THE

EA RLY AM ERIC AN N O VEL

LILLIE D EMING LO S HE

IN P ARTIAL FU LFILMENT O F THE RE! UIREMENTS FO R

D GR OF D C R O F P L P FACU L E EE O TO HI OSO HY, IN THE TY

O F P L P C LU MB A U R HI OSO HY, O I NIVE SITY

NEW Y O RK

1 9 0 7

P REFACE

To present a fairly comprehensive account of the earliest attempts at novel writing in America has been the aim Of this — 1 8 18 0— study . The period covered that from 7 9 to 3 Opens with the publication o f the first tentative and amateurish American novels and at its close leaves the novel an established form in American literature . Indealing with these early tales much space has been given to description of the stories themselves . This method o f treat — ment seemed to be necessary for two reasons because these t tales are little known , indeed , wi h a few exceptions , they are

e generally unknown , and b cause most of them are rare , and some o f them almost inaccessible .

m o f The early A erican drama has , course , received much attention and investigation , but the corresponding period in the history Of fiction has been neglected . Yet the first forty years

m o f Of A erican fiction produced two novelists real importance , C F C o harles Brocken Brown and James enimore o per, while the drama produced no playwright Of lasting interest or in fl uence. The history of novel writing in this period seems , therefore , to have some claim to attention from the point Of f f view o literary history as well as from that o social interest . The difficulty of gathering material so generally un

o r sought by either students collectors has been considerable . SO many books have been discovered by chance that I am _ conscious that there must be many others to which no chance has led me . It seems probable , however , that any further discoveries will fall into some one o f the classes o f fiction here

i . discussed , and will thus be chiefly of bibliographical mportance ’ M Mr e l n s y indebtedness to . O scar W ge i bibliography of I early American fiction is Obvious and great . wish , also , to

Mr We elin for o express my thanks to . g aid in Obtaining b oks Mr I . and for several additional titles . am indebted to

1 7 3 6 6 3 vi

R o f re Edward B . eed Yale University for information in gard to Al onzo and M elis s a; to the Officers Of the New York Society Library for many courtesies and for the u se Of their excellent collection of early fiction , both English and Amer fi C ican , and to the of cers Of the Library of olumbia University for assistance in obtaining books . The original inspiration and the subsequent patient guidance o f this study constitute only a small part o f my debt o f grati

P W . P . o f C a I tude to rofessor Trent olumbi University . take this opportunity to express my grateful thanks for many O f e years personal kindn ss and scholarly inspiration . CHAP TER I

TH E DIDACTI C A ND THE SENTI M ENTAL

WHEN the Revolution made a conscious separation between m A erican and English literature , America had already de

elo ed v p a considerable literary activity . Among the fruits o f this incipient literary culture were a mass of religious writing , much verse , some history , a few attempts at drama , and a large amount of political and controversial writing .

enr e e The g most notic ably absent from this list is the novel . C olonial America had produced no novelist, although in Eng e land the great novels of the c ntury had long been written . w o f o In vie the active interest shown in p etry and the drama , such apparent neglect o f a prevailing literary fashion can be ff not attributed to lack of literary ambition and e ort . Its causes are rather to be sought in two important aspects of — P early American culture , the surviving uritan spirit, and the colonial spirit . The P uritan attitude toward the lighter forms o f literature too is well known to need discussion here . Its survival is D evident in the words of Timothy wight , whose taste for poetry, and music , and other unpuritanical joys could not reconcile him to the sudden development of fiction which took i place in h s day . Between the Bible and novels there is a ” 1 “ gulf fixed , he says , which few novel readers are willing to pass . The consciousness Of virtue , the dignified pleasure ’ o f having performed one s duty , the serene remembrance Of R a useful life , the hope of an interest in the edeemer,and the promise of a glorious inheritance in the favor o f God are never ” found in novels .

O f o The novelists the earlier peri d in America Show , in their t prefaces , a nervous consciousness Of the possibili y of such censure , and endeavor to forestall it by showing that they are

1 avel s i n New E n l and and New Y k L nd n 1 82 Vol I Tr g or . o o , 3 , . , p . 4 7 7 . 2 1 2

— not as other novelists that their works are calculated , not to R E mislead , but to direct, the young mind . The everend nos

o our Hitchc ck, one of earliest writers of fiction , and , like D R Timothy wight, a evolutionary chaplain , makes his heroine utter the warning1 Nothing can have a worse effect on the mind of ou r sex than the free use Of those writings which are ff ” the O spring of modern novelists . The same dread of the f Mrs . F pernicious e fects of novel reading appears in oster , R Mrs . owson , and the other literary ladies who were our first novelists . P not uritanism , Of course , did control the opinions of the M whole country . ore general was the colonial spirit , under whose influence Americans loo ked to England as their mother country, gave their sons an English education , whenever pos

for own . sible, and sought in English manners a model their Readers filled with such a spirit naturally satisfied their taste for fiction with the stories o f English life which constant fi traf c and intercourse made accessible . This spirit O f filial acceptance could not survive the Revolu

. W o tion hen the confusi n of war had had time to subside , a w n thoughtful people , g zing ith a pardo able complacency on what they had already accomplished , decided that thereafter

- manners and letters , as well as laws , should be home made . ” e R H su f W have already, said the everend Enos itchcock , fered for by too great an avidity British customs and manners , it is now time to become independent in our maxims , prin ci les o f p education , dress , and manners , as we are in our laws ” 2 and government . Ardent patriots at once applied them selves to the task o f supplying a literature which should o f reflect American manners . Thus the new spirit national self - consciousness united with the unbending of the P uritan spirit to make the last decade Of the eighteenth century one o f novel writing, as well as of novel reading . 3 R Al erine Ca tive oyall Tyler , in the preface to his g p , pub

1 em r s o th e Bl o oms r ove am l . B s t n 1 0 Vol . II . 82 . M oi f g F i y o o , 7 9 , , p 2 l o I e ms r ove a l . 6. m s o the B o m . Vol . I M oir f g F i y , p 3 Th e A l er ne a ve or th e L e and A dven e o D r . U dike g i C pti , if tur s f p Un d e h ll a i s ne a n the Al e n e . Wal l e Vt. 1 . r i , Pr o r mo g g ri s po , , 7 9 7 3

lished 1 in 797 , illustrates both the changed attitude toward the re ading Of fiction and the demand for a novel o f native man ne o f ners . O the first observations the author of the follow ing sheets made upon his return to his native country , after t an absence of seven years , was the extreme avidity wi h which bo oks o f mere amusement were purchased and perused by his E ~ . W countrymen hen he left New ngland , books of biog ra h n our p y, travels , and modern romances were confi ed to seaports ; or if known in the country were read only in the o f families clergymen , physicians , and lawyers ; while certain funeral discourses , the last words and dying speeches of Bryan S ’ haheen and Levi Ames , and some dreary somebody s day of D ’ ” oom , formed the most diverting parts of the farmer s library . W hen he returned , however, he found that libraries and book sellers had filled the land with “ modern travels and novels NO almost as incredible . sooner was a taste for amus

r one ing literature diffused , than all orders of count y life with accord forsook the sober sermons and practical pieties o f their fathers for the gay stories and splendid impieties of the traveller and the novelist . The worthy farmer no longer ’ fatigued himself with Bunyan s P ilgrims up the hill O f diffi culty but quaffed wine with Brydone in the hermitage o f V esuvius , or sported with Bruce in the fairy land of ” Abyssinia . The dairymaid and the hired man , he says , no

- longer wept over the ballad of the cruel step mother , but amused themselves into an agreeable terror with the haunted

f Mr ff o s . R houses and hobgoblins adcli e .

Tw o . things , however , the author finds to be deplored The

' first is that while so many boo ks are vended they are not of 1 r n t o u ow manufacture . The second misfor une is that,

o f E novels being the picture the time , the New ngland reader

is insensibly taught to admire the levity, and often the vices ,

o f E not the mother country . If the nglish novel does

on inculcate vice , it at least impresses the young mind an

erroneous idea of the world in which she is to live . It paints

of the manners , customs , and habits a strange country ; excites

1 “ I . 662 . O n S ee al s th e as ach s et s a az ne 1 1 Vol . II o M s u t M g i , 7 9 , , p ” m n n n e ts oder ov el s a d their eff c . 4 a fondness for false splendors and renders the habits o f her ’ own country disgusting . There are two things wanted , said

ou r a friend to the author , that we write own books of amuse ’ ’ n ment and that they exhibit ou r o w manners . Tyler s own tale was to display a portrait o f New England manners hitherto unattempted .

To English novelists , however , the aspiring authors looked

H um hre Clinker o f o f r . fo models p y , the last book any the e 1 1 Be great novelists of the century , had been publish d in 77 . tween its publication and that o f the first American novel in 1 789 — ’ only one novel of real merit had appeared Fanny Burney s 1 8 1 f E velina . o in 7 The production novels in this period , how of ever, had been astonishing in quantity . The hopelessness

o f o r any attempt to characterize this mass fiction , to classify fl it according to in uences , is pleasantly illustrated by the fact 1 Mr R R that . aleigh describes obert Bage as coming nearest f R Mr 2 o . S all imitators to ichardson , while aintsbury finds in him an imitator of F ielding and Smollett with the addition o f 3 Mr C a deliberately immoral purpose , and . ross says that Bage ” had posed in literature as a second Sterne . Certain types and characteristic themes can , nevertheless , be distinguished “ ” “ ” “ among the countless memoirs , histories , adventures , ” “ domestic stories , sacred novels , and tales of real life , “ ” “ ” e o f written by ladies of quality, ladi s distinction , sons

o f o f . Neptune , and assumers other elegant aliases o f The various adventures are usually strings incidents , so far beyond the scope of one man ’ s possible experience that they are assigned to some Obj ect easily capable o f passing from one hand to another , such as a guinea , a shilling , a gold headed

- f or . o cane , a lap dog The purpose these is satirical , and this intention is shared by the various Quixotes , the female Quixote,

1 al l h Th e n l 2 1 1 W e Ra e E s h e 1 0 . v l New Y 6 . t r ig , g i No , ork , 9 , p 2 “ An m tat eld n and Sm ll ett i n en e al l an th e l atte i i or of Fi i g o g r p , of r es ec al l i n the dan e s s ch em e n a a e b l e e —Ba e added to p i y g rou of rr tiv y tt r , g th eir m ethods th e purpo s e of advocati n g a l oo s er s ch em e of m oral s and a ” m e ana ch c al s s em e nm en A i o n e een h en u r or r i y t of gov r t. H s tory f Ni t t C t y

L e a e . L n d n and New Y 1 8 2 it r tur o o ork, 9 9 , p . 4 . 8 W . L. s s Th e D evel o m en t o th e E n l h vel New Y and Cro , p f g is No , ork L nd n 1 0 88 . o o , 9 4 , p . 5

x the spiritual Quixote , the benevolent Qui ote, the infernal

Quixote , and the like . o f The various histories , domestic stories , and tales real life ,

f o f o f o f o every degree romance and realism , every condition life from the cottage to the castle , have elements inherited from R their great predecessors . The influence of ichardson persists H e rather in subj ect than in manner . has contributed the o f F fascination exerted by tales seduction , as ielding has given who one o f the nobly devoted wife , becomes the stock figures F o f . the domestic tale But , while ielding merely left the char acter o f his Booth somewhat colorless in order that the virtues o f his Amelia might Shine more brightly, later writers , craving more vivid contrasts , painted the unfortunate marital back f a . o S ground sooty black The influence terne , which seems M generally to be filtered through ackenzie , is present in forms “ ” o f varying from a melting sensibility , a dropping warm tears ,

one if may borrow that phrase , to a scarcely perceptible f o f humidity o f atmosphere . O these three influences that F ielding is the least felt , in part, perhaps , because it is the least e e easy to detect , but more decidedly b cause the first requisit fo r a novelist at this time seems to have been the entire absence f f o any sense o humor . The favorite ingredients o f these tales are a lovely and gifted heroine , a devoted wife and mother with a brutal and o r vicious husband , a vain and negligent mother , whose kind and pious spouse expires early in the first volume leaving his

o r daughter without a protector , a heartless relative guar is one dian , preferably an aunt , a confidante who usually, as ” o f them describes herself, a sprightly toad , a virtuous hero , n M one o r . a desig ing villain , and two faithful retainers any o f to o f these tales can be reduced the trials a helpless maiden ,

- The consequent upon ill treatment by an unfeeling relative . o f alluring simplicity this formula , and its infinite possibilities o f variation , commended it to the many aspiring novelists of the day . It supplied , in particular, a theme to the women novelists whose band had grown in numbers and prosperity1

1 Th e s t ed n Vanc enza the D an e s o ed l i b Mrs fir itio of , or g r f Cr u ty , y . ’ . R b n s n i s s a d to h av e een S ld o ff i n L nd n b e e 1 2 l M o i o , i b o o o for o c ock ”

th e da o n h ch i t st s su ed m th e es s . New Y k a az n e of y w i fir i fro pr or M g i ,

Vol . I . 0 . , p 3 3 6 since Smollett had said o f novel - writing : That branch of busi ness is now engrossed by female authors who publish merely ' for

o f so the propagation virtue , with much ease , and spirit , and delicacy, and knowledge of the human heart, and all in the o f en serene tranquillity high life , that the reader is not only ” 1 chanted by their genius but reformed by their morality . Although these conventional themes and personages were ’ r most abundant in the novels of the centu y s last three decades ,

' other elements were then entering fiction . The growing spirit o f romanticism is seen not only in the more romantic situations ’ rs l o f M . D e Va these tales , exemplified in Bennett s melodrama court o f , but in the popularity other forms , the oriental tale and R apologue , the educational romance inspired by ousseau , and

edification o f the educational tales for the the young , influenced M G o f and by adame de enlis , which the classic example is S ord and M er ton f f . Toward the end o the period the pseudo f historical novel and the tale o terror flourished Side by side . ’ F G H ol croft s rench and erman fiction , in part through trans l ations Kot , reached English readers , and the heroine in the ” zebue so to M taste , displeasing iss Edgeworth , was introduced

to . the Ellens , Emmelines , and Elizas of the female novelists

to It is these female novelists , rather than to the great writers who preceded them or to the more dignified schools o f Gothic; historical , and revolutionary fiction which filled the last decade o f Ow e our . the century, that we first novelists The women e who wrote fiction in England had , for the most . part , littl power o f construction and less o f character- drawing ; their stories were encumbered by episodes without organic rela tion to the plot ; and their style was often both essentially weak x e and disfigured by D ella Cruscan ornamentation . Their e p rien ce of life was apparently small , their invention limited to — new combinations o f well worn situations and personages . It was scarcely to be expected that their sisters and heirs , the first

American novelists , should produce works of enduring literary merit . Didacticism and sentimentality were the chief characteristics o f the British novel in the period immediately preceding the

1 h e l nk e . 1 6. m ll ett is c ellan e u W rk Vol . VI. u y ) , 3 S o , M o s o s, ( H mp r C i r p 7

f w vogue o the Gothic . ( Naturally the same moods and purpo ses 1 o f appear in the first American novels , most which , like their o f British models , were the work women . The writings Of these women fall into two groups : the first o f which includes the more directly didactic tales , whose authors proclaim their ro moral purpose , while the second consists of stories more mantic in spirit, describing sentimental vicissitudes for their

own . sake , rather than for the moral lessons they suggest Slightly different influences appear in the few men who wrote k B novels before Charles Broc den rown . But their work is so so usually didactic in purpose , and frequently sentimental in tone , that it may conveniently be considered in connection with that o f the more numerous women novelists who represent sen im n l t e ta didacticism in its most typical form . \ The first to attempt the moral regeneration o f the youth of

America , through the persuasive art of fiction , was the New Mrs S 2 . W M h England poetess , arah entworth orton . S e had observed that didactic essays are not always capable o f em the o f e th gaging attention young ladies . W fly from e laboured precepts o f the essayist to the sprightly narrative o f the nov ” Mrs . M elist . orton was doubtless supported in the under taking by the consciousness o f an established literary reputa 3 “ H er f r tion . poems earned o her the title o f the American Th e m t h S . e P ow r o S a h s e appho To her novel , f y p y, prefixed o f C a solemn dedication to the young ladies olumbia , which

o f the printer , perceiving the greatness the occasion , adorned

1 A few n ov el s of thes e earl ies t y ears of Am eri c an fiction b el o ng to new n ll s II and diff erent typ es a d wi be di cu s s ed i n Ch apter I . 2 h M h A w an Am e an b rs . a l t e Lenn h ad b een a om of ric irt , C r o t ox, l a n el s t i n E n l an d n ea l t ea s be e th e ubl cat n popu r ov i g r y for y y r for p i io of V Bu t s h e l e t Am e i c h l l l h l The Pow er of S y mpa thy . f r a w i e s ti a c i d an d c an l m as an nam ent Am e Her s at cal h ardly b e c ai ed or of ri can lit eratu re . iri n el The em al e ix e w as mu ch ead and w as h n ed w th a ded ov , F ! u ot , r , o or i i h n D r hn n h a h h e e c atio n from th e a d of . Jo so . S e w s t e aut or of s v ral n el s S hak es ea e Ill s a ed vels and is es on wh ch his ov , of p r u tr t or No H tori i

l a ar e nded and a a e h e l e a eff s . S ee D t p y s fou , of v ri ty of ot r it r ry ort ( ic .

