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Guidelines for Growing Grain Legumes in Europe a Well-Balanced Raw Material EGUME SEEDS ARE RICH in PROTEIN and ENERGY

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Guidelines for Growing Grain Legumes in Europe a Well-Balanced Raw Material EGUME SEEDS ARE RICH in PROTEIN and ENERGY Guidelines for growing grain legumes in Europe A well-balanced raw material EGUME SEEDS ARE RICH IN PROTEIN AND ENERGY. Due to their high lysine content, they are a good complement for Lcereals and may promote more efficient use of protein, by meeting animal requirements more precisely and by reducing the nitrogen surplus excreted in animal urine. All grain legumes can be used as whole seed except for soyabean which requires processing to remove excess oil and to reduce antitrypsic activities. Common Bitter Chickpea Yellow Soyabean Wheat Pea Faba bean Blue lupin White lupin vetch* vetch* Desi* lupin** seed Proteins 12 24 29 28 26 22 34 38 42 39 Starch 69 51 43 43 nd 41 0 0 0 0 Fats 1.7 1.1 1.7 1.6 1.1 6.1 5.9 9.5 6.1 20 Ash 1.8 3.5 4 4 3.3 3.2 3.8 3.9 3.8 5.9 Components (% dry matter) Crude fibres 2.5 6 9.3 4.5 4.1 10 16 13 18 5.9 Lysine 2.9 7.3 6.5 5.7 6.4 6.8 5 4.9 5.3 6.2 Methionine 4 2.3 2 1.8 2.4 2 2.6 2.4 2.9 3.1 + cysteine Threonine 3.1 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.8 3.4 3.9 3.7 3.5 4 Amino acids (% protein) Tryptophane 1.2 0.9 0.8 nd nd 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.3 Sources: INRA, France (2002); *Io7 Banque de données de l’alimentation animale - AFZ, France (2001); **GRDC, Australia (1997); nd = no data available. Which grain legume for which animal? Maximum Grain legumes are suitable for a wide range of uses and for incorporation feeding all animals. Their incorporation into compound feed products depends on the selected species and variety, rates as well as the growth stage of The maximum incorporation the animals. rate for grain legumes used in the compound feed industry can vary greatly depending on the country, but also on the PIG POULTRY RUMINANT Various uses This table manufacturer: the maximum Most grain legumes are used as Pea +++ +++ ++ takes into incorporation rate for peas in high quality raw material for the account only Faba bean +++ +++ ++ diets for finishing pigs can animal compound feed the nutritional Common vetch - - ++ range from 10% to 40% in industry. Yet, they have other adaptability of Europe. There are several Bitter vetch - - ++ uses: each species. reasons for this situation: use • on-farm use (as forage or Chickpea ++ ++ ++ of different scientific grains), especially in organic White lupin +* ++ +++ references, specific experience farming systems, Blue lupin ++ ++ +++ of the manufacturer, level of • human food for export and knowledge of this raw material Yellow lupin ++ ++ +++ home consumption (mainly in the region, availability of pea, chickpea and faba bean), Soybean meal +++ +++ +++ other substitutable raw • niche markets (pigeon feed, materials. food ingredients, etc.). * with low incorporation rates (<5%) for some growth stages of pigs. Source: GL-Pro associated experts. The major types Grain legumes for all tastes! of grain legumes are RAIN LEGUMES ARE PLANTS BELONGING TO used either for human consumption or for described in GTHE LEGUMINOSAE (or Fabaceae) family, animal feed – the focus of this leaflet. The which also includes forage legumes. They are grains, which are rich in protein, are harvested this leaflet to help you cultivated primarily for their grains, which are at maturity and marketed as dry products. make your choice. Faba bean Common vetch Vicia faba Vicia sativa Bitter vetch Vicia ervilia Dry pea Pisum sativum species and countless More than 40 varieties of grain legumes are cultivated Chickpea Cicer arietinum throughout the world. The major grain legumes Soyabean grown in Europe for feed uses are peas, soyabeans, Glycine max faba beans, lupins and vetches. Yellow lupin Lupinus luteus Narrow-leaved or blue lupin White lupin Lupinus angustifolius Lupinus albus EU-15 deficit in materials rich in protein in 2003/2004. Environment- Beneficial for 25 million tonnes A home-grown crop friendly crops the following crop to replace imports 20 Unlike other cultivated plants, A grain legume grown as a In the European Union (EU) the grain legumes do not need break crop, has positive demand for protein-rich animal feed nitrogen fertilisers to grow effects on soil structure 15 greatly exceeds the level of home well. This is because they enabling minimum tillage, Soyabean meal and seed production. This makes the EU highly form root nodules which on root diseases reduction dependent on imports: over 75% of contain symbiotic nitrogen- and on nitrogen efficiency. 