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Cooperのtheleather-Stocking Talesと 召:Omeas Found 古茂田

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Cooperのtheleather-Stocking Talesと 召:Omeas Found 古茂田 追手門学院大学文学部紀要26号1992年u月 CｏｏｐｅｒのTheLeather-Stocking Talesと 召:omeas Found 古茂田 淳 三 Cooper's The Leather-Stocking Tales and Homeas Found Junzo Koi､AODA CooperのThe Leather-Stocking Tales （1823－1841）は５部から成るが，初めに３部－ The Pioneers（1823）;The Last of the Mohicans （1826）;The Prairie（1827）－が書かれて 一旦完結をみ，その後13年ばかりの空白をおいたのち，いくっかの事情から思い直されて， ２部－The Pathfinder （1840）;The Deerslayer（1841）－が書き加えられて，今日みるよ うな５部作の形を，結果としてとったものであることは，周知の通りである。 この５部作を通して登場する人物はLeather-StockingことNatty （＜Nathaniel）Bumppo （1717～18 ？ －1805）＊といい，ニュー・ヨーク州大西洋岸生まれで，混じり気のない白人の血 をひくキリスト教徒だが，幼くして両親を亡くすとモラヴィア教徒に引き取られて教育される が，早くから村の生活を捨てて（12歳頃），ライフル一丁でインディアンと森の原始生活を共 1） にし，その生涯をインディアンさながらに, 18世紀前半から19世紀初めにかけてニュー・ ヨーク州内陸の中心部に位するOtsego湖を中心に北はOntario湖やカナダ国境まで，西は西 部大草原（今のネブラスカあたりか）を舞台にhunterとして，又，英仏植民地戦争（Ｔｈｅ 2） French & Indian War, 1754－1763）時には英軍側のscoutとして，そして最後は単なる老 trapperとして大草原の最中で，その90年近くの生涯をキリスト教徒として閉じたアメリカ 独特の，いわば神話的人物ということになっている。 この人物像に関しては，第１作が発表された段階で既に，辺境の開拓者として伝説的に有名 なDaniel Boone （1734－1820）とLeather-Stockingとの類似性が指摘されていたことを, H. ＊Appendix参照． 95 ＣｏｏｐｅrのThe Leather-Stocking TalesとHome as Found N. Smithはその著名なVirgin Land : The American West as Symbol and Myth （1950） の中で触れている。例の，文明や学問や拘束を嫌い, "lawless"な自由を愛し，「一平方マイ ルに人が10人が住みついても息苦しい」と称して更に西へ西へと脱出するタイプの野性人で ある。 Smithは更に，第２作, The Last of the Mohicansの中で若い娘がインディアンに捕 われたのを救出するエピソードが，Booneの実際上のエピソードから拝借したものであるこ とや，第３作, The PrairieではＢｏｏｎｅ言及のあることも指摘している。 Ｃｏｏｐｅr自身も，後 に1850年一晩年で亡くなる１年前に当る年－に，この５部作をまとめた版の出版に際し て書いた序文の中でこう述べている： The author has often been asked if he had any original in his mind for the character of Leather-Stocking. In ａ physical sense, different individuals known to the writer in early life certainly presented themselves as models, through his recollections 3)； but in ａ moral sense this man of the forest is purely ａ creation. この“moral sense" においてぱpurely ａ creation" であるという点に留意しておこう。 所で, Cooperは初めからそうした５部作に共通した人物像を登場させる事を構想していた のでは全然なく，実際第３作あたりですら，同一人物を主要人物として引き続き導入すること について一瞬ためらいを抱いたらしい。 これは，娘のSusan Fenimore Cooperが第３作の The Prairieに付した序文で触れている（因に, Susan Fenimore Cooperはその手なれた文章運び からも容易に推測されることであるが，よくある女流のロマンス作家であったらしく，数々の父の作品に 付した彼女のペンに成る序文にもその性格はよく出ているようだ）： The idea of ａ narrative connected with the Prairies having been conceived, the figure of Natty rose once more before the writer. Again there was ａ moment of hesitation: would the public tolerate the introducton of the same character for the third time ？ Would it be possible to carry the old hunter, in extreme age, through ａ train of freshly novel incident without impairing the native dignity, the simple beauty of the conception ？ The doubt lasted but ａ moment ； the affection, if one may so term it. of the writer for this creation of his mind, blended with the consciousness of the ability to carry out the idea, decided the question, and with the first pages of the narrative the familiar figure is revealed by 4）the light of the setting sun. in the solitude of the silent waste. - 96 － 古茂田 淳 三 又, Cooperは先述の序文（1850）の冒頭で，このThe Leather-Stocking Talesというタ イトルはＣｏｏｐｅr自身が付けたというより読者・批評家の側かそのシリーズを既にそう呼んで いたと述べている。 このように，この５部作は，Cooperが書き進むうちに事情が重なって Natty Ｂｕｍｐｐｏという人物に収斂して行ったことを示しているようだ。 