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Seeing and Hearing in the Laozi and Zhuangzi and the Question Of religions religions Article Article Seeing and Hearing in the Laozi and Zhuangzi and Seeingthe and Question Hearing of Authority in the Laozi andand AuthenticityZhuangzi and the Question of Authority and Authenticity Andrej Fech Andrej Fech Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Department22100 of Kowloon, Chinese Language Hong Kong; and [email protected] Literature, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, 22100 Kowloon, Hong Kong; [email protected] Received: 5 January 2019; Accepted: 27 February 2019; Published: 4 March 2019 Received: 5religions January 2019; Accepted: 27 February 2019; Published: 4 March 2019 Abstract: The present paper investigates the significance of visual and auditory metaphors as used Abstract:inThe the mainpresent Daoist paper classics investigates the Laozi the significanceand Zhuangzi of. visual While and both auditory works metaphors disparageas the used role of the inArticle the mainsenses, Daoist they nonetheless classics the employLaozi and a largeZhuangzi number. While of metaphors both works related disparage to the sense the experience. role of the It is the senses,contention they nonetheless of the employ author thata large examining number of these metaphors metaphors related against to the the sense backdrop experience. of the It main is the modern contentionSeeingtheories of the and dealing author Hearing with that examining characteristics in these the of metaphors visionLaozi and against hearingand the is backdrop crucialZhuangzi for of a the better mainand understanding modern of theoriesthehow Question dealing the authors with characteristics of ofboth Authority works of envisioned vision and the and hearing ideal Authenticityrelation is crucial between for a better man and understanding the Way (dao of) as well how theas authors their views of both on works authority envisioned and authenticity. the ideal relation between man and the Way (dao ) as well asAndrej their views Fech on authority and authenticity. Keywords: seeing; hearing; grasping; heedfulness; authenticity; authority; Laozi; Zhuangzi Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Keywords: seeing; hearing; grasping; heedfulness; authenticity; authority; Laozi; Zhuangzi 22100 Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; [email protected] Received: 5 January 2019; Accepted: 27 February 2019; Published: 4 March 2019 1. Introduction 1. Introduction Abstract:ThisThe paper present discusses paper investigates the auditory the and significance visual metaphors of visual for and human auditory cognition metaphors as employed as used in in the theThis main paper Daoist discusses classics the the auditoryLaozi 老 and子 and visualZhuangzi metaphors莊子.and for While human explores both cognition works their possible disparage as employed relation the role in to theof the the topics mainsenses, Daoistof authenticity they classics nonetheless the andLaozi authority. employ老子 and a largeZhuangzi number莊子 ofand metaphors explores related their possible to the sense relation experience. to the topics It is the of authenticitycontentionIt is ofand a the well-known authority. author that fact examining that, in many these central metaphors Daoist against works, the the backdrop senses are of theoften main identified modern as the theoriesIt ismain a well-known dealing obstacle with for fact realization characteristics that, in many of the of central ineffablevision Daoist and reality hearing works, that is the is crucial calledsenses for in are athese often better works, identified understanding the asWay the (dao of 道). mainhow obstacleHaving the authors for the realization potential of both for works of creating the envisioned ineffable distractions reality the ideal and that fuelling relation is called desires, between in these sensory man works, and perception the the Way Way has (dao to be道).) reduced as Havingwellto the as the theirpotential lowest views possible for on creating authority limit, distractions at and least authenticity. for and some fuelling time, todesires, facilitate sensory the cognition perception of has the toWay be that reduced lies beyond to the lowestthe sensual possible world. limit, Thus, at least the for “gate some is time, to be to closed” facilitate (bi the qi cognition men 閉其門 of) the to employ Way that a lies line beyond from Laozi 52 the sensualKeywords:and 56 world.1 andseeing; Thus, “limbs hearing; the and “gate perceptiveness grasping; is to be heedfulness; closed” are to (bi beqi authenticity; discarded” men 閉其門 (authority;)duo to employ zhi ti chuLaozi a cong line; Zhuangzi fromming 墮Laozi肢體52, 黜聰明) and 561toand reach “limbs the stateand perceptiveness of utter “forgetting” are to (bewang discarded”忘) as Yan (duo Hui zhi顏 ti回 chuclaims cong ming in the墮Zhuangzi肢體, 黜聰(6/19/21)明) 2. to reachAnd theyet, state in of the utter same “forgetting” works, there (wang are忘 passages) as Yan depicting Hui 顏回 theclaims ultimate in the apprehensionZhuangzi (6/19/21) of that2 highest. And yet,reality, in the or, same at least, works, crucial there stages are passages leading depicting up to it, theby means ultimate of apprehension visual and auditory of that metaphors. highest To 1. Introduction reality,mention or, at least, the crucialZhuangzi stagesagain, leading the protagonist up to it, by “Ziqi means of Southwall” of visual and (Nanguo auditory Ziqi metaphors.