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Research Paper Performance of Blue Lupin (Lupinus Angustifolius L

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Research Paper Performance of Blue Lupin (Lupinus Angustifolius L Academia Journal of Agricultural Research 5(10): 300-305, October 2017 DOI: 10.15413/ajar.2015.0176 ISSN: 2315-7739 ©2017 Academia Publishing Research Paper Performance of blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) cultivars on acid soils of Jalisco, Mexico Accepted 16th October, 2017 ABSTRACT Experimental assessments of grain legume performance are required to identify potential species with high yields and protein content. The purpose of the present investigation therefore, was to assess the potential of six modern blue lupin cultivars (Lupinus angustifolius) in terms of grain yield, protein, and alkaloid content when cultivated on acid soils of Jalisco, México. The cultivars (HaagsBlaue, Boruta, Boregine, Sonate, Borlu, and Probor) were evaluated during two successive years (2013–2014 and 2014–2015) on a soil with a pH value of 5.0 at the experimental field of the University of Guadalajara, Mexico. In each year, the field trial was laid out in a randomized block design with four replicates. In the Juan Francisco Zamora Natera, Isidro first year (2013–2014), the grain yield of all six cultivars varied from 3244 to 4819 Zapata Hernández, Alejandra Villalvazo kg ha-1, whereas in the second year (2014–2015), the grain yield varied from 2850 Hérnandez, Ramón Rodríguez Macías*, -1 Eduardo Salcedo Pérez and Pedro to 5016 kg ha . In both years, the cultivar Sonate had the highest recorded grain Macedonio García López* yield, whereas the lowest grain yield was recorded for the cultivar HaagsBlaue. In 2013–2014, the cultivar Boregine showed the highest crude protein content Departamento de Botánica y Zoología. (325.2 g kg-1), but in 2014–2015, the highest crude protein content was found in Centro Universitario de Ciencias -1 Biológicas y Agropecuarias. the Borlu cultivar (322.3 g kg ). The cultivar Sonate showed the lowest alkaloid Universidad de Guadalajara. Camino content (125 mg/kg). The six blue lupin cultivars showed promising results in Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez # 2100, C.P. terms of grain yield and protein content during 2 years of evaluation in the acid 45510.Zapopan, Jalisco México. soils of Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico. *Corresponding author Email: [email protected] Key words: Alkaloid, grain yield, legumes, Zapopan, protein content INTRODUCTION Legumes are an integral element of sustainable agricultural Agriculture, Mexico in 2014 imported 3.65 million tons of systems around the world (Lizarazo et al., 2014). Grain and soybeans. In this context, the Mexican dependency on forage legumes can be locally grown to provide stockfeed imported soybean could be reduced by increasing the rich in protein, energy, and bioactive compounds (Stoddard cultivation of other grain legumes, such as the lupin species, et al., 2009). Legumes add to the options available to the as an alternative protein source. The wild and cultivated farmer to improve farm viability, and they increase regional lupin species are members of the genus Lupinus, tribe biodiversity and landscape diversity. In spite of these Genisteae, family Leguminosae=Fabaceae. Four species of benefits and in the context of agricultural intensification, this genus (L. albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus, and L. the cultivation of legume crops has gone through a long mutabilis) are cultivated for different purposes, including as decline in different countries (FAO stat, 2009), leading to a human nutrition for their high protein and oil content, dependence on protein imports. Mexico is no exception to green manure for improving soil structure by increasing this trend, according to the United States Department of organic matter content and nitrogen, and ruminant feed Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Natera et al. 301 either as green forage in areas of traditional cultivation or regularly, but disease control was not necessary. increasingly as grains for protein supplementation (Lema et al., 2005). The use of these crops as human food and livestock feed has been limited, though, because of the Measurements and analysis bitter taste, which is attributed to its relatively high alkaloid content (>1.0%). Thus a great achievement of modern Each cultivar was manually harvested when all pods in breeding research is the development of new lupin plots were of brownish color, which was on April 4 in 2014 cultivars with low alkaloid content. Particularly, because of and March 27 in 2015 (140 days after planting in both its high potential in providing protein-rich grains, Lupinus years) in all species, with the exception of the HaagsBlaue, angustifolius (L.) is becoming an important food crop in which was the earlier cultivar (130 days). The following countries such as Australia, Germany, South Africa, Chile, data were registered: grain yield per area unit (kg ha-1), Poland, Finland, and recently Ethiopia (Yeheyis et al., height (cm), and grain