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Enhancement of Biological Activity in Biofilters by Amino Acid Supplementation

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Enhancement of Biological Activity in Biofilters by Amino Acid Supplementation ENHANCEMENT OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN BIOFILTERS BY AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION by Bofu Li Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2016 © Copyright by Bofu Li, 2016 DEDICATION For my parents and Shijun. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED ................................................................................ ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. xiii Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Impetus for work ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Thesis hypothesis ...................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Thesis objectives and outline .................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 Background and Literature Review .................................................................... 6 2.1 Biological filtration ................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Filtration and biological filtration ........................................................... 6 2.1.2 Nutrient supplementation ........................................................................ 8 2.2 Biological activity and organic carbon removal in biofitlers .................................. 11 2.3 Water quality analysis ............................................................................................. 13 2.3.1 Biomass measurement ........................................................................... 13 2.3.2 Quantifying natural organic matter by photoelectron-chemical oxygen demand (PeCOD) .............................................................................. 14 2.3.3 Characterization and quantification of natural organic matter by fluorescence-spectroscopy ............................................................................. 18 2.4 Amino acids in metabolism ..................................................................................... 19 2.5 Summary of literature review.................................................................................. 23 Chapter 3 Amino Acid Batch Experiment ........................................................................ 24 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 24 iii 3.2 Materials and methods ............................................................................................ 25 3.2.1 Water treatment plant description and source water ............................. 25 3.2.2 Experimental set-up and design ............................................................ 26 3.2.3 Analysis method .................................................................................... 27 3.3 Results and discussion ............................................................................................ 28 3.3.1 Degradation of TOC in filtered-flocculated water with amino acids .... 28 3.3.2 ATP increase in filtered-flocculated water with amino acids ............... 30 3.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 34 Chapter 4 Enhanced Biofiltration with Amino Acids ....................................................... 35 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 35 4.2 Materials and methods ............................................................................................ 36 4.2.1 Experimental set-up and operation ....................................................... 36 4.2.2 Analysis methods .................................................................................. 38 4.3 Results and discussion ............................................................................................ 41 4.3.1 Biomass growth..................................................................................... 41 4.3.1.1 Biomass with backwash cycles ..................................................... 41 4.3.1.2 Biomass growth with respect to predicting model ........................ 43 4.3.1.3 Biomass penetration through the depths of the biofilter ............... 45 4.3.2 Degradation of substrate ....................................................................... 47 4.3.2.1 Degradation of DOC and PeCOD ................................................. 47 4.3.2.2 Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix ...................................... 49 4.3.2.3 Kinetics of substrate degradation .................................................. 52 4.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 55 Chapter 5 Kinetics of Amino Acids in CDC Biofilm Reactors ........................................ 56 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 56 iv 5.2 Materials and methods ............................................................................................ 56 5.2.1 Experimental set-up and design ............................................................ 56 5.2.2 Analysis methods .................................................................................. 58 5.3 Results and discussion ............................................................................................ 60 5.3.1 Description of biofilm model ................................................................ 60 5.3.2 Amino acid flux in biofilm reactors ...................................................... 64 5.3.3 Relationship between biomass ATP and amino acid flux ..................... 66 Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................. 72 6.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 72 6.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................... 73 References ......................................................................................................................... 75 Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 85 Appendix A-Chapter 3 Raw and Supplemental Data ................................................... 85 Appendix B-Chapter 4 Raw and Supplemental Data .................................................... 86 Appendix C-Chapter 5 Raw and Supplemental Data .................................................... 92 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Molecular structure, chemical formula, and ThOD of amino acids (adapted from Pitter and Chudoba, 1990). ...................................................................................... 22 Table 3.1 Maximum specific growth rate of biomass ATP during 2-3 days. ................... 33 Table 4.1 Quality characteristics of dechlorinate tap water for biofilters. ........................ 38 Table 4.2 Model parameters for evolution of biomass concentration in one filter cycle. 44 Table 5.1 Optimized compound-specific parameters and retention time for LC-MS/MS. .......................................................................................................................................... 59 Table 5.2 Optimized source parameters of mass spectrometer......................................... 60 Table 5.3 Estimated BOM flux/ATP at low and high bulk concentration........................ 68 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Photocatalytic oxidation and reduction processes at TiO2 nanopaticle. .......... 15 Figure 2.2 Schematic of photoelecrocatalytic processes with TiO2 thin film electrode. .. 16 Figure 2.3 Typical components of a fluorescence spectrometer. ...................................... 18 Figure 2.4 Overview of the citric acid cycle. .................................................................... 21 Figure 3.1 Schematic of J.D. Kline Water Supply Plant, Halifax, Nova scotia, Canada. 25 Figure 3.2 Batch experiment of filtered flocculated water with amino acids. .................. 26 Figure 3.3 TOC removal percentages of filtered flocculated-water versus incubation time. .................................................................................................................................. 29 Figure 3.4 TOC concentration versus incubation time. .................................................... 29 Figure 3.5 Biomass ATP in filtered flocculated-water versus incubation time. ............... 31 Figure 3.6 Batch growth curves for biomass ATP within 2- or 3-day period. ................. 33 Figure 4.1 Enhanced biofilters setup for determining biological activity on glass beads. 36 Figure 4.2 Biomass ATP of media versus
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