Nat B . of . iog ) 3 Mr s t n w ho w as b n i n 1 m a i e e c t n l ate . Mor o , or 7 59 , rr d P r y Mor o , r - h s e s h Attorn ey Gen eral of Mas s ac u tt . S e was early a c o ntributor to the Mas s achu s etts Magazin e and b ecam e o n e of th e chi ef a dornm ents of a

l a l Her v e s e i s an el e ant and D ell a Cru s can ns d . it er ry circ e. r of g i ipi ity 8

f with eleven dif erent kinds and Sizes of type . Her preface “ proclaims the purpose o f the work to expose the dangerous Consequences o f Seduction and to set forth the advantages o f ” female Education . The story itself is more easily described by showing what The it is intended to be than by trying to explain what it is . personages of the tragedy obviously belong to types monoto nously familiar in the fiction o f the time . The lovely injured heroine is present in the person o f Harriet Fawcet ; Myra H ar

- Mrs rington is the playful but warm hearted confidante , . F H rancis , with whom arriet lives as companion , the unfeeling W relative , and orthy is the sensible friend of the volatile hero . H for This hero , arrington , originally intended a gay young o f o f Lovelace , says himself, at the outset the narrative , that

so the moralist and the amoroso , sentiment and sensibility, are interwoven in his constitution that “ nature and grace are at ” ’ fis i ffs n f H t cu . O e o e continual glance arri t s eye , however , ends forever both the fisti cu ff s and his designs upon her p eace f o . mind Thereafter he exhibits , in happy combination , the

o f M D thrilling sensibility a arianne ashwood , with the erudite f f morality o a Mary Bennett . Animated by the spirit o the o f H : latter , he says a dance to which he is to accompany arriet These elegant relaxations prevent the degeneracy o f human o f nature , exhilarate the spirits , and wind up this machine ours ” H H for another revolution of business . arriet and arrington are at once betrothed , and the author is at liberty to turn to o f the real obj ect the work , sentimental and moral discussions o f on education , literature , and manners , with emphasis the con f o . sequences seduction , and anecdotes to point the moral These f rs H o M . discussions are carried on under the auspices olmes , “ ” a serious sentimentalist , devoted to rural retirement , who “ Sits in one o f the temple summer - houses dear to the ele S gant female of the eighteenth century , quoting terne and

Her o f - moralizing . part , that the middle aged patroness and Mrs M out. . adviser, is consistently carried After orton has of preached her sermon , she enforces its precepts by the fate

H on H her lovers . When arrington insists marrying arriet , in - con spite of paternal opposition , his conscience stricken father H H o f fesses that arriet is his sister . arriet dies a broken heart , H in a lingering, graceful manner . A few days later arrington n is found slain by his Own hand . O his table , beside his last L The S orrows o Wer therfi will and testament , lies f The story is without construction o r attempt at characteriza S tion . Its sentiment , a tepid infusion of terne , may be j udged ’ ’ ‘ from Worthy s tribute to Myra s sample r It is the work f ’ D id o M . yra , said I to myself not her fingers trace these beautiful expanding flowers ! Did she not give to this carna tion its animated glow , and to this opening rose its languishing ! R ’ grace emoved , as I am , continued I , in a certain interior language that every son o f nature possesses Removed as I o f am , from the amiable obj ect my tenderest affection , I have f f nothing to do but admire this O fspring o industry and art . It shall yield more fragrance to my soul than all the boquets in ’ the universe . O f o f e the many passages attempted po tical style , the most elaborate are a Dante - inspired vision o f the lower world shown

F - to the guilty father , and the history of idelia , a pink ribboned O New England phelia , whose morbid interest in the brook is j ustified by the fact that her lover once drowned himself in it . P oems are also inserted in the text , a practice common in that

M rs M who period and particularly acceptable to . orton had ' l O ne x been a poet before she became a nove writer . e tract ’ H o from arrington s epitaph , comp sed by himself, may illus f trate the gift o the American Sappho .

W en o n h e u r n c el es al a e descen ds h t ir ti c r , Tw o l e s m e h m a s c es s attends ov r co , w o f ir u c , ’ O er th e al e m a bl e S h all h e n he h ea s p r t y joi t ir d , A nd d nk th e all n ea s each he sh eds ri f i g t r ot r , ’ en s adl s a h m u al m d Th y y , wit ut pity ov , 0 ! m a w e n e e l e as h es e h y v r ov t av e l ov ed .

Mrs S H . R usanna aswell owson , whose most successful novel , Charlotte em l e 1 0 T p , was published in 7 9 , had a more eventful

1 The nfl h i u en ce of t e S orrows of Werther on the m i nd of imp u l s ive y h a ea s i n m an n ea l n el s e am l e i n Th out pp r y of our r y ov , for x p , e H apl ess han an d The Le te s o e di nan d and E li a be h n p t f , a d on e al e The Or r F r z t t , S l ave o i n as s , the ui o We the h l adel h a 1 802 i s del ib f P o or Fr ts f r r, P i p i , , eratel d e ted a a n t th s ns d u e l y ir c g i s i i i io s vi . 10

M She 1 62 Mrs . career than orton . was born in England , in 7 , but was brought to America four years later when her father,

ffi o n A a naval o cer the merican station , married an American

was . o f lady, retired , and settled at Nantasket The hardships Re ec a Th the voyage were later described in b c . e quiet life o f the Haswell family was interrupted by the Revolutionary

Mr H not ar . . a W swell would serve against the king, and con sequently was regarded as a suspicious person , whose situation ’ would make it easy for him to aid the king s ships . After some

Rebecca H harrowing adventures , which appear in , the aswells to H n were ordered remove to ingham , and the ext year to H Abington . Later they were allowed to go to alifax , and thence to England . ’ In London Susanna s trials really began . To help in the 1 86 e . struggle for maintenance , she became a gov rness In 7 ’ she W married , to please her family , her father s friend , illiam

R i o f owson , who comb ned the activities a hardware merchant

R H Mrs with those of a trumpeter in the oyal orse Guards . . ’ Row son s opinion o f matrimony was never enthusiastically the favorable . Nason , her biographer, sensibly observes that “ to S arah or the E xem lar Wife warning prefixed her , p y do f e o e . not marry a fool , was probably the r sult exp rience ’ R s n s 1 Mr . ow o In 793 , business having completely failed, R as r . the stage was tried a last reso t The owson family, con

f Mr R f s . o sisting o Mr . and owson and a young sister the former, appeared in the provinces for a season , apparently with no remarkable success , and were glad to Obtain an engagement P at the Chestnut Street Theater in hiladelphia . This brought M R f rs . owson back to America where the rest o her life was

F 1 1 R s n . spent . rom 7 93 to 797 the ow o s remained on the stage D R Mrs . uring these years owson , who had already published 2 v . several no els , became a playwright as well as an actress

1 Mrs R n In Boston , in 797 , . owson began what was desti ed

1 El A em i r o S s ann a Row on wi th E l e an and a as n M . i s N o , o f Mrs u s g t

Ill s a ve E x ac s h er W n s i n s e and etr . Alban . u tr ti tr t from riti g Pro Po y y , N Y 1 8 ., 7 0 . 2 O ne h er du c t ns a c m ed c all ed Am e i cans i n E n l and or of pro io , o y , r g ,

Les s ns or D a e s w as es ented at a b en e t i n 1 . h e we e o f ught r , pr fi 7 9 7 Ot rs r

The emal e a t i The V l u ntee an d an e a S l ave i n Al e . F P r ot, o rs, op r , s gi rs 11

to be a long and illustrious pedagogical career, with a school ne o f containing o pupil . By the end the year she had a hun dred scholars and a waiting list ; yet , her biographer exclaims su ffefed with pardonable pride , She not the ink to dry upon Fo r o f her graceful pen . the rest her life she enjoyed a long

H er delayed prosperity . literary reputation made her the cen

f 1 802 she ter o a group of learned ladies . In became the

B o t eekl Ma a ine s on W z . editor of a new periodical , the y g Three years later this was superseded by the M onthly A nthol New o to w as . gy, which She a frequent contributor To the E n land Galax 18 1 she o f g y, started in 5, made contributions a o f religious character . The most important her works in prose

o f on S ectator were a series papers modelled the p , and a serial

S i nceri t 18 1 S arah or the Exem lar novel , y, published , in 3 , as , p y i h W fe 1 80 s . S e . In 4 her miscellaneou poems were published o f wrote much occasional verse , many recitations for the use 1 2 h . S e her scholars , and some educational works in prose died 1 2 in 8 4 . ’ Mrs Rowson s . career as a novelist began in the year o f her

Her i i . V ctor a 1 86 marriage first novel appeared in 7 , followed

M ar or the es t o H onour 1 88 the next year by y, T f , and in 7 by The In ui si tor or the Invisible Rambler 1 0 Char l otte q , . In 79 em l e as M en tor ia o Youn Ladies F i w . r the r end T p published , g ’ 1 1 f r Ro s n ( 79 ) embodied some o M s . w o s own experiences as

. S ebecca or the Fill e de a governess oon after appeared R , Chambr e .

’ o f Mrs Row son s m The earliest . works accessible in an A er

The In uis i tor or the Invisi ble Rambl er ican edition is q , pro fessedl Mrs . R S . y in the manner of terne owson , however,

In uisi tor possessed little sentiment and no humor . The q , her

-be enefi en would sentimentalist , whose b c t undertakings are ffi furthered by a magic ring , suggests the able and e cient

o f so agent a charity organization soc iety . Indeed admirable

o f ff is his economy e ort, that if he rescues a betrayed and

1 A r es en or Y u n Lad es c ntai n n ems D al es A dd e es P t f o g i o i g Po , i ogu , r ss ’ a R ec ed b the ls o Mrs Rows on s A ca dem a t th e annu al s it y Pupi f . y

exh b n . B st n 1 8 1 1 . i itio o o , 2 B bl e D al es be w een a a her and hi s a l B s t n 1 822 . E xer i i ogu t F t F mi y , o o ,

c s e i n s etc B s t n 1 822 . i s Hi tory , . , o o , 12

n she to the of forsake maiden , is sure be long lost daughter the penniless O ld soldier whom he had saved from insult the week before . Charl otte Tem le a Tal e o Tru th 1 0 p , f ( London , 79 , New York , ’ Ro s n Mrs . w o s established reputation , and still main

f o f tains it, although among a somewhat di ferent class readers .

o f C or S It is the story a young girl , harlotte Temple , tanley, who is lured away from a boarding school by a young offi cer F and a wicked rench governess , taken to New York , and to abandoned die in misery . Nothing that can heighten the ff — of sensational e ect is spared , two the very blackest villains obtainable are employed to bring about the catastrophe . The question at once suggests itself— why Should this story have

out survived , to linger a dishonored old age in yellow paper

' covers , when all its equally harrowing contemporaries have ’ ! Mrs Rowson s u n long been forgotten The answer lies in . the deniable command of sensational , and in the -comparative l simplicity and directness of the story itselffi There are many ’ as Mrs Row son s such tales , treated merely episodes in . other t novels , which , if worked out separately with the same brevi y won and workmanlike construction , might have the same reputation .

Lu c Tem l e or the Three O r hans o f C y p , p is the story har ’ she lotte s daughter . As Lucy Blakeney , has been brought ’ he up in ignorance of her mother s history . S is about to F marry a young man named ranklin when it is discovered ,

The P ower o S m ath son o f as in f y p y, that he is the her ’ f Mrs R o . mother s betrayer . The more practical bent owson ’ appears in Lucy s decision to found a school instead o f dying f of a broken heart . The general tone o the novel is educa

i rl otte t onal Cha . , in contrast to the pure sensationalism of The Tri als of the H uman H ear t ( 1 79 5) is best described in 2 o f Al exis the definition a novel given by the translator of ,

1 A m e d n ed e nt th e s t ed t n has ecentl b een u ed or ig ifi r pri of fir i io r y iss , ed ted h an nt u c n an d a b bl a h b anc s W . al s e New i , wit i rod tio i iogr p y , y Fr i H y , Y k 1 0 . or , 9 5 2 A l ex o h ta i n the W ds n l m h en h B n s r t e e a e t e c . s t i , Cot g oo , ov fro Fr o o , ’ 1 6. Al ex s : ou l a a s nn ette dan e s P ar l Au teu r de 7 9 ( i M i o s l s B oi . Lol otte et an an L e e F f , i g ,

14

1 re connection o f the Foster family . It is superior to its p decessors in interest and especially in character- drawing ; the personages are individuals not types , speaking well in char

a acter, in letters as vivacious as the epistol ry conventions of the time would allow . Some development can be traced in

o f the character the heroine , while the catastrophe is kept well

not in mind from the first . The virtuous hero is represented — as absolutely impeccable although neither the heroine nor the author quite g'rasps the fact that he is an estimable prig— and

is hi the villain allowed s softer side . O f e The Co u ette re all the tales of thes women novelists , q the mains the most readable, and preserves a faded appeal to

' sympathies o f a public which has lost its taste for tragedy in ’ The C o u ette s o u letters . Early in the nineteenth century q p p larit Cha rl otte M y rivalled that of . any editions were bought 2 1 8 . and wept over, and a reprint was made as late as 74 Another example of the elegantly edifying type of fiction

’ “ C M W The Gam es ters or Ruins is aroline atilda arren s novel , ; , o Innocence P f resented to the public, the author r says , not as the labored p oduction of erudition , but as the ff o f e orts of a mind rather a contemplative turn , whose prin ” ci al is p amusement is derived from such pursuits , it , as the title indicates , directed against the evil of gambling . In addi tion to this main theme it points many other morals , and con sequently has a more complicated action than The P ower of h o S m a r T u ette Mrs . e e a a e y p thy o e C q . Warren mak s som p r d ” o f her acquaintance with polite authors , among whom it is

S she a pleasure to find hakespeare, and seems to have had a o f fondness for the study physiognomy inspired by Lavater . In ’ a suicide scene there is the novelty o f substituting Addison s t Ca o for the usual Werther opened at an appropriate passage .

Tom Another innovation is the introduction of Tarpaulin , an ”

son o f P . O honest Neptune, and his sweetheart eggy ther wise there is little that is new in this attempt to blend instruc

1 ’ Th e l n th n Mrs D ll R ance o the A s o s t t at l e i . . a ory is o d g . C H s om f s ci a ti on 1 , 87 5 . 2 Th e th eth a ea e i n B t n i n 1 8 . We eli n E a l A eri can irti pp r d os o 3 3 g , r y m i c n 1 02 1 F tio , 9 , p . 4 . 15

tion with amusement, and at once to regale the imagination , ” and reform the heart .

