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Insects Associated with the Lupin (Lupinus Angustifolius) Cultivars Fest

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Insects Associated with the Lupin (Lupinus Angustifolius) Cultivars Fest INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LUPIN (LUPINUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS) CULTIVARS FEST AND UNIHARVEST A thesis submitted In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science in the University of Canterbury by B.M. Harris Lincoln College 1980 i Abstract of a thesis submitted In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of M.Appl.Sci. INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LUPIN (LUPINUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS) CULTIVARS FEST AND UNIHARVEST by B.M. Harris The insect fauna of two Lupinus angustifolius cultivars (Fest and Uniharvest) was surveyed between October, 1978 and March, 1979. The main sampling methods were sweepnetting, use of the D-Vac R , and pod removal. Glasshouse experiments were carried out with species showing pest potential (based on the survey). These species were Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Nysius huttoni White, and Sidnia kinbergi (Stalenberg). While ~. pisum and ~. kinbergi had their pest potential confirmed, ~. huttoni did not. Although the aphids Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thompson) and Myzus ~rslcae (Sulzer) were not studied in the laboratory, field data indicated their pest potential. Insects to show lesser pest potential were Calocoris norvegicus (Gmelin), Hyle~yia deceptiva ii Malloch, and Hylemyia platura (Meigen). Important potential predators or parasites were Austromicromus tasmaniae (Walker), Coccinella undecimpunctata L., Tropiconabis capsiformis (Germar), some Araneae species and single unidentified species of Braconidae and Eulophidae. The cultivar Uniharvest was the preferred host presumably because it does not possess the toxic alkaloids of Fest. However, crop loss through insect damage appeared unimportant compared to th~ 10% loss of Uniharvest caused by the aphid-borne bean yellow mosaic virus. iii CONTENTS PART ONE IN,;[,RODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 11 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 2 .~ LUPINS : GENERAL INFORMATION 3 A. Introduction 3 B. Lupins in New Zealand 4 C. Lupin cultivation in New Zealand 5 D. Disease in lupins 6 1. Fungal diseases 6 2. Viral diseases and their control 6 2.2 INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH LUPINS 9 A. World insect fauna 9 B. New Zealand insect fauna 10 2 . 3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 11 A. Introduction 11 B. Techniques used during this survey 12 1. Introduction 12 2. The sweepnet 13 3. The D-Vac 15 C. Comparison of D-Vac and sweepnet sampling methods 15 PART TWO FIELD STUDIES CHAPTER Ill: METHODS AND MATERIALS 17 3.1 INTRODUCTION 17 3.2 METHODS OF SAMPLING 18 iv CONTENTS continued: A. Direct observation 18 ~. Complete plant removal 18 C. Pod removal 18 D. The sweepnet 20 E. The D-Vac 23 CHAPTER IV THE FAUNA 24 4.1 INTRODUCTION 24 4.2 ORDER COLEOPTERA 25 4.3 ORDER DIPTERA 35 4.4 ORDER HEMIPTERA 48 4.5 ORDER HYMENOPTERA 78 4.6 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA 84 4.7 ORDER NEUROPTERA 84 4.8 ORDER THYSANOPTERA 87 4.9 MISCELLANEOUS ORDERS 89 4.10 CLASS ARACHNIDA 90 CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 94 5.1 GENERAL RESULTS 94 5.2 WEATHER . 96 A. General 96 B .. The effects of the weather 98 1. Effects on the lupins 98 2. Effects on the insects 99 C. Weather at the research site 100 5.3 DISEASES 105 A. Bean yellow mosaic virus 105 B. Cucumber mosaic virus 107 5.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES: THEIR APPLICABILITY TO LUPINS 107 A. Direct observation 107 B. Complete plant removal 108 C. Pod sampling 108 D. The sweepnet 109 E. The D-Vac 110 F. Comparison of D-Vac and sweepnet results 111 v CONTENTS continued: 5.5 VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 117 A. Variation within and between each cultivar 117 B. Insect distribution 118 C. The effect of sampling 119 D. v'leather 119 E. Comments 119 PART THREE LABORATORY STUDIES CHAPTER VI PRELIMINARY. EVALUATION OF THREE POTENTIAL PEST SPECIES 121 6.1 INTRODUCTION 121 6.2 METHODS AND MATERIALS : GENERAL 121 6.3 SIDNIA KINBERGI EXPERIMENTATION 122 A. Introduction 122 B. Methods and materials 123 C. Results and discussion 125 D. Conclusions 134 6.4 ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM EXPERIMENTATION 135 A. Introduction 135 B. Methods and materials 136 C. Results and discussion 139 D. Conclusions 147 6.5 NYSIUS HUTTONI EXPERIMENTATION 148 A. Introduction 148 B. Methods and materials 149 C. Results and discussion 150 D. Conclusions 152 vi CONTENTS continued: PART FOUR CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER VII CONCLUDING DISCUSSION 153 A. General 153 B. Conclusions 158 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 160 REFERENCES 162 APPENDIX 1 INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH LUPINS 178 APPENDIX 2 LESS PROMINENT INSECTS 188 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 3.1 Sampling calend$r 19 3.2 Areas sampled by the sweepnet and the D-Vac 22 The number of C. undecimpunctata captured versus time 4.1 (i) The sweepnet 26 4.2 (ii) The D-Vac 27 The number of adult C. hirtalis captured versus time 4. 