth, in California. I did that for a year and then decided that I was frustrated with the management of some of the engineering operations. I decided that I could probably do better if I worked on the management side. I then decided to go back to the university and get my MBA degree. I still had no interest in international affairs. It was simply a matter of strengthening the business side of my education, getting out of the technical and into the managerial area. At that point I looked around and said to myself: "Well, maybe it would be better to try the East Coast of the U.S.
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