yield components, such as number of 2012a; Faligowska and Szukała, 2015). The adaptability pods, number of seeds, and thousand grain mass (g). The and productivity of this species is not known in Mexico; plant height and number of pods and seeds were calculated therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate as the average of 10 plants per subplots. The thousand the potential of six modern blue lupin cultivars (L. grain mass was measured from the weight of 1000 seeds. angustifolius) in terms of grain yield, protein, and alkaloid Grain yield per area unit was calculated on the basis of content when cultivated on the acid soils of Jalisco, México. grain yield per plot and with a moisture of 14 %. After seeds were harvested, the seed samples of the six cultivars were shade-dried and milled to pass through a 0.5-mm sieve for subsequent analysis. Powdered samples were MATERIALS AND METHODS preserved in air-tight bottles at room temperature. Subsamples were dried in an oven at 80.0 ± 5.0 ⁰C constant Site, experimental design, and management weight for moisture determination. Nitrogen (N) concentration was measured using the Kjeldhal method, The field experiments were conducted from November and protein content was calculated by multiplying % N by 2013 to March 2014 and November 2014 to March 2015 at the factor 6.25. Alkaloids were extracted as described by the Agricultural Experiment field operated by the Centro Wink et al. (1995). Each sample (0.5 g) was homogenized Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias separately in 20 mL 1 M HCl, and the homogenate was (University of Guadalajara) Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico. This adjusted to pH 12 with 3 M aqueous NH4OH. Alkaloids were site is located at 20°43` N latitude, 103°23` W longitude and extracted by solid-phase extraction using an altitude of 1560 m above the mean sea level. Seeds of EXtrelut®columns and dichloromethane as eluent. The cultivars, HaagsBlaue, Boruta, Boregine, Sonate, Borlu, and alkaloid concentration was measured using gas Probor, were supplied by SaatzuchtSteinach (Steinach, chromatography, and the total amount was calculated as Germany). In both years of evaluation, the six cultivars the sum of the peak areas of the main alkaloids, identified were arranged and sown in a randomized complete block as angustifoline, isolupanine, lupanine, and 13- design with four replicates. Plot size was 3.20x8 m (25.6 hydroxilupanine, employing pure standards. m2) each with four rows. Spacing was 10 cm between plants and 80 cm between rows. Sowing dates were November 14, 2013, and November 7, 2014, respectively. Sowing was by Statistical analysis hand into a well-prepared seed bed, and no fertilizer was applied at any stage. The standard seed rate was 10–12 The data collected in each year (grain yield, yield seeds/m2. Both studies were conducted on sandy loam soil, components, protein, and alkaloids) were subjected to pH 5.02, with an organic matter content of 1.63%. The analysis of variance using SPSS Version 21 (IBM, Armonk, average nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) status was 0.09 % NY, USA). Significance between individual means was and 68.3 mg kg-1, respectively. Temperatures in both years identified using the Tukey’s test (P<0.05). were recorded during the course of the experiment at the Metereological Station, University of Guadalajara (Table 1). No precipitation values were recorded because rain is RESULTS AND DISCUSSION infrequent during this season. Therefore, the experiment was conducted under irrigation conditions. Irrigation under Yield components and grain yield subsurface drip was applied every 15 days during the trials. Later irrigation was started 2 days after the sowing and In both years (2013–2014 and 2014–2015), plant height, ended when 90 % of the pods on the main stem were number of pods per plant, weight of 1000 seeds, and grain ripening. Weed control was manual just before the yield values were significantly different among genotypes. flowering stages in both years. Plots were inspected The highest plant height was recorded in the Boregine Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Natera et al. 302 Table 1. Monthly mean air temperature during 2 years of trials. 2013–2014 2014–2015 Month Maximum Minimum Average Maximum Minimum Average November 26 12 19.0 24.7 11.6 18.1 December 23 8 15.5 24.3 7.4 15.8 January 24 5.6 14.8 23.4 6.2 14.8 February 27 8 17.5 26.3 7.4 16.8 March 28 9 18.5 28.6 8.8 18.7 April 30 13 21.5 31.0 12.2 21.6 All data were recorded fron the experimental weather station of the University of Guadalajara, Mexico variety, while the lowest height was recorded in the Sonate number of branches per plant as a result of low density (12 variety in both years (90.2 vs 72.0 cm and 88.7 vs 69.5 cm, plants/m2). The implication is that interplant competition respectively). There were significant differences among the was not intense at low densities and that there were no cultivars with respect to number of pods per plant and limitations on environmental resources available to weight of 1000 seeds (Table 2).
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