10 Materials Rich in Protein [>15% fixing bacteria. In addition the following crop protein], mainly soyabean, are Atmospheric nitrogen fixation (usually a cereal) yields more Pea, faba bean, lupin imported for use by the compound by grain legumes crops is a and requires fewer herbicide 5 Rapeseed and sunflower feed industry. Grain legumes could significant economic and and fungicide treatments. Dehydrated forages play a significant part in any initiative ecological advantage in a On average wheat yields Meat and fish meals to increase the home-production of crop rotation. 0.8 t/ha more after peas, 0 Miscellaneous protein-rich raw material for animal than after cereal. Home Home feed in the EU. production consumption Grain legume cultivation: great potential for development RAIN LEGUME CROPS could offer many Gbenefits if they were grown more FABA BEAN is the second most cultivated grain legume in the widely in European crop rotations. 251,000 ha They offer great possibilities EU. Its area of production has increased recently (390,000 ha for increase since they 26,000 ha in the EU-15 in 2004), especially in the United Kingdom and France. constitute only 1% to Denmark (1.5%) Pea 7% of the arable crops UK (6%) area in different EU Faba bean 173,740 ha 65,500 ha Legend : Lupin Country (%): countries, compared 505,640 ha 2,500 ha Chickpea Poland (0.5%) percentage Belgium (0.5%) contribution of with 15% to 25% Vetch Germany (2%) grain legumes to outside Europe. Soyabean 62,560 ha the total arable PEA is the main protein 7,950 ha crops area of the 60,000 ha country. crop cultivated in the EU. 506,000 ha Switzerland Austria (6%) Source: (4%) In 2004 the area sown in 239,400 ha Hungary (2%) UNIP, 2004. the EU-15 was 790,000 ha. France (4%) France is the largest About 50% of the EU-15 area of producer (60% of EU Spain (6.5%) LUPIN (75,000 ha in 2004) is production), well ahead situated in Germany and this is of Germany and Italy (5%) mainly blue lupin. the United Kingdom. The pea crop has decreased VETCHES (267,000 ha of common and bitter vetches) and SOYABEAN (about 230,000 ha significantly in Denmark, CHICKPEA (88,000 ha) are produced almost solely in Spain and in 2004) is grown only in Italy, but it is increasing in Spain. in a few other Mediterranean countries. France and Austria. Different markets, different prices HE STANDARD PRICES of grain legumes for feed use are closely Tcorrelated with the world prices for wheat and soya meal. Nevertheless, some specific outlets, such as the food market (yellow pea for the Indian subcontinent and faba bean for Egypt) can influence this price. Some niche markets, such as the pigeon market for peas in the UK or the food ingredient market for lupins, can lead to much higher prices. In these cases, contracts are negotiated between the farmer and the manufacturer. Grain legumes Economic benefits and the current CAP reform The variable production costs To quantify the economic The new Common Agricultural • for the so-called ‘protein for grain legumes are lower than benefits of grain legumes, the Policy (CAP) reform will come crops’ (field pea, faba bean, for cereals. These are mainly the entire crop rotation must be into force between 2005 and lupins): a specific payment of costs of seeds and harvesting. considered. Higher yields for 2007 (depending on the ¤55.57/ha, with a Maximum Yields vary greatly between the following crops, cost decisions of individual Guaranteed Area of 1.6 million species, regions and growing savings for fertilisers because countries). The ‘decoupling’ of hectares (EU-25); seasons because of climatic of nitrogen fixation and for aid (a single farm payment • for chickpeas, lentils and effects. Yields can be stabilised tillage due to improved soil irrespective of the crops) is the vetches and all other species: with improved varieties and structure, as well as better key feature of this reform. integration into the single technical advances, and this can management of the high The consequences for grain payment scheme . result in increased productivity demand for labour in autumn legumes, vary according to in areas which have high are some of the advantages of the species: production potential. grain legumes. Which grain legume for which regional conditions? MONG the grain legume species, peas are the most ᕡ there is a better adaptation to the type of soil and location; Aversatile in Europe: they can be grown almost ᕢ there is a specific market demand, with more attractive prices anywhere. Their high yield potential makes profitable or a specific use due to the composition of the grain; use of fertile soils, most of the new varieties are easy ᕣ there is a need to grow other species in the same land in order to harvest, and peas can be used for several outlets. to diversify the rotation and to avoid pea root diseases. Other grain legume species can be grown easily on most Consequently there will be at least one best-suited grain legume farms, especially when: species for almost all farms and others to diversify the rotation.
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