M two ore didactic , even pedagogic in intention , are novels H W . n by elena ells , whose books were published in London O 1 o f The S te mother the title page p , the author is described as

o f C S C . The S te m other harlestown , outh arolina Both p 1 Cons tanti a Nevill e or the Wes t Indi an 1 800 ( 799 ) and , ( ) went into second editions soon after their publication . Their aim The S te mother , as stated in the preface to p , by pointing out the superior advantages of a religious education , is to ” counteract the pernicious tendency of modern philosophy, and to check the prevailing taste for the marvellous and the terrible . e R R K elr o In a somewhat lat r work by ebecca ush , y the didactic novel , while retaining its moralizing tone , shows f f K elr o o the o . the influence novel social manners y owes , to its perhaps , later date , its comparative freedom from the naive absurdities o f many o f its predecessors . Its style also

o f while still studied , has lost the excessive elegance diction f ’ Mrs M . characteristic o . orton s time O ne can hardly leave the subj ect o f sentimental didacticism

M as sachus etts Ma azine without referring to the g , which was its ’ H f Mrs M Shrine . ere the gifted ladies o . orton s circle were o f s sure a welcome . The editor sometimes poke sharply , in

o f his acknowledgments to patrons and correspondents , con tributions from manly hands ; but all ladies were received with

Mrs M a sugared politeness . . orton , under her poetical name “ o f P hilenia D G s— , was referred to as the aughter of eniu the

Queen of elegance in thought and word and deed . Another “ ” S he o f lady, known as abina , had contributed t history a off f woman carried by pirates to the harem o a Turkish noble, where her instructions led to the liberation o f all the slaves . “ she : S In recompense received this editorial tribute abina , o f Louisa authoress , an interesting novel , is sincerely thanked

f H er s x o d m estick . e for a momentary renunciation o labours , e her country, and mankind at large have reason to acknowledg

1 ’ The S tepm o th er w as favorably r evi ewed i n the Gentl eman s Magaz in e

l 1 800. for Ju y , 16

be their obligation to the virtuous fair, who divide their time tween family economy and the dissemination o f universal in ” struction . x Long serial stories , e cept for occasional translations , are 1 800 rare in periodicals before , although many tales run through two or three issues . The space given to fiction , which in the

achus etts Ma azine M ass g is large , is occupied by various fore f runners o the short story, the character , the anecdote , the h . O t e apologue , and the condensed novel The riental tale was

o f o f M ass achus etts most favored all types , and no issue the

a azine one M g was complete without ; very few , however , were e o f American origin . In original work this magazine mad a “ ” o f or . specialty historiettes , tragic, sentimental , amusing P astorals and bits of prose poetry were favorite efforts o f the fair contributors , perhaps a touching scene from a proj ected

ne f novel . O of the most moving o these pastoral productions

Fidel e or the F ai thfu l S he herd 1 1 is , p , which appeared in 79 , ” F Ze h ra Signed by Caloc . The Shepherd idele loves p y F Almira , a town beauty, sees idele and falls into a decline for f H er f r h o . o e love him parents send the shepherd , but is

Z h ra His already pledged to ep y . sensibility was too ex ’ uisite f q . The news o Almira s gradual decline preyed heavily on Ze h ra n a slender constitution . p y caught the weakening co ” ta ion e g , and thre celestial spirits languished into life together . f f “ The mistress o this branch o poetic prose was Lavinia . O b M ther contri utors were Laurinda , Alouette , enander, Evan der , and Lindor .

So o f so e much this magazine work is left unsigned , littl n o r one scruple is felt at borrowing from foreig sources , from

o f American magazine to another , that a formidable tangle possible authorships awaits any venturesome person who may

or undertake to investigate the early American short story , its

A M as a forerunners . lthough the s chus etts M agazin e virtuously declared that all pieces which have been published in any other vehicle than the Massachus etts M agazine we deem anti u e q composition , others did not share its fastidiousness ; indeed the New Yor k M agazine seems to have used its New

e o f England cont mporary as a regular source supply, and even 17 paid it the compliment o f reprinting one story twice under dif ferent titles .

W f Mrs M rs o M . hile the didactic sentimentality . orton , F M oster, and other assachusetts ladies is the most striking

o f o f feature early American novel writing, other types , both o f to h didacticism and sentimentality, are be found among t e o f novelists the day . The educational , the religious , and the satirical varieties of didacticism all are present . Consideration o f t f hese , however, may be postponed to that o the other variety of novel popular among the women writers of the last decade — o f the eighteenth century and the first o f the nineteenth the

o f tale similar in quality sentiment to those already discussed , but romantic where they are didactic , and aiming to amuse rather than to instruct . This more romantic and less deliberately edifying type o f ! The H a l ess O r ha n or female fiction is well represented by p p ,

Innocent Vi ctim o Rev en e f g , By an American lady is fl The orphan a lovely and defenceless creature , af icted

- —a fic with a hard hearted relative , situation popular in the “ for tion of the time . This relative , an aunt , although her own child all the feelings o f a parental bosom vegetated in ” so luxuriance , is unkind to the niece that the unfortunate H Caroline is forced to seek another home . ence arise

ffi P she all her di culties , for at rinceton , whither has fled , she falls in love with the miniature o f a charming youth already betrothed to another , the jealous Eliza . At the

on tender moment when the youth , his knee , is presenting to o f H Caroline a locket adorned with a figure ope , and two doves

- drinking from a fountain , elegantly done in hair work , which , “ ” o wn he assures her , is his performance , the lovers are dis covered by Eliza . After the suicide of the too attractive youth

1 Am n th e tal es th s t e m a b e m ent ned : n h a wi h th e o g of i yp y io Cy t i , t tr a c al ac c n o th e u n na e l ove o Al mer in an d D es dem n a gi ou t f fortu t s f o , ham n as s 1 8 The na e D i c ve o r the i s t o Nort pto , M . , 7 9 ; Fortu t s o ry , H ory f en Vi ll a s New Y 1 8 el and Val e the ai r i ve New H ry r , ork , 7 9 ; Mor , or F Fug ti , Y 1 8 0 1 n m a the B e a l h l adel a 1 80 a a e ta ork, ; Mo i , or gg r Gir , P i phi , 3 ; M rg r t ,

i n h a ach e a azin e 1 2 Vol . h l adel h a 1 8 0 . In a e ew t e s s s s P i p i , 7 r vi M u tt M g , 7 9 , i s s e e l c c s ed a a en l its IV . 6 The a l es s han e , p 3 7 , H p Orp v r y riti i , pp r t y for l ack ed n endenc and b ec au s e th e bl es the au nt are a he of ifyi g t y , foi of r t r ” n l n u a e s en s b l t s eer ed at by stoi cal ap athy th an c o ns ol ed i n th e a g g of i i i y . 3 18

the frantic Eliza vows vengeance . Thenceforth Caroline is — hounded by every conceivable persecution , pursuit by masked ’ r o f villains , by men in women s garments , slander , pu loining letters , attempted abduction , and more elaborate machinations ff e o f a ecting ven the happiness her friends , and successfully poisoning against her the mind o f her betrothed who is at a distance fighting Indians . The unreality o f the tale is heightened by the absurd j uxta

o f - position blood curdling plots , harrowing escapes , and prim

o f — - discourses full the self centered , calculating common sense “ which makes Caroline a true child of her century . I had long established it a maxim o f prudence and a dictate o f rea ” son , she says , to make as easy as possible the various inci ” in - f dents which occur this journey o life . Even when most

she on occupied in foiling villains , finds leisure for discourses

P - mo ralizin s the necessity of education , and gentle amela like g , “ ” D M o f eath , my dear aria , is a serious event . The course the narrative is impeded by her pauses to retail the private o f she — history everyone meets , the young lady whose mind

too — has been poisoned by much novel reading , the young man who is led by The S orr ows of Wer ther to shoot his disdainful

one a fair and then himself, the irate father who slays the brut l f husband o his daughter and then falls into fits . C aroline , herself , is not without sensibility, frequently , ” she Sh tells us , doth the great drop burst from my eye . e invariably retains her composure , however, even when her h . s e betrothed is killed in battle Indeed , soon begins to cast f n r o o M . H an eye favor an another suitor, elen , but remarks , v with her usual propriety, great as my present partialities are , I Should be disgusted with an immediate declaration of his ” t H er a tachment . arrangement to give funereal honors to the memory o f her betrothed may serve as a sample o f the ele ’ gance o f the author s imagination : “ As a memento of my uniform attachment , I will cause a m on f re re onument to be raised , the base o which Shall be p to sented , upon one side an urn which shall be supposed con o f tain the ashes my friend , over which two cupids shall hold a cypress wreath ; under the urn shall be displayed the fatal 19

o f e o f trophies war, while the figur a female shall be seated

of under the friendly Shade a weeping willow , in a melancholy f to o . attitude , pointing a number angels that will be seen above

The urn shall be inscribed to friendship , bravery , and virtue . Upon the opposite side o f the base an urn Shall represent the

o f sacred remains my dear Lucretia , while a figure , whose eyes shall emit an insatiable revenge , shall hold in her hand a dart , which she is aiming at the bosom of a female who stands weep f m ing over the ashes o her friend . At one end shall be e ‘ S UP P RESS E VER Y M O TIVE OF graved in capitals , RE EN E ’ V G . After this tribute to the departed she accepts

r He M . len .

At length the malevolent Eliza triumphs . Caroline is ca r ’ e off H ri d by villains in Eliza s pay, and the devoted elen ,

to flying in pursuit , only arrives in time save her body from

. t a company of medical students Nothing happens o Eliza . Although the principle o f poetic j ustice is violated in The

H a l ess O r han p p , it usually governs the dénouements of tales of this class ; the rej ected lovers o f the heroine console them

for e selves with young ladies who have sighed in vain the h ro ,

- and long lost uncles reappear from strange lands , in time to t endow all the principals wi h handsome fortunes , and the “ ” n faithful attendants with genteel annuities . O the title page a Lady o f Quality and the like have been replaced by ” o f W C o f S A Lady orcester ounty , A Young Lady the tate ” “ f r f P o o o . New York, A Lady hiladelphia In the tale itself nothing but the geographical situation is changed ; the

o f atmosphere is unreal , the lady is unfortunate , the hero is a wax- o f y work perfection , the villain is a mechanical iniquit , j ust as in the numberless Similar British romances . The trials o f this engaging type o f heroine did not meet F emale uixotis m exhi b with universal compassion . In her ! ited i n the Romanti c O pini ons and Extravagant Adventur es of

or i e rs D cas na S h ldon M . Tabitha Tenney ridiculed the o f o n o f effect such romantic tales the mind a country girl , J

m Mrs . x uch as Lenno , fifty years before , had satirized , in her

Fema le uixote o f o f ! , the influence the heroic romances 20

’ ’ ‘ 1 Mrs l i leo atre . . the C el e and C p type Tenney s heroine , who o f D Do rcasina changes her homely appellation orcas to , has

s e 1 0 been led to e a disguised hero in every horseboy, and a mance in every chance acquaintance . The story o f her many o f disappointments and absurd mishaps , as a result the cre

ulit d y which makes her an ever ready dupe , is told with some humor ; but the humor too often has the roughness and cruelty ’ ’ which in many of Smollett s practical j okes turns the reader s In sympathies to the victim rather than to the perpetrator . ’

Mrs . deed , the chief distinction between Lennox s satire and

Mr n s . o e that of Tenney is that lived before , and the other

S . after, mollett

o f Leaving this second type feminine achievement , and turn o f o f ing to other varieties didacticism , one finds first, in point

The M emoirs o the time , the educational tale represented by f 2 Bl oo s r o e F a il R H D D m v m . . g y by the everend Enos itchcock , R This learned author , after serving through the evo l i n r ut o a War . y as a chaplain , had acquired fame as a preacher His purpose in novel writing was not only didactic but pa triotic ; to furnish a system o f education suited to American

o f conditions was his design . This is accomplished in a series letters describing the training o f the youthful O sander and Rozella Bloomsgrove under the supervision o f their humane

. i on and enlightened parents Incidentally, the V ews education o f R Kaim s Mrs h n Mm e e . C a o e . ousseau , Locke, Lord , p , and ff f de Genlis are weighed and sifted . The educational e ect o — dressing dolls is solemnly discussed for the author was con “ vinced that females Should inure themselves to the exercise ” 3 o f His thinking . acquaintance with eighteenth century fads appears in the little didactic O riental tales which occasionally

1 ab ha enne w as b n i n E ete In 1 62 In 1 88 s h e m ar T it T y or x r, N . H 7 . 7 e l nn e wh o i n 1 8 00 e n es he ri d S amu e T e y b cam e a m emb er of Co gr s . S i i di ed n Exeter n 1 83 7 . 2 The Rev . E n s t hc c w as b n i n S n el as s . i n 1 and o Hi c o k or pri gfi d , M , 7 44, d ed i n den e R. I. i n 1 8 0 . H e w as ad a ed m a a d i n i Provi c , , 3 gr u t fro H rv r

1 6 and b ecam e a cha l a n i n th e Re l u t n a a m i n 1 8 0 . H e ub 7 7 , p i vo io ry r y 7 p l i sh ed b es de hi s n el s a ea s e o n E d ca i n B s n 1 0 and a te , i ov , Tr ti u t o , o to , 7 9 , C ch e ti c al Ins c ons an d o s o D ev n or Ch l d en an d Y th 1 88 tru ti F rm f otio f i r ou , 7 . 3 A d ff e ent e w as tak en b the te wh o i n 1 2 c nt bu ted to i r vi w y wri r , 7 9 , o ri the A me can us eu m Vol . ! I l nes add es s ed to a l ad wh o h ad es e ri M , , i r y d ir d

22

D the conversion , through love , of amon , who had been a charm

ing youth but a finished deist . the The narrative is enlivened by the insertion of verses , f composition of various lovers . O them all the following tribute from O liva to Emilius is perhaps the most touching

Th e b eau es the bl m n s n ti of oo i g pri g, es h to m m nd Emi li u s n Fr y i bri g, Th e fl e s h ch e a a ant ell ow r w i giv fr gr sm , l l ” D o emu l ate hi s v irtu es w e .

so to The inspiration , if it may be called , this undertaking ’ probably came from Defoe s popular work on Religi ous Cour t s i ff sub h p, but there is a great di erence not only in form , the

stitution o f letters for dialogues , but in feeling and style , both o f which have the sentimentality and fondness for ornament of

contemporary fiction , rather than the precision and matter of

e fact qualities o f Defoe . Any connection there may b between The Ar t of Cour ting and the Religi ous Courtship is one o f f suggestion rather than o close imitation .

In addition to the educational and the religious , the satirical

form of didacticism , which gave rise to the large family of

eighteenth century Quixotes , is represented in America by ’ 1 Hugh Henry Brackenridge s M odern Chival ry : containing the ’ Adventur es of Cap tain John F arrago and Teagu e O Regan his

S erva t. n This story, which displays more ability than any

o f C Brock den other American tales before those harles Brown , describes the travels of a thoughtful man whose ideas of life e H e b have been derived ntirely from books . is accompanied y

1 u h en B ac en d e w as b n i n 1 8 i n S c l and bu t am e to H g H ry r k ri g or 7 4 , ot , c Am e a h n fiv e ea s o ld Hi s b h s en n m i n Y ri c w e y r . oy oo d w as p t o a far ork

C n P a . h e e h e m ana e to bta n an edu cat n . B teach n s ch l ou ty , , w r g d o i io y i g oo he ea n ed th e m n e n eces s a s tu d at nc et n an d w as ad ate r o y ry for y Pri o , gr u d i n 1 1 w h am es ad s n an d h l en e u H e c nt nu ed at the 7 7 it J M i o P i ip Fr a . o i c ll e e as a tu stu d ed d n t and l ate tau ht i n an academ i n a o g tor, i ivi i y , r g y M ry ’ l an d h e e h e c m s ed a d am at em B nk e ll ec te b hi s w r o po r ic po , u r s Hi , r i d y

u l s an d ubl s h e i n 1 6. He becam e ed the Uni ted S ta e p pi , p i d 7 7 itor of t s

a az ne i n 1 6 . A e s e n as cha l a n i n the w ar h e s tu d ed l aw M g i 7 7 ft r rvi g p i , i

at Ann a l s . In 1 8 1 h e m ved to ttsbu and l ate bec am e a m em po i 7 o Pi rg, r b er h of t e Legi s l atu re. He w as m uch i nteres t ed i n the Whi sk ey Reb el l ion and i n 1 7 9 5 publ i s hed In ci den ts of the In s u rrecti on i n the Wes tern Part o enns l van a i n 1 In 1 h th e m f P y i 7 9 4. 7 9 9 e w as made judge of S upre e

C u t enns l an a . He ed i n 1 8 1 o r of P y v i di 6. 23

r - - an ignorant Irish se vant , half fool , half knave , who by con stantly getting into difficulties affords a text for satirical m oralizin s g by his master .