しかし，考えてみれば，同一人物を複数の作品に亘って登場させるという方法は，コロンブ スの卵にも似ていて，何でもないようでいてこれはなかなかの思いつきであろう。我々は以降 に, BalzacやFaulknerなどに（そしてJamesやTwainにも部分的に）,そして下って現代では Updikeに，似たような例をみることになるのだが, Cooperより遡ってそうした例はアメリ カ文学の中にあったであろうか?というと，ないではない。それは, Cooperが穏かならぬ意 識をもって何彼につけて批判的だったIrvingで，彼がHistory of New York （1809）で創造 した例の愉快で風変わりな学者のDiedrich Knickerbocker （"Rip Van Winkle" も，この風変 わりな学者の遺稿という設定になっている），そしてもう一人, The Sketch-Book （1820）と Bracebridge Hall （1822）に登場するSquireであろう。しかし，先行するIrvingは特にその 方法を発展させることはなかったし，又，発展の可能性をもつ人物を探り当てたとも言いがた いし，後の作家の例にしても，その意図するところはCooperともまた違っていたと言えるの で－Updikeはユニークな例外だが*従って，発展の可能性を持つ一人物に拠って５部作の 連作をものしたという点において，やはりCooperはユニークなのである，と言ってよいだろ う。 ただ，この点に関してCooperは同様の思いつきをもう一つ並行して試みている所が面白い。 それは, 5部作とは別のHome as Found （1838）においてで，これはアメリカにおける最初 の“Novel of manners" であると称される小説であるが，この中にはOtsego湖畔の Templeton村の大地主Effingham家の人々が中心人物群として登場して来る。Leather- Stocking Talesの第１作The Pioneersをご存じの読者は直ぐ思い当たることと思うが，この Effingham家の先々代が実は, The Pioneersの中でNattyとは別にもう一つの主要なプロッ トを形成しており，その息子がTempleton村の大地主であったJudge Ｔｅｍｐｌｅの娘と結婚 してあとを継いでいて，そして，その次世代の大地主とその娘などの物語がHome as Found へと続いているわけである。そうなって来るとCooperは, Nattyという野性の人というか， いわゆる“Noble Savage" ぱNoble Savage" として辿りながらもう一方では，全く対欧 的な上層の紳士階級を少なくとも３世代の後へと辿ってもいたことを我々読者は知るわけで， ともすれば, Cooperと言えばNatty Bumppo,と短絡しがちな読者の場合，その迷妄を醒 まさせられるのである。 実際，このHome as Foundは, Cooperが家族と共に1826年から1833年の７年間に亘る －97 － CooperのThe Leather-StockingTalesとHome as Found 滞欧体験の後帰米して感じた欧米のmannersの相違を“Home as found"のままに可成り 自伝的な要素を取りこんだnovel of mannersであって，従ってH. Jamesの国際テーマ， 特にヨーロッパ化されたアメリカ人が帰米して味わう問題を扱った小説，或いはWhartonの The Age of Innocence などの先駆的作品といってもよいのであろう。成程作品の筋書きとし ては，ワン・パターンの馬鹿々々しいようなロマンスで結ばれる２組の上流紳士階級の若い男 女と余分のおまけとして女中と地主代理人などのラヴ・ロマンスが展開されて肝易させられる のだが，少なくとも欧風及び米国風の紳士階級の社交やmannersの対比をニュー・ヨーク， ついで内陸のTempleton村で展開している点は，それはそれで興味深いと言うべきである。 こうした上流紳士階級の社交がTempleton村の地主の館を中心に展開されいる時に， Natty ＢｕｍｐｐｏのことがEffinghamの人々の間の話題に上ってきて，読者は驚かされる。 というのは, Home as Foundは，プロットの三流ロマンスぶりを除けば，これはもう19世 紀後半以降のリアリズム小説そのものとして読めるために，読者の心理がリアリズムのフィク ションの最中に没入している所へ，突然のように神話・伝説上の人物に等しい（筈の）Natty Bumppoが，まるで当然のように実在した人物として話題に上せられるので，不意打ちをく らった感が生じるのであろうか。実際，仮にもJamesにLeather-Stocking Talesを書けるか， と問うのが問題外であるのと同じ程度に，ここでのCooperはJamesやWhartonの上流紳士 階級に属しているように見えるので, Home as Foundを基準にする限りCooperがLeather- Stocking Talesを書いたことがウソのように見えている。そこへNattyの話題が閑入してく るわけだから。 最初の言及は，第IX章でEffingham家の一行がニュー・ヨークからTempleton村の館 “Wigwam"へ馬車で赴いて，山からOtsego湖と村がはるかに見下せる美しい地点に来た時 5） に，館の主人の娘Eve Effinghamと叔父のJohn Effingham氏の間の会話の中で： “l ought to have said that the spot where we entered on this path is memorable in the family history," observed John Effingham to Eve－ “for it was the precise spot where one of our predecessors lodged ａ shot in the shoulder of another." “Thenｌ know precisely where we are !” cried our heroine, “though ｌ can not yet imagine why we are led into this forest. unless it be to visit some spot hallowed 6)by ａ deed of Natty Bumppo's!" この時のNatty言及はこれ限りだが，読者はこの社交小説が突然Leather-Stockingの第１ 作The Pioneersと密接に繋がっていることにハッと気付かれることになる。又, John －98－ 古茂田 淳 三 Effingham氏の言及している誤射事件というのは，やはり第一作の第１章に出てくるもので， 当時Templeton村の大地主だったJudge Templeが鹿を撃った時誤ってbｕck-ｓｈｏtが青年 Edward Oliver Effinghamの肩に当ったことを指している。 そしてJudge Templeの娘 Elizabethが彼を介抱したことも一つのキッカケで二人は結ばれる（Ｅｖｅ Effinghamはこの２人 の孫娘に当るようである）。The Pioneers→■Home as Foundの枝分かれシリーズたる所以がこ こにある。又, Nattyの“deed"によって聖化された，というその行為というのも，やはり 第１作の中で, Eveの祖母Elizabethが未だ若い娘だった頃，山火事で火に囲まれた所を Nattyに救われた事件を指していて，この２作品を更に結び付けている。 