3 (i) The sweepnet 29 4.4 (ii) The D-Vac 30 The number of adult C. australis captured versus time 4.5 (i) The sweepnet 36 4.6 (ii) The D-Vac 37 The number'of adult C. triplicata captured versus time 4.7 (i) The sweepnet 38 4.8 (ii) The D-Vac 39 The number of adult L. chenopodi captured versus time-: 4.9 (i) The sweepnet 41 4.10 (ii) The D-Vac 42 4.11 The number of adult Hylemyia spp captured by the D-Vac versus time 44 4.12 The number of adult A. kondoi captured by the sweepnet versus time 49 4.13 The number of adult A. plsum captured by the sweepnet versus time 51 4.14 The number of adult M. euphorbiae captured by the sweepnet versus time 53 4.15 The number of aphid juveniles captured by the sweepnet versus time 58 The number of N. huttoni captured versus time : 4.16 (i) The sweepnet 66 4.17 (ii) The D-Vac 67 viii LIST OF FIGURES continued: FIGURE 4.18 The number of C. norvegicus captured by the sweephet versus time 69 The number of S. kinbergi captured versus time : - 4.19 Ci) The sweepnet 71 4.20 Cii) The D-Vac 72 The number of T. capsifo"rmis captured versus time : 4.21 Ci) The sweepnet 75 4.22 Cii) The D-Vac 76 The number of adult Braconidae captured versus time : 4.23 Ci) The sweepnet 79 4.24 Cii) The D-Vac 80 The number of adult Eu10phidae captured versus time : 4.25 Ci) The sweepnet 81 4.26 Cii) The D-Vac 82 4.27 The number of adult A. tasmaniae captured by the D-Vac versus time 85 The number of Araneae captured versus time 4.28 Ci) The sweepnet 91 4.29 Cii) The D-Vac 92 5.1 Time of maturation versus position within the two plots 95 6.1A The number of starved adult N. huttoni versus time 132 B The number of starved adult S. kinbergi versus time 132 6.2A The number of starved A. plsum alive versus time 141 B The number of A. pisum alive on Uniharvest versus time 141 C The number of A. pisum alive on Fest versus time 141 6. 3 A comparison of the fecundity of A. plsum on Uniharvest and broad beans 145 ix LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 Percentage of BYMV and CMV infection in lupin cultivars sown at different dates 7 4.1 Unimportant Diptera captured on L. angustifolius and biological data concerning their feeding habits 46 4.2 Summary of the temperatures recorded at the Lincoln College Meteorological Station during the time of the observed decline In aphid numbers 62 5.1 Summary of the weather during the.time of crop growth 97 5.2 Weather at the time of sweepnet sampling 102 5 . 3 D-Vac : Sweepnet sample ratios 113 6.1 The number of S. kinbergi present after 15 days 127 6 . 2 The number of S. kinbergi alive on field trial L. angustifolius after 65 days 133 6.3 The number of N. huttoni alive on field trial L. angustifolius after 65 days 151 7.1 A summary of insects showing pest or predator/parasite potential on L. angustifolius 155 x LIST OF PLATES PLATE 5.1 BYMV symptoms in Uniharvest 106 6.1 The vented cylindrical perspex cages used in the glasshouse 124 6.2 The insect cages used during the field trial 126 6. 3 Leaflet stunting caused by S. kinbergi feeding 128 6.4 Severe leaflet stunting and death caused by ~. kinbergi feeding 128 6.5 Severe necrosis of the mainstem of L. angustifolius caused by S. kinbergi feeding 130 6.6 Moderate necrosis of the mainstem of L. angustifolius caused by S. kinbergi feeding 130 6.7 L. angustifolius recovery from s. kinbergi feeding 131 6. 8 The small feeding cages used to enclose A. pisum individuals on L. angustifolius leaves 137 6.9 A. pisum feeding from primary leaves of Uniharvest 143 6.10 A. pisum damage to mature Uniharvest plants 146 1 PART ONE INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION While lupins have undergone extensive research to ascertain their suitability for growth in New Zealand as a forage or grain legume crop, the present trend is for research to be centred on their applicability to a seed protein and oil industry, as is found in the United St-ates, Australia and elsewhere. A study of literature showed that no intensive study of the lupin insect fauna had been carried out in New Zealand. Also it appeared that elsewhere research into the lupin . insect fauna had concentrated on individual pest species rather than on the overall fauna. Because Lupinus angustifolius is the most commonly grown lupin species in New Zealand, a survey was designed to sample the insect fauna associated with the foliage of two cultivars, Fest (alkaloid, bitter) and Uniharvest (low-alkaloid, sweet) .
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