In the earlier portions the satirical note is more sustained , and the adventures follow a fixed plan . At each stage of their j our ney the Captain and his servant fall in with some foolish assem blage , now of scientists seeking recruits for their society, now o f to a citizens about elect a representative , and the like . E ch foo lish group finds something to admire in the foolish and vain ’ O Re an ff fi Teague g , and o ers him membership or Of ce . To prevent his acceptance the Captainis obliged to invent ridic ulo us o f b objections , and then follows a chapter reflections y the author , suggested by the previous adventure . This order, however , is gradually abandoned toward the end of the first f o . a part the story, and is not resumed in the second After P visit to hiladelphia , where Teague is a social success and an

o f P idol young ladies , he has an interview with the resident, i m and s led to expect political prefer ent . At last he obtains the ffi f o ce o exciseman . In that capacity he becomes involved in W R the hiskey ebellion , is tarred and feathered by indignant citizens , captured by a scientific society , caged as a strange ani

F e o f mal , and finally sent to ranc where , in the character an

f Anachars is o o C . Esquimau , he figures in the train lo ts

o f The second part the story , added later , is devoted to the description o f a new settlement founded by the Captain and his friends , the governmental problems which arise being mere pre ’ texts for long chapters setting forth Brackenridge s political

reflec beliefs . The relief given by comic adventure and satiric tion to the educational intention o f the first part is often lacking here , and there is no real plot . At B his best rackenridge shows great satiric power, and a vigor and clearness of style unusual in that day of somewhat tawdry elegance in fiction . Although he took the form of his

C is . narrative from ervantes , he nearer Butler in spirit Indeed it was his original intention to put his story into Butler ’ s j olting couplets , and a beginning was actually made , but he finally abandoned the idea and adopted the prose form for his narrative . 24

enr e o f Another popular g in the British fiction the day, allied with the romantic rather than the didactic novel , was the tale of adventurous travel , whose rise is due partly to the S o f o f influence of mollett, partly to that the books travel and b description which were eing produced in considerable quantity .

This type is early represented in America by two novels , both 1 of of which appeared in 797 , and both which deal in part with the Algerine pirates , then a serious menace to commerce , as well as a picturesque peril appealing to many purveyors of

. so light literature Although , in far as they possess the ele

o f ments action and enterprise , these two tales have a relation ship with the adventure novels to be discussed in a later

e one o f chapter , they hav elements , the sentimental , the other o f f to e the didactic type , su ficient give them a place her . S e imilar as are their subj ects , the two authors employ quit Opposite methods o f treatment ; one follows the traditional

of - - romance high born captives and gory minded captors , while the other attempts an iconoclastic realism . ’ F or tune s F ootball or the Adventu res o M ercu ti o , , f possesses all the hairbreadth escapes , the rapid succession of improbable

o f ff situations , familiar in the modern novel this type , but di ers from it in the Share in the conduct o f affairs assign ed to the

M of hero . As the title implies , ercutio is the sport fortune ,

no not its master . Things happen to him ; he does t make o f them happen to other people . Even the passion love , which

o nerves the modern her to many interesting impossibilities , f M has no such stimulating e fect on ercutio . As each object ff of his a ections is snatched from him by death , he sheds a few O f tears , and replaces her by another even more desirable . o f Sir C G him , far more truly than harles randison , may it be “ ” is f b h . O said , all the world is Emily perils y land and s ea he has an endless series , once , indeed , owing his preserva

- n an tion to the humble agency of a friendly hen coo p . O other occasion his ship remains stuck between two rocks in

- sea . mid for five days , to the great annoyance of the passengers ’ In Venice he elopes with the D o-ge s daughter and an ebony box crammed full of ducats , while his final exploit is the conversion of the Sophi of P ersia to monogamy and English 25

f cavalry tactics . The progress o the story is constantly inter ’ ru ted M - p by ercutio s reunions with various long lost friends , including an earl and a retired highwayman . The main nar rative is abandoned while each friend recounts the tale o f his adventures during his separation from the hero , thus causing ' ’ of o f M a dislocation the course events . ercutio s captivity a o mong the pirates , alth ugh short , is as harrowing as his other experiences ; he is chained to an oar and forced to row night and day . Among his fellow prisoners he finds equals and

his ow n is friends whose plight , like , viewed as a romantic hardship .

The Al erine Ca tive on R In g p , the other hand , oyall Tyler has a more didactic purpose . After devoting the first part o f his o f book to a satirical account New England customs , he gives

- F a serious picture of the terrors of a slave ship . inally, when he brings his hero to Algiers , he ridicules the romantic ideas of Algerian slavery generally derived from books , and gravely applies himself to a somewhat tedious account o f actual con ” “ iti n d o s . I am loath , he says , to destroy the innocent gratifications which the readers of novels o r plays derive from the works o f a Behn and a Colman ; but the sober character o f m e the historian compels to assure my readers that, what the r ever may have happened in sixteenth centu y, I never saw during my captivity a man of any rank, family, or fortune ” ’

l . among the menia slaves Tyler s style was clear and correct,

o r artificialit without ornamentation y , very well fitted for story

o sub telling . Unfortunately, however , a flo d of information merged whatever story he may have meant to tell . of Not one these early novels , with the possible exception

1 R all l e w as b n i n B s t n i n 1 6 w as the cl as s 1 6 at oy Ty r or o o 7 5 , of of 7 7 me t m e i n a v a d and s tu d ed l aw th hn Adam s . He e ed s H r r , i wi Jo s rv for o i

h m Hi s c m ed The n as w as a ted i n 1 86. The n e t ea t e a . r y o y , Co tr t, c 7 x y r ’ he d ced Ma D a New Y k i n an U a . To th e a m er pro u y y , or or pro r F r s We ekl s e m and th e a e s h e n b ed nu m e u s duc n y Mu u , o r p p r , co tri ut ro pro tio s “ ” h l m th e S h es s . C l n and S ndee and t e fro op of M rs o o po , to Port Fo io , ’ m e i n 1 80 1 a s e es A n A h s E ven n s . In th e s am e ea s , ri of ut or i g y r o of ' H e c m s e hi s Farm er s Mu s eum p ap ers were c oll ected and publ is h ed. o po d u h cas nal e s e and c nt b ted a u s e d c al s ncl u d n the m c oc io v r , o ri u to v rio p rio i , i i g New E n l l x In 1 80 0 h e as m a h e u st ce th e S u em e g and Ga a y . w de C i f J i of pr

He d ed i n 1 8 1 2 . u t Ve m nt and hel the ffi e s e e al ea s . Co r of r o , d o c for v r y r i 26

odern Chivalr edification of M y, whether intended for or for e amus ment, can claim any enduring literary merit , or any real originality . All belong to types common in contemporary of British fiction , and many them seem to be put forward in a tentative and apologetic spirit . This very amateurishness i gives many of them a na vely amusing quality , and seems to have been a source o f innocent pride to some o f the compatriots o f their authors . At a time when American fiction was for a o f e few years , at least , represented by a professional man lett rs , Brockden for Charles Brown , we find a plea the amateur ’ Mrs o F r i prefixed by . Wo d s Baltimore publisher to her e d nand “ ” and Elmira The advertisement to the work an nounces that the writer o f this instructive and amusing work has heretofore published the effusions o f her P en in New

o f England ; and there , where the flights fancy ( as if chilled by the frigid blasts o f the north ) are not received with that friendly welcome which they receive in the south and middle G states , commanded that applause which enius and fancy never fail of producing on those liberal and candid minds who will take the trouble to discriminate between the ordinary day

o f E for labor the common nglish novelist, who works a living , similar to a mechanic , and has no other end in View than to G bring forth a fashionable piece of oods , that will suit the

-erate o f taste of the moment and remun himself , and the Lady refined sentiments and correct taste , who writes for the amuse ” ment of herself, her friends , and the public . The zeal for novel reading which underlay this zeal for novel - writing appears in the number o f small towns or cities in which the earliest American novels were published . Before 1 800 novels of native authorship had been printed in New bur ort H D yp , Northampton , Leominster , allowell , edham ,

W P . alpole , and ortsmouth In other towns the most popular im British novels were reprinted , and many , of course , were ported directly . While the American tales were usually kept

so at a medium price , the British varied greatly in cost, that ifi d no thirst for fiction need have remained ungrat e . The ex travagant could obtain The B eggar Gir l and her B enefactors for three dollars ; the frugal might console themselves with The 27

o Real ens ibili t - M an f S y for thirty seven and a half cents . Although this eager consumption of British fiction was depre cated su by the patriotic American novelist , it must have g gested alluring possibilities o f success . Any attempt to sum up the importance of these early exer cises in the didactic and the sentimental must give results Wh chiefly negative . at their direct moral influence was , can r h not not be ascertained . ( It is ce tain , however, that t ey did supplant British fiction in the affections o f the reading pub x lic . Nor did they give any adequate e pression to American life and ideal s f Again they cannot be said to have great o f importance as evidence an incipient literary culture . That culture was already showing itself in the cultivation of f other literary forms . And although the authors o didactic . - a fiction were often connected with self conscious liter ry groups ,

o o f o f they did not approach the novel fr m the point view art .

en The function of the novel , in their estimation , was almost

ir l a t e y utilitarian . It is a signific nt fact that nearly all the — directly didactic novels are by known writers writers o f

or i — on literary educational importance in the r day while , the ” for other hand , the stories designed chiefly amusement , but related to their didactic contemporaries by Similarity o f senti a ment and m nner , are almost invariably by unknown authors . Apparently a novelist without a definite lesson to impart did

not venture to appear in person before the public . The atti f S tude o even the most edifying story tellers is apologetic . uch an attitude toward novel writing was not likely to bring about a search for new material in actual human experience or a f more artistic handling o the well worn themes already in use . re re These early novelists , in spite of their common aims , p sent no concerted movement ; they do not even form a group

or possessing any real unity . They discovered no new char

acteristic type of novel , but sought their models in the very to British fiction whose influence they were trying destroy. B n Unfortunately, they followed the methods of ritish fictio F in its most uninspired and uninspiring period . rom these British models they derived the didacticism which is the guid

o f ing spirit the novels brought together in this chapter . But 28 many o f these novels Show also the influence o f other aspects

. C of contemporary thought onsequently, although it is con venient to consider them in one large group characterized by this didactic and sentimental spirit, it would be possible , with

m o f equal consistency, to divide them into a nu ber small w groups , several of which ould consist of one novel each . Yet inconsiderable as was their accomplishment from the point o f View o f literary merit they have a certain interest as

o f . For re documents in the history taste their authors , and p sumabl o f d o f a y their readers , were the cultivate class , the cl ss which would consciously seek what it supposed to be the best .

M m e ore than this , it should be re embered that to introduc novel writing to America at all was an achievement of real

' the G importance Although othic novel , the historical e o f romance , and other new r forms fiction followed in a very o f be few years , the honor leading the way in the new field longs to the already old fashioned novel of the didactic

Richardsonian tradition .

3 0

the sleeve and bid them beware she was but a poor and old- fashioned heroine who had not been kidnapped to a mys

rious te castle , forced by a heartless parent to dwell in a ruined

abbey, or, at the least , immured in a remote convent . D G uring this period , however, the othic romance took so many forms that the precise application of the descriptive

adjective is not always apparent . The essence o f the G one othic may be said to consist , if may parody a well , o f worn phrase , in the addition strangeness to terror . The o f or e i variations this type fall , with more less co rc on , into : G W three groups the supernatural othic of alpole and Lewis ,

o r Mrs R ff G . the mechanical architectural othic of adcli e , and o r R G o f W G the psychological evolutionary othic illiam odwin , ” which united certain characteristics o f the Gothic and o f R the evolutionary novels . It is from Godwin that Brown received the impulse to write the first American novels that

possess any real merit .

P 1 1 o f Born in hiladelphia , in 77 , the descendant a family of F P w as riends who had come over with enn , Brown a frail child n , unable to play with other boys , and conseque tly early 1 I Hi s addicted to books . biographer relates that even as an infant he would be found musing over the page with all the

o f gravity a student , and that , when he was still a child of ten , so and i rk some thinking, which is to the uncultivated laborious o f an occupation , became to him the most delightful employ ” o ments . As a sch olboy he tried his hand at both verse and o f prose , and at the early age sixteen he had planned three epics ,

— fo r o f all on American subj ects , the serene consciousness national achievement which filled the country at that time was

always strong in Brown . At the end o f his school days he did not allow the study

of the law , upon which he then entered , to interrupt this state — o f intellectual revelry he found time to join a debating

1 Th e b a h b hi s end W ll am D unl a l ack s th e defini ten es s iogr p y y fri , i i p , of m de n b a h cal w n bu t i t m ak es acc es s bl e m an a m ents o r iogr p i riti g, i y fr g of ’ ’ B h 1 1 th e A e i can n s w k s . h l adel a 8 D nl a s o row or ( P i p i , 5 ) u p s Hi tory f m r hea e New Y k 1 8 2 c n a ns m an e e en c es B wn an d hi s T tr ( or , 3 ) o t i y r f r to ro ’ ends . S ee al s W . es tt s B i a h cal an d i i cal Mi s cel fri o . H Pr co ogr p i Cr t l an ies 3 1

society, to keep a j ournal which was a minute record of his thoughts , and feelings , and even of his letters , and to study English authors with the definite purpose o f improving his

H e style . became one o f the founders and chief ornaments o f a literary society , the Belles Lettres Club , and made his

first appearance in print, in a series of essays contributed to

Columbi an M a azine the g , in which , his biographer says , he f ” presented himself to the world in the character o a rhapsodist . O n the completion of his studies Brown could not conquer his dislike to the practice of law , with what he later described as , “ its endless tautologies , its impertinent conceits , its lying as ” sertions artifices and hateful , and he displayed considerable ingenuity in the preparation of conscientious reasons for de linin c g it .

Brown at this period seems to have been an earnest , rather

- over read , young man , much given to somewhat morbid intro s ection o f p , and with a Slightly priggish loathing the com ” of mon pursuits and common topics men , acquainted with all

da of im the literary and political fads of the y, and desirous mediately settling the relations , dependencies , and connections ” f As of the several parts o knowledge . a friend declined to His perform the latter task he decided to undertake it himself .

to . devotion literature , however , was real and enlightened The

- romantic gloom and self torture , the corroding sorrows , latent

o f anguishes , and thoughts suicide which leaked from his diary, where he meant to confine them , into his letters , were in part

a d the result of youthful morbidness , n in part an expression

f - f o the self analytical spirit o the day .

F r c o the next few years he was without definite o cupation , but seems to have considered himself in training fo r literature . Repeated visits to New York made him acquainted with friends of tastes thoroughly congenial with his own . At length he D made his home there , and lived at first with unlap and after H H ward with Dr . Elihu ubbard Smith . ere he seems to have d done some magazine work , and to have foun spiritual refresh m o f F C c ment in the eetings the riendly lub , a literary so iety which held weekly discussions and published a review . The minds of the group were excited by the political and social 3 2

speculation , and the generous enthusiasm , with which the R French evolution was filling the air . They sought a plan ” o f to improve and secure human happiness , and , like most i o f Wil the ardent young spir ts the time , evidently, looked to

G as - o f liam odwin the inspired high priest political wisdom .

