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An Anthropometric Method for Fractionation of Skin, Adipose, Bone AN ANTHROPOMETRIC METHOD FOR FRACTIONATION OF SKIN, ADIPOSE, BONE, MUSCLE AND RESIDUAL TISSUE MASSES, IN MALES ANI, FEMALES AGE 6 TO 77 YEARS DEBORAH ANNE KERR B. App. Sc. (Nutrition) 1981.Grad. Dip., (Dietetics) 1982., Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia. THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in the school of Kinesiology @ DEBORAH ANNE KERR 1988 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY April 1988 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL NAME : Deborah Kerr DEGREE: Master of Science (Kinesiology) TITLE OF THESIS: An Anthropometric Method for Fractionation of Skin, Adipose, Bone, Muscle and Residual Tissue Masses, in Males and Females Age 6 to 77 Years. Examining Committee: Chairman: Dr. A. Chapman -------------'------ Dr. W.D. Ross senior Supervisor ----\- =-- - -- Dr. D.G. Hedges ----- ------------,"&- ! 7 w:-- D. ~ocherh 1 University -o~~~~ictoria External Examiner - Date Approved iLj iigtM / 7 $ / PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis or dissertation (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for.such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/~issertation: Author : (signature ) (name ) (date) ABSTRACT An anthropometric human body composition method was designed t,o predict skin, adipose. muscle, bone and residual tissue masses in males and females aged from 6 to 77 years. Based on departures from a defined unisex reference human the design of the method had two constraints: (1'1 the sum of the predicted fractional masses was to approximate the individual obtained body weight in 11 samples representing a wide variety of human physique and. (2) the individual tissue masses and the sum was to be consistent with anatomical evidence from the dissection of 12 male and 13 female human cadavers. When applied to all living subjects (n= 1669) the standard error of est,imate (SEE1 for the prediction of body weight \vas 3.00kg and the correlation coefficient 0.087. with a tendency toward overprediction of the body mass by 1.. The SEE'S for the samples ranged from 0.97kg for female lightweight rowers to 2.94kg for males age 6-l7years. In 9 of the 11 samples the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.985 for girls aged 6-17 years to 0.931 for female university students. hlale and female lightweight rowers showed the lowest coridation (0.608 and 0.509 respect,ively). indicative of' the minimum variab1it.g in their body weight. The sum of the predicted fractional tissue masses accounted for total body weight within 4% across all samples with the exception of body builders. An 8% error in this group was attributed to their extreme physique and possible dehydration at the time of measuring. The performance of the method, which was developed independently of the cadaver sample, was generally superior to other- methods built and validated on the cadaver data. There exists potential for further refinement with computer optimization, augmented with medical imaging data and further cadaver evidence. iii DEDICATION To Jindrich Matiepka, in recognition of his legacy to the stud!. of human physique. it was a major loss for students of human physique that Matiegka's approach, providing physical anthropometry with its vital "fourth dimension" remained for years unnoticed (Brozek, 1960). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The emergence of kinanthropometrg as a scientific discipline has been largely due to the cooperation and sharing of ideas and data, as well as the rigorous attention to technique. I have benefited from the work of the many scientists whose past and present works on the structure of human physique has enabled the completion of this thesis. I am indebted to those who have contributed to the data assembly. Dr A. Martin, Dr D. Drinkwater and Dr M. Marfell-Jones provided anatomical dissection data from 25 human cadavers; without which it is unlikely that this thesis would have evolved to the present, form. Data assemblies on living subjects has been augmented by more than 30 kinanthropometrists. In particular, I would like to extend my sincere t.hanks to Dr E. DeRose for providing the opportunity to collect data. along with my colleague Susan Crawford, on lightweight rowing at the X Pan American Games. To my supervisory committee of Dr Tibbits, Dr Hedges and Dr Weldon you supportive approach and constructive suggestions certainly enhanced the final copy. A special thanks to Dr Weldon for helping make sense of the "numbers" For proof reading the earlier drafts of the thesis I would like to thank Susan, Wendy and Dr Hedges. Also I would like to thank George and Dale for their counsel on microcomputer difficulties. Without Shona. Cheryl and Laurie a graduate students life would