南郭子綦) talks To about mentionhisThis the spiritual paperZhuangzi discusses realizationagain, the the as auditory protagonist having acquired and “Ziqi visual the of metaphors Southwall” ability to “hear” for (Nanguo human (wen cognitionZiqi聞) the南郭 “pipes子 as綦 employed) of talks Heaven” about in the (tian lai hismain spiritual天 Daoist籟) realization (2/3/17), classics the aswhereas havingLaozi 老 another acquiredP and fancifulZhuangzi the ability character莊 toP “hear”and “Woman explores (wen 聞 Crookback” their) the possible “pipes of(Nü relation Heaven” Yu 女 to偊 (thetian) explains topics lai the 天籟of) authenticity (2/3/17),importance whereas and of achieving authority. another the fanciful “brightness character of the “Woman dawn” Crookback”(zhao zhe 朝徹 (Nü) allowing Yu 女偊 one) explains to “see thealoneness” importance(Itjian is a ofdu well-known achieving見獨) as a the crucial fact “brightness that, stage in manyin of achieving the central dawn” “completion” Daoist (zhao works, zhe 朝 (徹cheng the) allowing senses成) (6/17/14). are one often to “see identified aloneness” as the (jianmain du 見 obstacle獨The) as a reason for crucial realization for stage this in seeming of achieving the ineffable contradiction “completion” reality may that (cheng lay is called in成 the) (6/17/14). in complex these works, nature the of the Way highest (dao S Daoist). HavingThespiritual reason the potential realizationfor this for seeming creating which, contradiction distractions generally, “conquers, and may fuelling lay in absorbs thedesires, complex and sensory finally nature perception employs of the highest has sensory to be Daoist reduced experience” spiritualto the lowest realization possible which, limit, generally, at least for “conquers, some time, absorbs to facilitate and the finally cognition employs of the sensory Way that experience” lies beyond the sensual world. Thus, the “gate is to be closed” (bi qi men 閉v門) to employ a line from Laozi 52 1 and 561 Interpretingand “limbs this and line perceptiveness in Laozi 52, Wang are Bi to writes be discarded” (Wagner 20032003 (,duo pp. zhi 295–97): ti chu兌 cong, 事欲 ming之所®由生¢;體門,, 黜事p欲之明所) 由從 也。 1 toInterpreting reach the this“‘Openings’ state line of in utterLaozi are the52, “forgetting” basis Wang from Bi writes which (wang (Wagner desires忘) as for2003 Yan action, pp. Hui arise. 295–97):O回 ‘Doors’claims兌, 事 are欲 in之 the the所 basis由生Zhuangzi; on門, which事欲(6/19/21)之 desires所由從 for2 action. 也。“‘Openings’are pursued.” are the basis from which desires for action arise. ‘Doors’ are the basis on which desires for action And2 yet, in the same works, there are passages depicting the ultimate apprehension of that highest are pursued.”Chapter/page/line references used in the paper when quoting the Zhuangzi and, in some cases, Laozi are from 2 reality,Chapter/page/line or,the at concordance least, references crucial editions used stages of in these leadingthe works paper up publishedwhen to it,quoting by by means Chinese the Zhuangzi of University visualand, and of in Hong some auditory Kong cases, (Cheuk metaphors.Laozi are and from Ching To 19961996, Cheuk et al. 20002000). mentionthe concordance the Zhuangzi editionsagain, of these the works protagonist published “Ziqiby Chinese of Southwall” University of (Nanguo Hong Kong Ziqi (CheukW郭P and¦) Ching talks 1996 about, Cheuk et al. 2000). his spiritual realization as having acquired the ability to “hear” (wen ^) the “pipes of Heaven” (tian lai )_)Religions (2/3/17),2019, whereas10, 0; doi:10.3390/rel10030000 another fanciful character “Woman Crookback” (Nüwww.mdpi.com/journal/religionswww.mdpi.com/journal/religions Yu sJ) explains the Religionsimportance2019, 10, 0;of doi: achieving10.3390/rel10030000 the “brightness of the dawn” (zhao zhe 朝¹) allowingwww.mdpi.com/journal/religions one to “see aloneness” (jian du 見h) as a crucial stage in achieving “completion” (cheng 成) (6/17/14). The reason for this seeming contradiction may lay in the complex nature of the highest Daoist spiritual realization which, generally, “conquers, absorbs and finally employs sensory experience” 1 Interpreting this line
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