Like Godwin they traced the errors o f society to institutions , It was probably as a result o f these discussions that Brown

1 Al cui n on wrote , and in 797 published , his , a dialogue mar ’ ria e t G g . This work reflec s many of odwin s views , and dis cusses questions o f the position and education o f women which were present with Brown all his life . In other ways , also , the society in which he found himself must have been stimulating

B H e to rown . was surrounded by young men whose literary

e activity and ambitions were ager and sincere , although their

His actual accomplishment was not remarkable . closest com D ff o f panions , unlap and Smith , were engaged in di erent kinds S literary work . Although mith published little not concerned

c E dwi n and An elina with his profession , ex ept an opera , g , pre 1 6 D son sented in 7 9 , he is said by unlap. to have written many D ’ nets and poems . unlap s services to the American stage as author, translator, manager , and later as historian , are well

Hi s o f known . industry as a translator and producer sensa tional G s K erman dramas , especially tho e of otzebue , may have helped to bring about Brown ’ s sympathetic attitude toward 1 H G . erman literature owever that may be , it is evident that Dunlap ’ s friendship and example must have done much to ’ e r stir Brown s lit ra y ambitions into action .

o f Al cuin n After the publication Brow began , as he writes in f ” O f o . his j ournal , something in the form a romance this attempt he says : When a mental comparison is made between this and the mass of novels, I am inclined to be pleased with

o f my o wn production . But when the obj ects comparison are

o f Caleb Wil changed , and I revolve the transcendent merits liams , my pleasure is diminished , and is preserved from total extinction only by the reflection that this performance is my ” first . This work was never finished and never received a

1 B ’ i m n s nte est n e an l te atu e s ee . W l ens E a l For row i r G r i r r F . H i k , r y Infl en ce o e m an Li e a e i A - n m e i ca . . u f G r t r tur r , p 3 7 3 9 3 3

’ o f title . According to Brown s usual system nomenclature it e s i us B oarder Cold n or the M ter o . should have been called , y 1 In 798 the yellow fever broke out in New York . Although P 1 he had left hiladelphia in 793 to escape the epidemic , Brown

to on fo r decided rely a systematic diet protection , and remained

- in New York . The diet , possibly the hasty pudding and water

O r mond recommended in , did not j ustify his confidence ; the household was stricken with the fever ; Brown was very ill ,

saw o f and Smith died . Brown thus all the horrors the dis o f ease , and gathered material for the most successful portion his novels , realizing , as he afterwards remarked, that the events o f the epidemic had been full o f instruction to the moral observer . ’ The first o f B rown s novels to be actually published was

Wi eland or the Trans for mati on , An untoward fate

S k Walk or the M an had overtaken the previously completed y , nknow n to Hims elf U . the It was actually in type , when ’ printer s death was followed by disagreements with his execu

e f tor which prevented th publication o the tale .

B o f At this time rown , whose methods work were somewhat O f a erratic , had five novels in hand at once . these , three p eared 1 —Ar thur M erv n p in 799 , y , which was first published as Weekl M a azine E d ar H untl or M emoirs a serial in the y g , g y, l ee l e s o a S Wa k r O rm ond or the S ecr et Wi tnes . f p , and , In 1 April , 7 99 , Brown , who had fallen an early victim to the enthusiasm for magazine publishing which was Over- running American literature} brought out his M onthly M agazine and Am erican R evi - ew . This short lived periodi cal expired late in 1800 . G the year It shows interest in erman literature , and in ’ o f scientific subj ects , and contains fragments Brown s works , a

o f E d ar H u ntl hess al oni ca specimen g y, T , a formless , pseudo o f historical short story , and several installments the unfinished

M em oirs te hen alver t of S p C .

180 1 two ane Tal bot Clara In appeared his last novels , I and ’ H ow ar d f ff . Both o these are as di erent from Brown s earlier

Fl eetwood Cal eb illiams tales as is from W .

1 ’ B n s m a az ne w s ee A . . Sm th Th e h l adel hi a a a For row g i ork H y , P i p M g

z nes an d e n b . h l adel h a 1 8 2 . i th ir Co tri utors P i p i , 9 4 3 4

In 1 803 Brown returned to magazine work as editor of the ” i erar M a azine and Ameri can R e is ter D L t y g g , replete , unlap ” ff o f To says , with the e usions erudition , taste , and genius . f Amer e i r this was added in 1 806 the editorship o the i can R g s te .

During these busy years Brown , who had married and returned P fo r e to hiladelphia , found time littl outside his magazine work , except for the publication o f a few political pamphlets on ques o f tions o f immediate interest . But he also wrote a life his

—i n- brother law , John Blair Linn , made a translation of Volney, ” had in preparation a system o f geography which was left unfinished at his death , and is said to have made considerable

on R o f progress in a work ome during the Age the Antonines , ’ ” Ana h r i - similar to c a s s Travels in Greece . Novel writing he

o f had apparently given up , although the success his early to tales seems have been considerable , both in England and in America . 1 8 10 Brown died in after a lingering illness , bravely endured . He seems to have had the gift o f attaching his friends warmly on to him , and to have produced all who were brought into contact with him an impression o f intellectual ability and o f uprightness character . ’ Brown s magazine work and his political writings , although considerable in quantity and esteemed by him the serious oc cu

ation o f - p a life to which novel writing was only a distraction , his T have done nothing to keep name alive . o his novels he

o f not owes the distinction being, if still read , at least , still — talked about o f being condemned as a sensation - monger on one on f the hand , and the other extolled as a forerunner o H f ix awthorne . O the s novels which Brown completed the

Wi eland O r mond Ar thu r M erv n first three , , , and y , show more Cal eb Will a directly the influence of i ms . All these tales are characterized by an exaggerated romantic individualism- they

r are concerned with men whose powers , whether for good o evil , are abnormal . The crimes and horrors which lend an ele ment of external terror, making Cal eb Williams captivatingly ” Mrs In hb l to . c a d frightful , are not in themselves the end o f — the ff o f the story they are e ect a strong personality brought , either by force of external circumstance o r by some element o f own its nature , into conflict with its environment . 3 5

’ o f In Brown s novels the logic events , however , is often destroyed by the carelessness of the composition . The author, who generally had several novels in process o f construction at

o f the same time , would send portions a tale to the printer f before he had planned the rest o the story . The result was that he apparently forgot what he had written in one install ment and consequently neglected to follow it up in the next . H e is never able to make a situation as clear and Simple as that ’ G aleb Willi ams C which odwin achieved in C . aleb s story , when stripped of all the didactic reflections on the administra

o f on tion legal j ustice , the system of landlords , the condition o f —in o f W prisons , short , all the passages in which illiam G odwin , the serene and stodgy minor prophet, pushes aside C W o e — aleb illiams , the hunted , defiant, rem rs ful boy, describes the conflict o f two persistent natures each driven by its ruling one oonce ~ passion , the by curiosity, the other by the worldly p f tion o honor . f The story o Caleb Williams may be summarized briefly .

Ca a o f the son o f leb , lad unusual ability, a small farmer , has f F e o . b come the secretary alkland , his landlord In his anxiety to discover the cause of fits o f melancholy and insane wander ing which at times affect the benevolent and accomplished F W alkland , illiams is led to believe that his patron is really guilty o f a murder for which he has once been tried and ac H quitted . enceforth his passionate curiosity, to whose satis c i e fa tion , he says , he would have sacr ficed lib rty and life , leads F him to attempt every means to discover the truth . alkland comes upon Williams in the act of lifting the cover o f a mys teriou s o f chest, and in a passion impatience tells all the story

o f . his guilt , and his determination to hide it at any cost W illiams still loves and admires his master , whom he considers criminal only through the force o f circumstances acting o n his F really noble qualities . But alkland di strusts his devotion ,

o f maddens him by a petty tyranny suspicion , and drives him

. C on to an attempted flight aleb is captured , and imprisoned a o f F charge theft arranged by alkland . W F ’ illiams escapes from prison , but is prevented by alkland s emissaries from leaving the country . In London he lives the 3 6

F ’ life o f a hunted creature , constantly recognized by alkland s spies and driven to new disguises , until he is seized and taken M - o f before a magistrate . addened by the long drawn terror F his hiding, he denounces alkland , only to be reproached with F W adding lying to theft . alkland appears and tells illiams ’ that the apparent persecution was only a test o f the lad s H fidelity to his oath , a test in which he has failed . enceforth , ’ wherever he goes , he will always be in his patron s power, and F always be pursued by his revenge . To alkland reputation is the dearest thing on earth ; therefore his revenge will be to take reputation from Williams . Thereafter Williams is followed from place to place by F o f emissaries of alkland , who , by spreading the story his theft and ingratitude , make him an outcast from each com D munity that has sheltered him . eprived of his livelihood , his F friends , his betrothed , he forgets the reverence for alkland ff which has persisted through all his su erings , returns to his native place , and brings a solemn accusation against his former F . C master onfronted with the feeble , almost dying , alkland , f F Williams is overcome with grief o r what he has done . alk C ’ land , convinced too late of aleb s sincerity, praises his heroic

. G patience , acknowledges the crime , and dies odwin leaves o f his hero a prey to eternal remorse , dramatically inquiring , what use are talents and sentiments in the corrupt wilderness ” o f human society ! The faults of the book include the usual Godwinian preach

- flow n x o f ing and pomposity , as well as the high e aggeration sentiment common in the fiction o f the time and no peculiarity G n o r o f of odwi Brown , although distressingly present in both . The most striking merit is the vivid representation of certain mental states , and the skill with which the narrative

o f is built up . The book is often called the ancestor the modern 1 detective story but the relationship is certainly remote . The detection o f the crime is accomplished in the first few pages .

o f o n Thereafter the interest the tale is , the one hand , in the

1 d s cu s s n al eb Wi ll ams b P o e and D en s ee . . In am For i io of C i y ick s J H gr , E d a A ll en P o e L e Le tte s an d ni on L nd n 1 886 . 1 g r , His if , r , Opi s, o o , , p 53 , ’ a n d E . A . e s W k Ed nb h 1 8 0 Vol IV . 1 2 . Po or s, i urg , 9 , . , p 9

3 8

she which Clara lives alone with her maid , and when , fleeing, ’ falls senseless on her brother s threshold , a voice of more than N mortal power calls the household to her aid . ot content with o f establishing a supernatural reign terror, the mysterious ’ P le ell power convinces Clara s lover , y , of her faithlessness , by causing him to hear her voice making the most disgraceful avowals to another .

P l e ell G In disgust , y hastily decides to return to ermany , and O n Clara vainly pursues to dissuade him . her return she finds that her brother has succumbed to the family tendency to insanity , and , at the instigation of the mysterious voices , has killed his wife and all his children as a divinely demanded sac

ifi e C r c . After a long illness in another city lara returns to she her house for a farewell visit . There is confronted with C bilo uialism arwin , who acknowledges that, by what he calls q

ventrilo uialism o f or q , he has himself been the author the mys n w terious . W o voices ieland , who has escaped from prison , appears and prepares to finish his task by the sacrifice o f Clara . In order to dissuade him from the deed Carwin again assumes the mysterious voice . At its rebuke Wieland suddenly recovers from his insanity, realizes what he has done , and stabs himself . n Carwin escapes . The story does ot follow his adventures o f C further , but devotes a few pages to the fate lara , who f P l ell the finally becomes the wife o ey . In last paragraph a moral is drawn , somewhat abruptly, from the events of the tale . The story is obviously o f a more sensational type than Cal eb — Williams indeed the use o f supernatural clap - trap is a re at o f M rs R ff — minder , least , . adcli e but the agency itself is

ff - In far di erent from her trap doors and mechanical devices . o f stead these Brown uses a natural , but to him mysterious and — awful , power , that control over the voice which he calls bilo uialism o f - u se q , much as a novelist to day might hypnotism . The part played by Carwin as instigator of Wieland ’ s crimes ’ is apparently without motive ; indeed Carwin s character and history receive no adequate explanation in the novel , which is really an episode connected with the unfinished M emoirs of Carwin the Bil o uis t , q , rather than an independent work . 3 9

’ O f these M emoirs only the story o f the hero s early youth

. C and education was completed arwin , a youth of consider able natural ability, but chiefly remarkable for his skill in ven trilo uism o f q , attracts the attention a distinguished and mys terious Lu dloe C a u Englishman , , who takes arwin b ck to E rope with him . There Carwin is treated with affectionate indul ’ Lu dloe s n f gence , is gradually led to share views o the ills o

f f r society, and finally is taught the j ustness o dissimulation o a worthy cause . Carwin is then sent to Spain to study man “ f and human institutions , practising a system o deceit pur ” D sued merely from the love of truth . uring his stay in Spain ” C bi - arwin frequently exercises his lingual power , yet still

Lu dloe conceals its possession from , although he has pledged himself to report every detail of his life . ’ O n Carwin s Ludloe return to England , gradually acquaints him with the existence o f a political association engaged in a great and arduous design , and leads him to desire to j oin it . o f C The secret obj ect the association is not told , but arwin discovers an atlas with a map of an unknown island country , and perceives that the founding o f a new civilization in that ’ L l Lu dlo e to C place must be u d oe s hope . offers make arwin

o f o n o f a member the association , but insists the dangers e the undertaking the task lightly , the entire d votion required, o f S destruction sure to follow a breach ecrecy , and , above all , the absolute necessity of a complete confession o f every detail

o f . C his past life arwin , although confessing everything else , and although aware that Lu dloe has an unaccountable famil iarit y with his past actions , persists in concealing his bilo i l Lu dloe u a . q achievements , evidently unsatisfied , promises him another opportunity to continue his confessions . At this point ’ O ff F Car in s o f the story breaks . rom w account himself in ’ Wi eland it appears that he has in s ome way lost Lu dloe s

has on favor, been imprisoned charges invented by him , and has escaped to America . This dream of an ideal commonwealth beyond the s ea was ’ the most persistent result o f Brown s early political specula

O r mond Ar thur M erv n tions . It appears again in , in y , in the

o f o f C fragment the story olden , and in the few pages con 40

D cerning the mysterious Italian , Adini . And unlap explains the fragmentary S ketches of the Hi s tory of Cars ol and the S ketches of the His tory of the Carrils and O rmes as a part of a plan for extensive works combining fiction and history while

o f — imitating the air history, the whole to be completed by an ” 1 Utopian system of manners and government . The promoters and mouthpieces o f these ideal schemes are F o f men , like alkland , unusual powers and great possibilities o f F good , but, like alkland , turned by the force of circum ’ Lu dloe Car in s . w stances in part to evil , patron , is only sketched in the fragment in which he appears , but he was obviously intended to have something of the sinister charm O B ’ which distinguished rmond , rown s most finished villain , whose pursuit o f the beautiful and virtuous Constantia Dudley

o f t leads him to cause the murder her fa her, and finally to o f C threaten the life onstantia herself, who stabs him in self f defence . O rmond is the more detailed portrait o the heroic Lu l H o f criminal sketched in d oe. e is said to be all mankind ” the most difficult and the most deserving to be studied . It is due to the “ unexampled formation of this man ’ s mind ”

o f F that, as in the case alkland . his good qualities become the source o f his errors considerations o f j ustice and pity were made , by a fatal perverseness of reasoning, champions and f ” bulwarks o his most atrocious mistakes . Thoroughly de “ voted to political schemes likely to possess an extensive in ” fluence on o f the future conditions the western world , the center o f intrigues and director o f all sorts of agents and - ratif his fellow workers , he still finds time to g y curiosity by

- impersonating a chimney sweep , and thus introducing himself ’

. C into his neighbor s houses onfident in his own position , and the o f ow n force his personality, he disregards the ordinary o f conventions society and , we are told , never condescends to f Mr r M f o . o o apply the title iss to anyone . In spite his avowed contempt for religion and for marriage , his fascination o f H personality and intellect is fatal to the beautiful elena , who

1 D nl a Vol . I . 2 8 . S ch a s s em w as a u al l des c b ed b en u p , , p 5 u y t ct y ri y H ry S e u n e i n hi s en tal h l an t t s m h i n h ch h rb r Ori P i hropis ( Port out , w i Ori ental fairy tal e m achi nery i s u s ed to bri n g abo u t the es t abli s hm ent of an deal s tate i . 41 possesses only attainments suited to the imbecility of her ” sex o f , and it almost proves the undoing the grave and learned t f C . o ons antia Although in the conception his character, in its mingling o f benevolence and crime with some strange su

erhuman F p force commanding reverence, he resembles alk

F . land , he is as unconventional as alkland is elegant The contrast between their daily manners and speech is as great as ! that between the crude pleasure derived by the youthful ’ O rmond from decorating his horse s mane with the heads o f

five Turks suspended by their gory locks , and the polished ele F ’ gance with which alkland s Italian duel is conducted . ff F one A deeper di erence between alkland , on the hand , and Lu dloe and O rmond on the other , lies in the circumstances F that have turned them to villainy . alkland becomes a crim

o f inal in a moment passion , and thereafter the principles which have guided his life honorably are made to lead him to infamy .