次に第ＸＩＶ章では，館に着いて１週間ばかり経った頃，男３人女３人の一行がOtsego 湖 上の舟遊びを楽しみながら湖の東岸に近付いた時のことである（一行のメンバーには先程のJohn Effingham氏, Eve嬢の他にイギリスから同行して来たbaronet,生粋のアメリカ育ちでヨーロッパに 対して強い憧れやコンプレックスを抱く可憐な乙女で孤児でもあるGrace Van Cortlandt一名前からも 知れる通り，彼女はニュー・ヨーク州名門の生まれであるが，ロマンスの常道として，この孤児のアメリ カ乙女はイギリスのbaronetと結婚することとなるーなどが登場する）： “ｌam now about to introduce you, Mr. John Effingham and Miss Grace Van Cortlandt excepted," Eve continued, “to the wonders and curiosities of this lake and region. There, near the small house that is erected over ａ spring of delicious water, stood the hut of Natty Bumppo, once known throughout all these mountains as ａ renowned hunter ； ａ man who had the simplicity of ａ woodsman, the heroism of ａ savage. the faith of ａ Christian, and the feelings of ａ poet. A better man than he, after his fashion, seldom lived." “We have all heard of him," said the baronet, looking round curiously；“and must all feel an interest in what concerns so brave and just ａ man. I would l could see his counterpart." “Alas！” said John Effingham, "the days of the 'Leather-Stockings' have passed away. He preceded me in life.and l see few remains of his character in ａ region where speculation is more rife than moralising, and emigrants are plentier than hunters. Natty probably chose that spot for his hut, ０ｎaccount of the vicinity of the spring ；is it not so. Miss Effingham ？” “He did；and yonder littlefountain that you see gushing from the thicket and which comes glancing like diamonds into the lake, is called the 'Fairy Spring,' by some flight of poetry that. like so many of our feelings, must have been - 99－ CooperのThe Leather-Stocking TalesとHome as Found imported, for l see no connection between the name and the character of the 7）country, fairies having never been known. even by tradition, in Otsego." ここでは, 2つの点に注目しておきたい。 １つはEve嬢John Effingham氏やGrace嬢らア メリカの上層紳士階級の人達が，先々代の頃Templeton村のはずれの丘の上に“hut"を建 てて住んでいた謂わば身分違いのNattyについて深い知識を持っていたばかりでなく，その 概括された表現からは如何にもNattyの人物像がノスタルジックな完結感をもって示されて いるという事実である。 もう１つは，イギリス人のbaronetであるSir George Templemore,つまり旧世界の人に対するアメリカ人的自意識，と言って悪ければ，アメリカ 人が誇りをもって提示し得るものとして，アメリカの原始自然と共に，アメリカが産み出した 独自の人物像も又ある，いや，あった，ことが示されているという点である。ズバリ言えば， “アメリカ的”愛国主義だろうか。引用の後半で, Eve嬢が「妖精」の泉という名に拘わって それを輸入ものの名で，アメリカの故事伝説にそのようなものは元来ない筈だなどと意気込ん で主張するのは，その現れである。 Nattyの話題は更につづく。上述の６人の一行の他に更に１人新たに導入される人物があり， それはこのOtsego 湖に古くから住みついている70歳になる“fisherman"で練名を“the commodore of the lake"という朴訥な古老があり，彼はこの湖に住む主のような大魚（そ の名を“sogdoUager"という）を釣るのが念願のような老人であるが, 6人の一行は当然この古 老の釣師に湖上で会い, Eve嬢との間で会話が展開されるのだが，その中でもNattyのこと が出てくる： “‥.The last time ｌ got ａ look at the old gentleman （＝the sogdoUager）I did not try to get him into the boat. but we sat and conversed for near two minutes ； he in the water, and l in the skiff." “Conversed ！” exclaimed Eve, "and with a fish, too! What could the animal have to say ？” “Why, young lady. a fish can talk as well as one of ourselves； the only difficultyis to understand what he says. l have heard the old settlers affirm that the Leather-Stocking used to talk for hours at ａ time with the animals of the forest." “You know the Leather-Stocking, commodore ？” “No, young lady, ｌ am sorry to say ｌ never had the pleasure of looking on him even. He was ａ great man ! They
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