be even more chaotic: thanks for all your help. To my colleagues Richard and Sue. your continuing support, suggestions and humour was always there when most needed. A special thank you to Mary for the practical suggestions and encouragement. Mum, Dad, Pete and Bron; there were times I doubted myself but you never did (or so you said!). Thank you for sharing my goals. For financial assistance I am indebted to the Rotary Foundation for providing the opportunity to study at. Simon Fraser University. I have greatly appreciated the support of my Rotary counsellors, Howard Stevenson and Ron Mitchell. To Dr W.D. Ross for your unfailing enthusiasm and for enlightening me to a "conceptual, theoretical, methodological and historical" view of science. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. ABSTRACT 111 DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xiii I. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 1 1.2 THE .4PPLICATIONS OF HUMAN BODY COMPOSITION ANALYSIS 1.2.1 Sports Science 1.2.2 Fitness & Employee Wellness Programs 1.2.3 Public Health 1.2.4 Medicine 1.2.5 Child health 1.2.6 Occupational health 1.3 DEFINITION OF TERMS 11. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF THE BODT COMPOSITION LITERATURE 2.1 ANALYSES OF BODY COMPOSITION 2.2 DIRECT (IT\;'VITRO', ESTIMATIONS OF BODT COMPOSITION 2.3 INDIRECT (IN VIVO) ESTIMATIONS OF BODY COMPOSITION 2.4 DENSITOMETRY 2.4.1 The principle of density 2.4.2 The measurement of density 2.4.3 Prediction of body fat from density 2.4.4 Constancy of the fat density 2.4.5 Constancy of the fat-free density. 2.5 THE ANTHROPOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF BODY COMPOSITION 2.6. INDICES OF HEIGHT AND WEIGHT 2.6.1 The Quetelet Index 2.7 PREDICTION OF BODY FAT AND MUSCLE MASS 2.7.1 Skinfold caliper measurements 2.7.2 Whole body conductivity 2.7.3 The prediction of muscle mass 2.7.4 Prediction of skeletal mass 2.8.1 The method of Matiegka for the anthropometric estimation of anatomical body composition 2.8.2 The methods of Behnke for the anthropometric estimation of total body weight and lean body weight 2.8.3 The method of von Dobeln for the estimation of skeletal weight 2.8.4 The method of Drinkwater and Ross for the anthropometric fractionation of the bodv mass 2.8.5 A geometric model of human body composition 2.8.6 The 0-Scale system 3.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 3.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY 3.3 EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRAINTS 3.4 CRITERION FOR TEST OF ADEQUACY 3.5 EXPERIMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS 3.6 EXPERIMENTAL LIMITATIONS viii IV. CHAPTER 4 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 4.1 SUBJECTS 4.1.1. in vivo sample 4.1.2 Cadavers 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 4.2.1 Model Development 4.2.2 Accounting for total body weight in vivo 4.2.3 Validation of the 5-way fractionation method 4.2.4 Application of the 5-way fractionation method to in vivo 4.2.6 Application of the 5-way fractionation me~hodto the cadaver sample 4.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSES V. CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5.1 THE IN VIVO PREDICTION OF BODY WEIGHT 5.2 PREDICTION OF THE FRACTIONAL TISSUE MASSES IN THE CADAVER SAMPLE 5.2.1 Prediction of body weight in the cadaver sample 5.2.2 Prediction of skin mass in the cadaver sample 5.2.3 Prediction of adipose tissue mass in the cadaver sample 5.2.4 Prediction of muscle mass in the cadaver sample 5.2.5 Prediction of bone mass in the cadaver sample 5.2.6 Prediction of residual mass in the cadaver sample 5.3 COMPARISON OF THE 5-WAY FRACTIONATION METHOD WITH THE GEOMETRIC MODEL (DRINKWATER, 1984) VI. CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 106 6.1 SUMMARY 106 6.2 CONCLUSIONS 108 6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS 111 RERERENCES 113 APPENDIX A ANTHROPOMETRIC PROFORMA 122 APPENDIX B RAW DATA FROM THE BRUSSELS CADAVER STUDy (DRINKWATER, 1984 123 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 The applications of body composition analysis (adapted from Martin, 1984) Table 2.1 The method of Matiegka for the anthropometric estimated of the weights of skin-plus-subcutaneous Table 2.2 The method of Drinkwater and Ross for the anthropometric estimation of the weights of adipose tissue, muscle, bone and residual tissues in the adult human body. Table 2.3 Method for determining tissue volumes and weights using the geometric model of body composition Table 4.1 The tissue masses and regionally selected anthropometric indicators Table 4.2 Rationale for the selection of variables for each mass Table 4.3 The Anthropometric method for the 5-way fractionation of the body into skin, adipose tissue, muscle, bone and residual tissues in the human body.
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