O set But rmond , whose crimes are before the reader, and Lu dloe , whose villainy can only be inferred from hints in the

Carwin Wi elarul incomplete and in , have been led into evil

ne o ways while seeking a good end . O must g beyond Go dwin f or a model for these systematic villains . Extricated from the fogs of indefiniteness in which Brown has purposely o f wrapped them , they resemble the leaders the secret society o f Illu mi nati o r the , at least they resemble the popular idea of those leaders . The order of the Illumina ti was established in Bava 1 W o f C Law ria , in 7 7 5, by eishaupt , a professor anon at 1 80 Ingolstadt , and in 7 was suppressed by the Elector . It is said , however , to have secretly continued its organization , to have had representatives all over Europe and to have had F R an active part in the rench evolution . At the time at which Illu mi nati Brown wrote , the , their wide aims , their evil methods , and their mysterious power, were a widespread cause o f o f discussion . A good contemporary account the order can R S R be found in a book by John obison , ecretary to the oyal S o f P r oofs o a ociety Edinburgh , with the ponderous title f C onspiracy agains t al l the R eligions and Gov ernm ents of E u r o e carri ed on i n the s ecr et m eetin s o F r ee M as ons Ill u p , g f , 42

1 minati and Readin S oci eti es . o f , g The elders the society were supposed to undertake the training o f the novices or Miner

Lu dloe C . The n vals, j ust as trained arwin novices had o o f — acquaintance with other members the society, each dealt own illumina tus under whose he with his guardian , guidance ‘ gradually imbibed new principles and forsook those in which fo r he had been brought up ; he learned , example , that , as the

o f an obj ect of the society was the happiness all mankind , y narrow consideration o f national patriotism must give way to this wider bond . Those higher in authority in the society were accused o f absolute unscrupulousness o f method and f great immorality of life . A shorter account o the society P W Mar was prefixed by . ill , the translator , to a novel by the 2 o f G H orrid M s teri es W quis rosse , translated as y ill quotes as his authority the Uber den Umgang mit M ens chen o f B von K one the aron nigge , who at time had been high in

f‘ authority among the Ill uminati The story is o f the most glaringly sensational order , but the views attributed to the Illu minati o f O Lu dloe are much like those rmond and , let us farther suppose that the society should watch the secret

o f P process nature , trace the means rovidence employs to educate the human race and pursue the discoveries which their united exertions should stir up ; let us finally suppose that these

- o f P men should faithfully act as vice regents rovidence , and o f strive not to improve , but to accelerate , the actions the Supreme Ruler o f the world ; would these men wander from their great mark on account of the lesser troubles o f this life ! ” 4

1 The st ed n th a ea ed i n Ed nbu h i n 1 the fir itio of is work pp r i rg 7 9 7 , fou rth i n New Y ork i n 1 7 9 8 . 2 ’ eac c s S c thro Gl ow r who w s hed to e e th e w k th e P o k y p y , i r viv or of “ Ill m n a i S l e h rri d s e i es u n de hi s ll w and d eam ed u i t , pt wit Ho My t r r pi o , r of v ene abl e el eu h e a ch s and h astl c n ede a es h ld n m dn t c on r t r r , g y o f r t o i g i igh ” A v enti ons i n s bte an ean c aves . . L. eac ck i h m a e bbe u rr ( T P o , N g t r y , L nd n 1 8 6 o o , 9 , p . 3 Mr lk ens i n hi s E a l Infl ence o er an L er a t e i n Ame i ca . Wi r y u f G m it ur r i n Ne Y u tes m D r . W. anc s a sta em ent that W ll l v ed w q o fro . J Fr i t i i ork a h l e b e e h e ubl sh e i n L nd n i n 1 hi s t ansl at n v on for w i for p i d , o o , 7 9 9 , r io of ’ Kn e s h los o h o c al f h s i s t u e B n as igg Pr ac tic al P i p y f S o i Life . I t i r row w

b abl e s n al l ac u a nted w h W ll ee W lk ens . 2 6. . S pro y p r o y q i it i i , p 4 o d e es . 1 0. H rri My st ri , p 3 43

M ore briefly , their aim is said to be the regeneration o f the i world by faith , dagger, and po son ; but in the meantime the machinery organized for that great purpose is often employed e to serv the evil ends of individuals . There was much in this mingling of idealism and infamy to appeal to the peculiar ’ imagination of Brown , already stimulated by Godwin s high

o f minded criminal . In the handling this material Brown showed a more artistic instinct than did the author o f the ’ H or rid M s teri es Mrs W o . y or Brown s own countrywoman , . o d Although in the relation s o f Carwin and Lu dloe he followed

Illu mina ti closely the system attributed to the , Brown identified e his hero s with no known association , and never explained the source of their power , or the exact nature of their designs .

To the mystery thus guarded , he added the idealizing element o f the Utopian commonwealth , which seems to have been an addition o f his own rather than a scheme popularly attributed Illu i ti A to the m na . lthough the first impulse to the tale of crime and o f the high - minded criminal seems to have come

Cal eb Williams Illu minati from , the determined the form which this mixture o f the magnan imous and the despicable was to ’ take , and made Brown s tales an exposition , in a wider sense

’ Cal eb Williams x Le crime a s es heros than was , of the te t , ’ 1 rr e r rs l e ur a s es ma ty . Ar thu r M erv n O in y , published in the same year as rmond , troduces o f l a villain a esser type , but still with something which sets him apart from other men , something that wakens “ ” in the youthful Arthur emotions o f veneration and awe . ’ ’ Welbeck s O good and ill qualities , like rmond s , come from the same source ; but in his case there are no Utopian schemes

1 ’ Th e Illum ina ti m ade a l at er app earance i n fictio n i n G eorge S and s es s e de R d ls a dt h h es an enthu s a s t cal l deal zed acc u nt Comt u o t , w ic giv i i y i i o

su ch a s c et and an el ab ate des t n h e ce em n es . Th e of o i y , or crip io of t ir r o i tal e i s ch efl c n e n ed h e e w h a s et In v s bl es e u nne s i y o c r , ow v r , it oci y of i i for r r the h st cal Illu m n a i n ot h th e u We sh au and Z ac of i ori i t , wit gro p of i pt w k, s A s e e B eth en th e who app ea r o nly i n a po s t cript. cret s oci ty of r r of ” mm n Weal es embl n th e Il l m n a ct n i n the c mb nat n Co o , r i g u i ti of fi io ir o i io ’ a n bl e aim h e l m ean s a ea ed i n e e I n s i vann of o wit vi , pp r P t r rvi g G o i S bogar r o a t al e s aid to b e tak en from th e French with m any i n al te at n s . Th e l cal s ec et s c et i s l s t s ht h we e u r r io po iti r o i y o ig of, o v r, p m an b n - h sui ng th e popu l a r Ger riga d t em e. 44

f r o f no o the betterment mankind , generous impatience o f

ff His o human su ering . actions , go d and ill , all proceed from

o f the love money and reputation ; hence his crimes are sordid ,

and his death lingering and disgraceful . ’ Welbeck s i s worldliness , perhaps , painted the blacker in

M r v order to enhance the simple virtues of Arthur e yn , the

ploughboy philosopher , whom , to serve his own ends , he takes

into his family . Arthur seems to have been intended for an

o f e o f no t example the nobl child nature , instructed but

—a f sophisticated by a few good books , specimen o natural

c o f excellence unspoiled by so iety, somewhat reminiscent Caleb

Williams .

As a story the book possesses little interest, and constitutes ,

l — a indeed , practica ly two independent works , for Brown p parently forgot how he was going to continue and pieced out set o f his tale with a new personages . It contains , however , ’ ” Brown s best known horror , the famous description of the

yellow fever plagu e in P hiladelphia . It is the repetition of

- for a well worn commonplace to point out that here , once , Brown has achieved the really horrible which he and all the

race o f Gothic novelists had so long and industriously sought . O rmond Yellow fever scenes are introduced in the first part of , s and are described with a realistic detail as complete as that in 1 Ar thur Ar thur M erv n o f . y , but the scale the picture is less In M ervyn Brown managed to give a sense o f the horror of b silent streets disturbed only y the rattling of the dead cart, of the terror o f empty houses abandoned to the dead and the

o f dying, the atmosphere of disease and death hanging over the panic- stricken city in which neither food nor shelter could

H e o f be bought . describes the flight the living, the atrocities o f the hospital , and the hearse men dragging out the still breath ex eri ing bodies , and illustrates the general desolation by the p

ences of Arthur who , attacked by the fever , could only drag himself to a deserted house to die out o f reach o f the hospital B ’ cart . rown s descriptions are of an unshrinking realism , he

o r never trusts in suggestion in the imagination of his reader,

1 Th e h l adel h a e dem c a ea s l ate i n La a B a La P hil a P i p i pi i pp r r ur , y dy of ” del h a. New Y p i ( ork,

46 conducted in Latin and English ; her father had taught her mathematics , anatomy, and astronomy , and interested her in “ o f social theories , instead familiarizing her with the amorous ff o f P R e usions etrarch and acine , he made her thoroughly con M ” versant with Tacitus and ilton . As a result of this paternal

C o f forethought onstantia walked always in the light reason , “ early decided that to marry in extreme youth would be a

e her proof of pernicious and opprobrious t merity , rej ected early suitor Balfour because o f the poverty of his discourse ” O and ideas , and , notwithstanding the fascination which rmond exerted over her , never fully gave him her affection because he had embraced a multitude o f opinions which appeared to

be con her to erroneous . Till these were satisfied and their ” clu sions were made to correspond , wedlock was improper .

M C - eanwhile onstantia went on her way serene , self poised ,

- who self supporting, adored by a fond parent never reflected ” e H er on his r lationship to her without rapture . qualities were enhanced by contrast with the women surrounding her ; — the weak and yielding Helena whose early training w as of the antiquated softening variety , the impulsive and sentimental S M ophia , and the energetic but unbalanced artinette de The Beauvais . latter accompanied her husband to war , more than once rescued him from death by the seasonable ” a destruction of his adversary , and among other Amazoni n “ ” n achievements , with a fusil of two barrels , killed thirtee f f . C o o ficers at Jemappes onstantia , without the gentleness o r M i e Helena the vivacity of art nett , had a clearness of thought and a poise of character unusual in the heroines of fiction .

It was probably her resolute independence, her ability to think for the of herself, and unconventional nature her conclusions , ’ on for that w her Shelley s admiration . Clara Howard is Constantia Dudley without the hardening

f of en e fects poverty and care, and with the addition of an thu siastic f for o ne o f af ection a charming and guileless youth , Brown ’ s gifted rustics a clock maker from a New Jersey village to whom Cl ara s step - father plays the part o f patron ’ so e e indispensable in Brown s plots . In this cas , how ver , the patron has none o f the mingled nature o f Lu dloe or of Welbeck 47

—he too is all bland benevolence , and far much of a philos opher to obj ect to bestowing his daughter on a youth whose

or natural merits are unadorned by position , property, any

- thing more than a self administered education . But Clara S M discovers that tanley is already betrothed to ary Wilmot , M . C whom he has never loved ary vanishes , and lara nobly P sends the reluctant hilip in pursuit . The letters which compose the tale are written during his absence , and are chiefly occupied by minute analysis o f the ’

. C writer s feelings lara , who is the stronger spirit, goads P hilip on in his not very energetic search , and devotes many f pages to the dissection of his motives and o hers . Very characteristic is the firmness with which she repulses his occa sional rebellion against the programme of self- renunciation ‘ which She has laid out for him . I am in hopes that time

ou and reflection will instill into y better principles . Till then I shall not be displeased if your letter be confined to a mere f H ” P o . C . narrative your journey Adieu , lara oward hilip a promptly ret liates by contracting an apparently mortal illness .

n his o O recovery the correspondence pr ceeds , with the same

o f alternations enthusiastic affection and quibbling reproaches ,

M . e until ary suddenly reappears , betrothed to another Ev ry to P obstacle happiness is thus removed , and hilip flies to the

o f fond Clara who assures him that, with the improvements time , and her own judicious training, he will soon equal her ” in moral discernment, and surpass her in everything else .

o f o f Their story , that the betrothal the poor , untrained , and bo to unconventional , but gifted and charming country y, the older and more sophisticated woman of wealth and social ex

eri ence ff M p , recalls the strange love a airs of Arthur ervyn . Although Arthur has won the young affections o f Eliza H ad “ o f o f o f win , a damsel fifteen , that age delicate fervour , ” inartificial an his love , d although heart melts with rapture

et when he sees her , y he has the fortitude to weigh the matter

conse through many pages , and finally to announce that In qu ence o f these reflections I decided to suppress the tenderness he which the company of Miss Hadwin produced . To her

F o f prefers the widowed Achsa ielding, whom he says that a her superior age , sedateness , and prudence g ve my deport ff ment a filial freedom and a ection , and I was fond o f calling ’ H M . e ax her amma is , as he candidly remarks , w in her ” to o f hands , and he evidently looks forward a life felicity , rely ’ Mrs F for ing on . ielding s judgment guidance and on her prop r H erty fo support . In the case of Clara oward and P hilip Stanley the difference o f age and o f temperament is not as great , but there is the same picture of the resolute and reason able woman directing the gentle and irresolute boy . The philosophical indifference to the sordid process o f

- M money getting displayed by Arthur ervyn , and to some ex P S n m in H tent by hilip tanley, is eve ore pronounced enry f al ot f r C o Iane b . o olden , the hero T I cannot labor bread , he frankly informs the enamoured Jane . I cannot work to live . In that respect I have no parallel . The world does m H . e ou not contain y likeness ence it is , that if by marriag y should become wholly dependent on me it could never take

f r i place . This is the whole question in the novel ; o Jane s

o n Mrs F disa dependent her adopted mother , . ielder, who p proves o f Colden because he is supposed to be a disciple of the

f Mrs F e iniquitous Godwin . O course . ielder b lieves the M charge brought against him by iss Jenny, a gossiping

she spinster , whose animosity is explained by the fact that had ’ once been in love with Jane s former husband . Both Colden ’ Mrs F and . ielder besiege Jane with arguments and , as Jane s heart is apparently too warm to permit her j udgment to be

one steadfast , she agrees , usually , with the who has last written .

