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PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI INVESTIGATING LEXICAL AND STRUCTURAL AMBIGUITY IN THE READER’S FORUM SECTION OF THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Mutiara Sekar Utami Student Number: 091214114 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2013 PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI INVESTIGATING LEXICAL AND STRUCTURAL AMBIGUITY IN THE READER’S FORUM SECTION OF THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Mutiara Sekar Utami Student Number: 091214114 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2013 i PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI ii PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI iii PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI I dedicate this thesis to: Jesus, for the unpredictable yet incredible plan Bapak & Mamah, for the love, care, and prayer Mas Ebi & Mas Ei, for being the best bodyguard in the world Raihan, Pia, Tata, for giving me happiness, free hugs and kisses Om Yeri, for the support and the wake-up call Mas Ape, for being the one The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. - Psalm 23:1 iv PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI v PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI vi PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI ABSTRACT Utami, Mutiara Sekar. (2013). Investigating Lexical and Structural Ambiguity in the Reader’s Forum Section of The Jakarta Post Newspaper. Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program Sanata Dharma University. Language is one aspect that differentiates human and other creatures. Through language, people communicate. When communicating, people transfer ideas, thoughts, and meanings. However, sometimes what is meant is not the same as what is received. Misunderstanding and misinterpretation could be the reasons why it happens, and ambiguity is one of the many factors of misunderstanding and misinterpretation. The researcher conducted the study to find out ambiguities in mass media. The researcher used The Jakarta Post newspaper as the subject of the study. This study aimed to answer three research questions. The first and second research question aimed to find out words and phrases are lexically and structurally ambiguous in the Reader’s Forum section of The Jakarta Post newspaper, while the third research question was how the tree diagrams enable the researcher to resolve structural ambiguities. The study was a qualitative study. Therefore, the researcher more focused on the words, phrases, and sentence rather than numerical data. Using content analysis as her method, the researcher took the data from one week’s edition of The Jakarta Post newspaper from July 1st, 2013 to July 6th, 2013. To be precise, the researcher took the data from the Reader’s Forum section. From one week data, the researcher found 54 ambiguities, consisting of 47 ambiguous words and 7 ambiguous phrases. From the lexically ambiguous words, the researcher found that 21 words belonged to nouns, 9 of them belonged to verbs, and the rest, 17 words, belonged to adjectives. While in structural ambiguity, all of the structurally ambiguous phrases belong to noun phrases. It was also proved that tree diagrams could be used to resolve the structural ambiguity. Tree diagrams could also reveal the pattern of structurally ambiguous phrases. Keywords: ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, newspaper, structural ambiguity, tree diagrams. vii PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI ABSTRAK Utami, Mutiara Sekar. (2013). Investigating Lexical and Structural Ambiguity in the Reader’s Forum Section of The Jakarta Post Newspaper. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Sanata Dharma. Bahasa merupakan salah satu karakter yang membedakan manusia dengan makhluk hidup lainnya. Manusia berkomunikasi menggunakan bahasa untuk menyalurkan ide, pemikiran, dan arti. Namun, terkadang apa yang dimaksud tidak sama dengan apa yang diterima oleh lawan bicara. Kesalahpahaman dan salah interpretasi menjadi salah satu penyebab hal tersebut terjadi, dan ambiguitas menjadi factor penyebab kesalahpahaman dan salah interpretasi tersebut. Penulis melakukan penelitian untuk menemukan ambiguitas di media massa. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan artikel yang diambil dari harian The Jakarta Post sebagai subjeknya. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab 3 (tiga) rumusan masalah. Pertanyaan pertama dan kedua bertujuan untuk menemukan kata dan phrasa yang mana saja yang tergolong ambigu secara leksikal dan struktural. Sedangkan pertanyaan ketiga bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pohon sintaktis dapat memecahkan permasalahan ambiguitas struktural? Penelitian ini merupakan studi kulitatif. Makadari itu, penulis lebih menaruh perhatian pada kata, phrasa, dan kalimat daripada data numerik. Dengan menggunakan metode analisis isi, peneliti mengambil data dari harian The Jakarta Post selama satu minggu dimulai dari edisi 1 Juli 2013 sampai 6 Juli 2013. Lebih rinci, penulis mengambil data dari kolom Reader’s Forum. Dari data selama satu minggu, penulis menemukan 54 ambiguitas yang terdiri dari 47 kata dan 7 phrasa. Pada kata yang ambigu, penulis menemukan bahwa 21 kata merupakan nomina, 9 kata kerja, dan 17 merupakan adjektiva. Sedangkan untuk semua phrasa yang ambigu merupakan phrasa nomina. Dalam penelitian ini, juga terbukti bahwa pohon sintaksis juga dapat digunakan untuk membantu memahami ambiguitas struktural secara lebih baik. Dengan menggunakan pohon sintaktis, penulis juga dapat melihat pola dari phrasa yang ambigu. Kata Kunci: ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, newspaper, structural ambiguity, tree diagrams. viii PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I could not give more thanks to Jesus for His plans which work way much better than mine. Without Him, I would not be able to finish this thesis – I would not start, actually. I’m so glad that on that Sunday, I pushed myself to go to church. I’m so grateful that He spoke to me through the priest that day. I’m sure that it was one of His amazing scenarios. Therefore, I believe in every step I took while writing this thesis, He kept His eyes upon me – as He always does. I would like to thank my parents for their love and care. I thank my mother so much for her silent prayer every morning where she mentions my name. I also feel grateful for love and care shown in my father eyes with no need to say it. I love you both, so much. I would not be able to finish my study without my brothers and my uncles. I owe them life. I also want to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my sponsor, Barli Bram, Ph.D., who has willingly and patiently helped me. I thank him for his care, patience, advice, critical questions, and supports. I would like to thank all my ELESP lecturers especially Caecilia Tutyandari, S.Pd, M.Pd, Christina Kristiyani, S.Pd., M.Pd., and Drs. Y. B. Gunawan, M.A. I also would like to thank Mbak Dhaniek and Mbak Tari for the guidance and assistance they gave to me during my years in Sanata Dharma University ELESP. My gratitude also goes to those who have supported me so much in this bittersweet process. My better half, Rizky Aditya Purnomo Putra, who always reminds me to work on my thesis and keep writing every time we have phone calls. I thank him for the love, care, support, and understanding. I thank God that we found each other. I would like to express my greatest gratitude to the member of Kontrakan Ceria, Engkit, Karnia and Linna for being the best comedian ever. I thank them for keeping me smiling when the world seems so cruel. I also would like to thank my besties, Nana, Wella, Tia, Pita, Ika, Linda for the laughter, discussion, love, jokes, and happy moments we shared. Our memories won’t ever be forgotten. I also thank LAYUNG for the great moments ix PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI and beautiful journey that we had together. I also feel blessed to be in SPACE, the best teaching team ever. I thank them so much for the process that we went through together. I would not able to finish this thesis without the masterpiece of Metallica, Michael Bolton, Bread, Michael Learns to Rock, Guns ‘n Roses, Firehouse, The All American Rejects, and Kings of Leon and also all of the god and goddess of 70’s, 80’s, 90’s rock ballads. Lastly, I also thank all the people who have helped and supported me, especially during the process of pursuing my dreams. I am so glad to have them in my life and I am so blessed to know them all. Mutiara Sekar Utami x PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE.......................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE................................................................................