F C to on inally olden is persuaded withdraw , and starts a voy

H on C . e age to hina disappears the way , but after the death o f Mr F - s . ielder returns , in time to prevent the broken hearted

Jane from marrying another man .

o f C H . In this story, as in that lara oward , nothing happens

The entire book is occupied with the weighing of reasons , the

f . ac chopping up of motives , the analysis o emotions Jane knowledges her fondness for talking herself over It has

so o always been . I have always found an unacc untable plea in sure dissecting, as it were , my heart, uncovering one by

ou one its many folds , and laying it before y , as a country is 49

Shown in a map . The portrait o f Jane is evidently a careful f attempt to describe an a fectionate , impulsive , unconventional ff creature , easily bent by an appeal to her a ection , yet springing o n back toward a reliance her own judgment . Unfortunately, not content with having made his Jane o f a self- analytical turn own like his , Brown fell into the fatal error of trying to give her a light and playful humor . Brown himself was not a

o f playful person , and his ideas playfulness seem to have dif fered o f from those the modern reader . b ’ Jane Tal ot , however , shares with Brown s other heroines the interest given by her apparent modernness in contrast with contemporary heroines , who were still blushing, and sighing,

o o f and swo ning , by the rules which tales sentiment had long ’ and faithfully followed . Brown s women are not interesting — — as individuals he never made them really live but their u nlifelikeness and the mechanical j erkings o f their movements ’ cannot conceal the author s intention to make them women of a newer type , to let them speak, and act, and love , for them

not con selves , relying and on the ventions o f on O f society , or the divinely inspired wisdom a

or be father husband . There is an immeasurable distance M tween the helpless , drooping , persecuted onima and the

— C D B e ar Girl capable , self reliant onstantia udley, yet the gg

r ond was actually published four years later than O m . It is customary to congratulate Brown o n the possession of a sense o f the horrible more real than that o f his contem

oraries too p . This statement, however , can perhaps be made ’ sweeping. Brown s mysteriously villainous heroes have an

ff o f unquestionable e ect power , but his greatest success in the line o f terror was in his yellow fever scenes ; his murders are more gory than convincing , and the spontaneous combustion o f the elder Wieland fails to thrill the modern reader . Yet to Brown and his contemporaries the center o f what Miss “ S eward would have called horrific greatness in A r thur

M er v n y , the scenes in which Brown aimed , as he said , to ’ ” 1 wind up the reader s passions to the highest pitch , were the

1 D u nl a Vol II . . p , . , p 9 5 50

scenes between Mervyn and Welbeck . The yellow fever de scri tions o n p were intr duced , as Brown says , to call forth be evo

o f lence to the aid disease and poverty, and do not seem to have thrilled his contemporaries as much as did the unexplained ’ mystery o f what Mervyn really saw in Welbeck s coc k

Brown was a realist by nature and a terrorist by fashion . When the impulse given by Cal eb Williams had spent itself

Clara H ow ard Jan e albot he betook himself, in and T , to a o f series analytical uneventful letters . ’ O ne effect o f Brown s instinctive realism is to give his nar ratives an interest to- day which they can hardly have had at '

for o f the time of their publication , they give some idea the f P o o . life America , and especially of hiladelphia , at that peri d

The injured maidens , the hapless orphans , and fair fugitives , o f most of our early fiction might have lived in Timbuctoo ’ as B as appropriately in New York , but rown s men and women , even if not very real themselves , are always put into a real and

ne visible setting . O is struck by the activity and importance of P hiladelphia , and particularly by the cosmopolitan char

o f acter the city , which appears in the varied nationalities

’ o f G W E Brown s personages , the erman ieland , the nglish H G M C oward , the reek artinette , the Italian lemenza Lodi ,

Clithero S the Irish , the cottish Balfour ; and the impression is “ deepened when one is reminded that at that time (about

1 ten F 7 93 ) there were at least thousand rench in this city, ”

M r t. D fugitives from arat and f om S omingo . B ’ G rown s most obvious debts to odwin , apart from the political views which he adopted , and the autobiographic form of his tales , are the relation of patron and dependent , the char a - cter of the gifted self taught country lad , and above all the

o f hero more than mortal force and fascination , the individuality

o f od- strangely compounded good and evil , but with a g like ability to inspire reverence even in those cognizant o f its

o f crimes . The cult individuality was , of course , in the air at m G the time , but it is clearly fro odwin that Brown derived its ff application to fiction . Brown has added the e ect of breadth and mystery given by the secret political activities and vague schemes for the benefit of mankind in which his villains 51

are engaged , with their hints of a regenerated human race , and o f vague lands o f beauty and promise beyond the pale o f ’

. G the civilized and the known odwin s noble man , criminal d lib through circumstances , has become criminal , also , by a e erate o f theory good . If Brown has idealized the aims gen erall Illu minati y attributed to the , while adopting the mystery

- has of their far reaching power , he not hesitated to adopt their indifference to the employment of evil means if the end a — ttained be good , less intent on pointing a moral than was Go dwin , he had a more vivid sense of the occasional pic tures u eness q of iniquity . m In the atter of style , also , Brown was early influenced by

G — not odwin greatly to his advantage . There is a sad re ’ minder o f Godwin s pompously prosaic manner in the de ’ W o n scription of ieland s conduct seeing the flames , and hear ing the shrieks which accompanied his father ’ s mysterious death the incident was inexplicable , but he could not fail ” o to perceive the propriety f hastening to the spot . ’ In his later years Brown s enthusiasm fo r Godwin seems to H C have cooled , perhaps like his enry olden he was inclined to ” as regard it an incident of his dogmatic youth , but his debt

ale illi to C b W ams remains . That Godwin was not unaware o f the merits o f his disciple appears from his own statement ’ that he found in Brown s first novel the inspiration fo r one o f 1 his last . The impression which first led me to look with an ” eye of favor upon the subj ect here treated , he says in the

M andevill e - o preface to , was derived from a story bo k called

Wi el and o f , written by a person certainly distinguished genius , o f P enns l who, I believe , was born and died in the province y

S o f A vania , in the United tates North merica , and who called himself C . B . Brown . Strong and original as was Brown ’ s work it did not estab o f con lish a school in American fiction . The only one his temporaries who showed any dispositi on to follow in his

1 l n a s Margaret Full e r s aid th at Brown an d Godwin w ere c o n geni a ture “ l h and that whi ch ev er h ad c om e firs t m ight h av e l ent an impu s e to t e ” “ ” l e s o n L e a e and Ar t. h B e e B n e e an s . a ot er . oth w r or H g i P p r it r tur

L nd n 1 8 6 . 1 6. o o , 4 , p 4 52

G Watterston The footsteps was eorge , whose first story,

Law er or Man as he ou ht not to be o f y , g a dreary tale

- a very small and mean spirited villain , Obviously owes its title

B Glencarn or the D is a oi ntments o You th to age . , pp f a story on a much more elaborate plan , shows some traces of ’ u se Brown s influence , particularly in the of ventriloquism , but in general subj ect the tale is not unlike many contemporary m 1 o f ro ances , with a little additional salt /g mystery and phi h los0p y . It has as much in common with Bage as with ’ has Brown , and little new machinery except the hero s ex peri ences in a den o f robbers . Whatever fascination the schemes o f the Illu minati may have

f Brockden had or Charles Brown , in the well regulated mind K o f the Maine authoress Mrs . Sally Sayward Barrell eating she o Woo d they inspired only abhorrence , and b ldly took up

H er f . the pen in the cause o piety and morality first novel , Ju lia an d the Illu mina ted Bar on proclaims on its title page

’ This volu m e to th e r eader s ey e di spl ay s ’ Th infernal c o ndu ct of abando n ed m an ; When en h h l s h n ec s hi s a s Fr c P i o op y i f t w y , ’ ’ And pou rs c o n tempt on Heav n s eternal pl an ; ’ Re e s n de h and e d v r i g or r, trut , v ry goo , ’ And wh elming worl ds with rui n s awfu l fl ood .

r In her preface M s . Wood disavows any intention to write “ ” a political novel , saying that She detests female politicians . And it is not as political schemers that the Illumina ti appear h in her tale , but as promoters of atheism , corrupters of yout 1 Mrs o f . . W ful character , and general agents villainy ood

for o f had a fondness placing the scene her tales in Europe , o f a custom very unusual in ou r early fiction . The action

Iu lia F S — two passes chiefly in rance and pain , there are heirs

1 ’ In E n l an d S h a K n s Wa ld or the D an e s o i l os o h g , op i i g orf, g r f Ph p y

1 8 h ad al ead es c b ed ac d n to the n h l R ev ew Vol . ( 7 9 ) r y d ri , cor i g Mo t y i ( “ VI . a n m an al en s an d s ens b l del u ded b a XX , p y ou g of t t i i ity , y modern s ceptic i nto a total r enun ci atio n of all res trai nt from r eligio n and ” al and nt a u ll ndu l en ce hi s a te as s n s . mor ity , i o f i g of f vori p io ab ha enn e al s e cl a m ed : Ma h ea en event th e u th T it T y , o , x i y v pr f r er es s ac b n s m ath e s m and llu m n a s m —th e all s ee to be progr of J o i i , i , i i ti , y m ” l n s h m h a n e al e i t e s a e c . x i m 0. i k of i F m ! u ot s , p . 7

54

o follows the shortened f rm , omitting the long episodical his tory o f the Berger family and the P reface comprising a Short ”

D on . issertation Novel In later editions this preface , which

o f is re is interesting for its criticism contemporary fiction ,

uced d d to a page and a half of goo intentions , maintaining the original declaration o f an aim to inculcate a firm reliance on “ P rovidence . The author adds that the story contains no indecorous stimulants ; nor is it filled with unmeaning and in

on explicated incidents , sounding the sense , but imperceptible ” n to the understa ding . 1 stu The opening scene shows the young Alonzo , a Yale

M o f dent , and the still younger elissa , sister his friend Edgar ,

on o f sitting a rock at New London , viewing the drapery ” ’ W whi erwill s nature , hile the pp sprightly song echoed along ”

. a the adjacent groves Little is said upon this occ sion , but the impression is deep ; and when Melissa at a later meeting says I shall never forget the Sweet pensive scenery of my ” ‘ ’ t native rock Nor I , nei her, said Alonzo with a deep drawn Sigh . In these early pages much space is given to the description of nature . Although the author is fond of the daylight hours , in which birds of gaudy plumage symphoniously carolled ”

o f . the lay nature , he is , perhaps , at his best in evening scenes ’ Alonzo s bliss as the accepted lover o f Melissa is of short

His duration . father suddenly loses his fortune ; whereupon ’ Melissa s heartless parent orders her to think no more o f f ffl Alonzo , but to transfer her af ections to his a uent rival , M Beauman . When elissa persists in her loyalty to Alonzo , sh G e is immured in a species of othic castle , Situated about ” o ne o f hundred perches from the Sound , under the care her M M in spinster aunt, iss artha , a rough comedy character h H M erited from the eighteenth century novelists . ere elissa

Radcliffian is left alone during the night . Then disturbances begin . The first night She hears mysterious noises and

on . whispers , and feels an icy hand laid her arm The next night the whispers become voices quarreling and menacing ,

1 This bri ef a cc ou n t of th e c o ntents of the tal e foll ows th e 1 824 v ers io n wh ch h as e m th e s t i b ec om e th e ac cept d for of ory . 55 and finally rise to shrieks of Murder ! A flash o f light shows in her room a tall figure wrapped in a tattered white robe spotted with blood . The hair o f its head was matted with clotted gore . A deep wound appeared to have pierced its o breast, while fresh blo d flowed down its garment . Its pale

its face was gashed and gory ; eyes fixed , glazed , and glaring ; its lips open ; its teeth set ; and in its hand was a bloody

a . W M t d gger hen elissa a tempts to flee , her way is barred by a black figure , in human shape , with red flames issuing o f from its mouth . A large ball fire rolls through the hall and explodes . The next day Alonzo appears , driven to seek

e shelter from a storm as he passes in search of Melissa . H crosses the moat o n a tree - trunk which the lightning has

. M overthrown Later he departs to seek aid , leaving elissa

. W in the castle hen he returns she has vanished . After further search , interrupted by illness , Alonzo sees in a news ’ paper the announcement of Melissa s death at the house o f her uncle in South Carolina . The disconsolate lover decides to devote his blighted exist

R War ence to his country , the evolutionary being then in

. O n progress , and enters the marine corps his first voyage he is captured and is thrown into prison , whence he escapes

Fo r by a rope made of his clothing . a time he is sheltered

o f ff —m - by a sailor the conventional , blu , hearty , shiver y timbers

“ variety , whose aggressively nautical vocabulary is the outer

o f accompaniment a noble nautical heart , and by his aid is F F ’ smuggled over to rance . There , through ranklin s aid , he

s Hi s find employment . life of mournful solitude is inter r upted when he finds in the street a miniature . The next day he sees an advertisement requesting that the picture be re A D turned to an merican hotel near the Louvre . etermined

o to explicate the mystery he g es thither ; he finds Edgar , and they mourn together . S oon after , however , Alonzo is moved by the patriotic ex hortations o f Franklin to return to his country and his father .

At the first opportunity he visits Charleston , and there seeks D “ t f M M . the s one sacred to the memory o iss elissa , whose O 26 ethereal part became a seraph , ctober , Alonzo is 56

overcome with grief, he clasped the green turf which enclosed her grave , he watered it with his tears , he warmed it with his ” f him sighs . The next day a young o ficer tells that his sister, who once saw in a dream the man destined to win her love ,

f He has recognized in Alonzo the man o the vision . suggests o f that Alonzo might find the lady worthy his regard , but

M H e Alonzo is firm in his loyalty to the departed elissa . is , who however, prevailed upon to visit the lady , appears arrayed

sk in a y blue silk gown , adorned with spangled lace and j ewels ; She a green silk veil conceals her face . draws the veil aside,

a and the transported Alonzo beholds the real , the origin l “ one Melissa . In their j oy their tears fell in intermingled ” sub o ne . shower, their sighs wafted in blended breeze It is sequently explained that the dead Melissa was the cousin of ’ C M Alonzo s beloved , and that the onnecticut elissa had allowed her death to be reported in order to foil her tyrannical father . old The ghostly apparitions were robbers , who made the house their headquarters , and wished to discourage interruptions . “ “ in And now , reader of sensibility, the author concludes , — dulge the pleasing sensations o f thy bosom for Alonzo and ” ARR D Melissa are M IE . W hat is most striking about this tale , apart from its aston i shin f g longevity, is the abundance and elaborateness o its f descriptions o scenery . In these descriptions the Thomson ian and the Radcliffian nature vocabularies are strangely com bined ; while a zealous patriotism strives to give local color

o f fre by the constant mention American plants and birds , quently garnishing the page with explanatory footnotes full o f botanical and entomological information .

ff o ne o f e The whole e ect is the greatest naivet , and the tale ,

’ of Mrs R ff influ viewed as the only American product . adcli e s 1 ence , seems an inadequate representative of her school . Yet it has gone through many editions , and is probably known to - day to many who have never read The Mys teri es of

1 Th e r eac n a a n s t the h c al e i s e es ented h e e b Th e tio g i Got i t r pr ow v r , y

e o r th e A dven u es o a i h s u ested e h a s b The e ne. H ro t r f N g t, gg , p r p , y H roi Th e H ero i s i n gen iou sly m ade u p by s tri ngi ng together phras es and p as s a es m th e m st u l a th n el s g fro o pop r Go ic ov . 57

ol ho n Ud p . When o e considers the quantity o f the Gothic output in England one wonders that the type should not have been more cultivated here . The reason , perhaps , is to be found in the somewhat aggressive patriotism o f the period , which , from the first , caused American fiction to concern itself almost exclusively with American subj ects , to

f Mrs R ff which the mediaeval machinery o . adcli e was not f . o appropriate It was , course , possible to erect a Gothic on o f S the castle the shores Long Island ound, but not even ingenuity of a Jackson o r a Mitchell could make it seem an a appropriate ddition to the landscape . The question o f the importance o f the Gothic novel in early American fiction thus reduces itself to the importance o f k Charles Broc den Brown . Like all contemporary American B novelists rown sought , as was inevitable, his inspiration in

British literature . It is probable that the popular German novels and dramas o f horror were o f some influence in strength ening the hold which the tale o f heroic villainy and mysteri o u s al eb crime had obtained over his imagination . But C

illi ams to W furnished the actual incentive his criminal tales . He ff di ered from his contemporaries , however , in that he

o f modified the ideas thus borrowed , and added material his o n w . To a certain extent he realized the general desire for

Hi s novels reflecting native manners . stories have as setting o f — Ed ar the real life his time , but it is only a setting . In g H u ntly he went further and devoted a large part o f his book to fo r wilderness life and Indian adventures , yet he still put

his ward a mysterious crime as the motive of tale , and thus persistently identified himself with the short- lived school o f terror . Whether Brown might have done work o f great and s u s tained excellence , if his life had fallen in a period when fiction ff d O ered more sober influences and better mo els , is a question

which cannot be answered . As it is , he remains an inter

- esting, but , as far as novel writing is concerned , an isolated , figure in the American literature o f his time Although on the one hand he fulfilled in many respects the a 1ms of contem

orar A on p y merican novelists , and although the other he intro 58 duced to America the fashion then prevailing in British fic — enr e tion , yet he had no imitators in his g , and he exerted no A immediate influence on merican fiction . In the general his

o f tory American literature he has , however, always held an on important place . The influence many greater writers which

to has been ascribed to him is in itself a claim consideration . And he has always found readers to whom his emotional in tensity and his command of certain effects o f terror have com 1 ensated n p for his lack of co struction and characterization . In the history of early American fiction his peculiar importance comes from the fact that he is the earliest American novelist

o n who has won reputation and influence outside his w country.

1 ’ ’ a n es t m ates B wn s k s ee The en tl eman s a azi ne For v ry i g i of ro wor G M g , 1 1 1 h A e R e i 1 1 l A l 8 . T e h m can v ew 8 Vo . I! 6 an 2 6 . d . pri , Nort ri , 9 , , p 3 p . ’

Bl ac kw d s E d n bu h a az n e Vol . VI eb u a 1 82 0 . Th e Retr oo i rg M g i , , F r ry , o s ec ti ve R ev ew 1 82 Vol . I! . 0 . S . a a et u ll e a er o n p i , 4 , , p 3 5 M rg r F r, P p s

L e a e and A r t L nd n 1 8 6. W ll am es c tt Bi o a h cal and it r tur , o o , 4 i i H . Pr o , gr p i

ca l i s c ell an es h l adel h a 1 882 . Ru u s W lm t G s ld s e Criti M i , P i p i , f i o ri wo , Pro

e s o A e ca L n n 1 8 W. n n i A e e W d . . n m can r s rit r f m ri , o o , 4 7 T Higgi so ri P o

ed ed b . R. a en e 1 8 8 . Th e o tni h tl R ev ew L nd n 1 8 8 ( it y G C rp t r) , 9 F r g y i , o o , 7 , Ne er l I L w S . Vo . V . . . . ea c Gr ll r an e L nd n 1 8 6 , XX , p 3 9 7 T P co k, y G g , o o , 9 , 2 p . 7 7 . CHAP TER III

EARL Y HISTORI CAL NOVELS A ND INDIA N TALES

AM ON G the many types and varieties o f fiction produced in England toward the end o f the eighteenth century the histo r

o f ical novel is conspicuous . Like most their contemporaries

o f or no the historical tales this period have little literary merit , yet they derive a certain interest from their suggestiveness as ” o f o f signs the times , from their contact with many the

o f new interests and ideas their day . “ ” The term historical novel seems to have been o f wide and 1 mix somewhat unce rtain application . Authors their fiction and their history in varying proportions , but there seems to have been a general feeling that a “ historical novel ” must

o r o f introduce , in some way , either persons events historical

not importance and generally , although necessarily, remote in o f time . Apart from this introduction well known names ,

. S however , they follow no fixed plan ome are closely allied to the stories o f travel and adventure popular in that day ; Some are tales o f seduction o r o f romantic affection garnished with noble names ; many Show a close kinship with the Gothic

f Mrs R f enormities o . adcli fe ; while the more serious minded deliberately unde rtake to reproduce the manners and customs fi o f past ages for the edi cation of the modern reader . Thus they represent , always crudely , it is true , and sometimes ludi crousl o f revolu y , many the main interests of romantic and tionar y thought , the love of adventure , the idealization of the past , the taste , half sentimental , half antiquarian , for archi tectu ral monuments and ancient customs , the power to perceive

o f life and color in the pages history .

To the early American novelists , who were laboring zeal o u sl o f own fo r y to give their country a fiction its , the need

1 d s s s n th e h st i c al n el as an es abl she t e s ee For a i cu io of i or ov t i d yp ,

B ande a e s Th e s cal v el and ther E ss a . r r M tth w , Hi tori No O y s 59 60 an independent historical fiction must have presented a difficult l prob em . America had no convenient feudal past in the de

o f o f o f an scription which the j angling armour, the gloom ” o f sir cient castles , and a liberal use such phrases as knight , could combine with the pleasing roll o f Norman names and titles to atone for the absence o f more definite historical in fo r

too too mation . Everything in her history was defined , pain 0 fully recent . N one ventured to suggest that the vicissitudes o f the P ilgrim Fathers could be made the subj ect of light and R profane literature . There remained only the evolution and the Indians . Some aspiring authors probably agreed with Mitchell that the events o f the Revolution were too recent to f ” o . O t be arrayed in the vesture fiction hers , however , em

o f o r ployed them as the background their romances , more boldly attempted to weave them into the tale itself . The appearance o f the Indian in fiction is due to other cur

o f rents contemporary thought , rather than to the quickening of the historical sense . Close as is its relationship with the

- of- o o f growing interest in out d or life , the development the Indian as a romantic figure is still more a result o f the ten o f deney to idealize the virtues primitive man , and to contrast the virtues o f man in his natural state with the vices o f a ’ In énu is e degenerate civilization . Voltaire s g , of cours , an o f t — extreme example the la ter tendency, Voltaire was not at

o f all interested in him as an example Indian culture , but f F simply as a means to exhibit the errors o contemporary rance .

o f The taste the later eighteenth century, however, led to a

o f more romantic and less didactic treatment this contrast , and own the Indian began to be idealized for his sake , and as a f f part o the picturesqueness o the forest and the wilderness .

The early attempts toward historical fiction in America , and ff the e orts to give the Indian a place in literature , obviously, the therefore , cannot always be traced to same source , but they often overlap each other and may conveniently be considered fo r together , both that reason and because , few and feeble as the these early productions are , they make the first step toward — goal which American novelists had sought from the first the discovery o f a distinctive and national material for American

fiction .

62

et contrast la férocité des sauvages les vertus de leurs chefs ,

’ ’ ” m ri u ine et l Eu ro e l innocence A e q a les vices de p . The story o f is divided into three books , each headed by a summary its contents .

on o f Manahattam The opening scene , the island , de o f scribes the horror and devastation the English occupation ,

s and recalls the ancient pro perity of the city . The reader ’ to M Mac Rae is then introduced iss Jenny , alone in her father s “ ” x et l e C house , les cheveu épars les mains élevées vers iel ,

f r offering a prayer o protection . This prayer is given in full ; ” t e a foo note explains that Americans in general are tr s pieux ,

o f and accustomed to use the language the Bible , and to quote passages from it , in all their discourse , and that their wives and daughters are “ pareillement nourries des sentences de ’ ” ’ ” i r L r l é cr tu e . auteu , it is said , a cru devoir mettre autant ’ de vérité dans l e style qu il leur prete que dans la peinture ” de leurs moeurs . The prayer is interrupted by the stormy o f C entrance several British soldiers led by aptain Belton , who at once begins to pay compliments to Jenny . That pious young

o f lady , being at the discerning age sixteen , promptly falls in B love with him . elton suddenly swoons . Although the young ffi o cer is wounded , the author assures us that son évanouisse ’ ment provenait moins de tout lo sang qu il avait perdu que ’ ” du ame W coup que l amour venait de frapper dans son . hile Jenny is binding up his wounds her father arrives and bids

o f f her beware the charms of the hostile o ficers , declaring that ’ ’ ’ ces vils agents de la tyrannie de l E u rop e n ont rien d humain ” que la figure . Mac Rae passes the night in reciting texts and Jenny in

B . M thinking of elton orning reveals new horrors . The W t English move against ashing on , and Jenny sees the army

— a so march past , sight impressive that subsequently recalling it she remarks that l e bruit de leurs instruments ressemble an

le D concert que les chérubins réservent pour ieu des combats , et l e bel ordre de leurs bataillons est comparable a celui de ’ ’ l armé e Celeste lorsqu ell e passe la revue avant de dompter les F esprits orgueilleux . ire and massacre follow at night , but

Mac R the aes escape to their country house near Albany . 63

Mac Rae o f , desperate at the news British successes , raises a company and goes to the war . Because Jenny continues to E sympathize with the nglish , her former friends avoid her as ’ H er W a suspected Torry . father s letters describe ashing ’ P ton s successes at Trenton and rinceton , and order her to assemble the neighbors to hear the news . Jenny seizes the occasion to make a speech which converts many to the English

he cause . S keeps up communication with Belton through the

o f describ aid her maid Betty, an artful person , much given to

o f . ing the luxury London life Betty , who has lived among the savages , employs as messenger an Indian , ostensibly a fur B seller , but in reality a Spy for both armies . elton , after

o f amusing his friends with her letters , leaves the task replying f . o to his valet Jenny persists in her devotion , in spite evi f f ’ dence o the British o ficer s faithlessness . As a final warning ’ she hears the mocking bird , which , in the author s opinion , “ ” du et du unites les talents rossignol perroquet, distinctly pronounce the words Malheureuse Emilia ! Ah ! Belton ! ” on and finds , exhausted the ground , a young woman dressed E f . m o as an nglish soldier This girl , the ta er the mocking

Notw ithstand bird , proves to be a discarded love of Belton . ing this incident , Jenny at once complies with his request to

S o out j oin him at the camp near arat ga , and sets with a maid ’ Mo and a man servant . The party falls in with Burgoyne s hawks , the author thus finding an opportunity to denounce the f English method o employing Indians for massacre and pillage .

Kiashuta The servants are killed and Jenny tied to a tree . , a renowned chief, arrives and defends her , at first with elo

uence q and afterward with a club , but the hapless maiden is ’ Kiashuta s slain by an axe . Touched by tears , the savages

fo r Kiashuta prepare her an ornate rustic tomb . hastens to

out B il the camp and seeks elton . lui dit , en lui ’

ce . présentant la chevelure de Jenny , qui reste de ta maitresse

Kiashuta As the white man declines to commit suicide, kills

not himself, that the beautiful Jenny may be obliged to go “ ’ ” ’ o f unaccompanied dans l ile heureuse . The story Jenny s

G G re death causes eneral ates to write to General Burgoyne ,

i f f The l atter p roach ng him or the use o savages in the war . ' 64

an replies that a rebellion is not a war and that, consequently, y means to quell it are j ustifiable .

not h A more cheerful and animated tale , claiming t e dig nified o f f title historical novel , but placing the scene o its R War H is tor o C ou adventures in the evolutionary , is the y f s tanti us and P ul chera or Cons tanc R ew arded , y which illustrates the relationship sometimes existing between the

o f - novel adventurous travel and the semi historical novel . In its cheerful conglomeration o f improbabilities it agreeably Sug

o f gests a prophetic caricature the modern tale of adventure . P The story opens with a balcony scene in hiladelphia , in which

P ul chera she , soliloquizing , assures herself that before could

o f C eradicate the charms onstantius from her heart , the ada ”

. C mant would vegetate onstantius appears , and hears from

she his beloved that is locked in by her inexorable parent , and f F is to sail for Europe the next day as the bride o a renchman . “ ” C on onstantius , the author relates , was the rack at this

on fatal intelligence , in despair he drew his sword and was

o f on the eve falling the point , thereby putting a period to an existence which he could no longer consider a blessing , but fortune , which always favors the virtuous , suggested to his ” - mind a tow line which he had that day observed in his shop . By the aid o f this rope P ulchera escapes ; but the lovers have not proceeded far in their flight when Constantius is seized

- P ulchera by an English press gang . is forced to embark for F s rance ; her ship is captured by an English ve sel , and she is C overj oyed at finding onstantius among the crew , Nor were the sensations o f Constantius less nervous at beholding his

P l h ra - u c e . adored Their felicity, however , is short lived ; a

P ul storm arises ; the ship is abandoned , and in the confusion W chera is left behind . hen the ship breaks up , a floating hatch conveys her to an uninhabited island whence She is taken off by an American privateer , only to be again captured , after ’ having put on a lieutenant s uniform and assumed the name

Val o ru s W of . hile making for Quebec the ship is wrecked ff on the cli s in a snow storm , and the crew scatters in small “ parties to explore the country . Snow having fallen to the ” o f o r immoderate depth four five feet , they are unable to 65

fin d food . It becomes necessary to cast lots to decide who lot shall die in order to furnish sustenance for the rest . The , o f on the course , falls disguised damsel ; but the timely appear o f ance a bear preserves her for further adventures . After wintering in the ice - bound ship they are taken off by a Massa

hu etts l ru s - c s . Va o on privateer is put , as prize master , board x a brigantine which is captured by the privateer , but the ne t

he day her ship is seized by a British cruiser . S is thrown into

H a o a dungeon in lifax , but, in company with ther prisoners , manages to crawl out through a drain and to escape in a small F h boat to a vessel bound for London . rom London s eembarks

for F . B x she Lisbon , and thence for rance In ordeau finds that

C u onstantius , whose name was apparently bestowed by the a o f thor in a moment unconscious irony , is about to marry the

f he o . S sister her former suitor summons him to her inn , how

P ulchera ever , and there he finds his , decked in all the mag nificence ff which the city of Bordeaux could a ord . The re marks o f Constantius on this occasion are worthy of quotation “ ! inex O transcendently propitious heaven thrice bountiful , hau stible P roVidence ! , magnificent inexpressible , benevolent , and superlatively beneficent fates ! The most exalted language is more than infinitely too inexpressive to give an idea of the ” to grateful sensations which oc cupy my breast . They return P hiladelphia and there live the greatest ornaments o f the ” married state .

o f P ulchera The martial exploits are surpassed , however , by the heroine o f the F emale Revi ew described by her ” au biographer as a paradigm of female Enterprise . The

inters ers thor says that he has told the story of a real person , p

o f ing a series moral reflections , and attempting some literary

H e and historical information . has , he assures the reader , studiously endeavored to ameliorate every circumstance that might seem too much tinctured with the rougher masculine Vir tues with a diction softened and comported to the ” taste o f the Virtuous female . The preface ends with a patriotic declaration that Europe has exhibited its chivalry

no Am . and wonders . It w remains for erica to do the same M s S ’ The tale , after a laconic history of is ampson s extrac 6 66

o f tion , describes the condition the country at the outbreak of R the evolution , the Earth seemed to precipitate her diurnal sun revolution and to leave the in frightful aspect. Th e shep ’ herd s flocks stood aghast . Birds forgot to carol and hastened ” M away with astonished muteness . iss Sampson assumes ’ man s attire and enlists . Among the soldiers she is known ” as bo The the blooming y. rest of the boo k is given up to the heroic deeds o f this gallantress who survives every — conceivable peril and hardship , although her chronicler re marks o f the battle o f Yorktown that this business came near ” too for proving much a female in her teens . As in Mis s

M ac Rae , much indignation is felt at the part played in the “ i war by the Indians , who are usually referred to as the n fernal s . After the war is over the heroine has further experi o f erfid for e ence Indian p y, while on an exp dition in the O hio

she country is obliged to kill her murderous Indian guide . The boo k is full of enthusiasm for Washington and o f a some f what lurid patriotism . At the end are copies o Miss Samp ’ son s discharge from the army and other documents . In addition to the occasional appearance of the Indian in

o f these attempted historical novels , he is the central figure

o f a large group of stories . The magazines the time Show in o f anecdotes , short stories , and accounts customs and manners , a general interest in the Indian and , to a less extent , in the 1 H ff on negro . umanitarian zeal for the negro had little e ect

fiction , but the widespread curiosity, and occasional sympathy, ’ aroused by the Indian s more romantic possibilities inspired a f considerable number o very curious tales . ’ Mrs Bl eecker s His tor o M ari a K ettl e In . Ann Eliza y f , a F War the short tale of the rench and Indian , Indians appear as bloodthirsty wretches who , after years of friendly inter th K t e course with e ettle family and heir friends , fall upon th m

o f treacherously and , in scenes the most gory slaughter , kill h ff C r K . S e a o all except M s . ettle is c rried to anada under the care of anold Indian who before the attack had promised her of protection . The account the j ourney shows real interest in

1 l For exampl es of this i nterest i n the n egro s ee the Ameri can Mora and S en en tal a a i ne New Y 1 . tim M g z , ork, 7 9 7 67

Indian customs and is probably founded on the experiences of Bl k ’ Mrs . eec er s husband during an Indian raid . The story, which appears in a posthumously published collection o f Mrs . ’ Bleeck er s writings , is of the rather formless type , hesitating e betwe n the novel and the Short story , then frequent in maga zine fiction . ’ Mrs Bleeck r . e s interest in Indian customs was shared by

P hil enia the enterprising , whose achievement as the first e American novelist has b en discussed in a previous chapter .

Inspired by a desire to be original in her subject , and having Observed that the manners and customs of the aborigines o f North America are so limited and simple that they have scarcely engaged the attention either o f the P hilosopher o r the ” P Mrs M a e . O ua bi or th oet, orton brought out a t le in verse , ,

i o t r e V r tu es f Na u . Any reader who may object to the attribution o f so many perfections to a rude uncultivated

to M . M or savage she refers ercier , the authority by whom she

W P . She has been influenced, illiam enn acknowledges her ’ o Mr indebtedness in the matter of plot t . Carey s interesting ” M us eu m t and instructive , and brea hes a modest hope that the attempting a subj ect so who lly American may entitle her to f the partial eye o the patriot . ’ G El e The tale , which is in the quatrain of rey s gy, varied m ou by long speeches in octosyllabic couplets , disclai s at the t set any connection with the softer asp ects of nature

not the lden h ll n or fl e al e Tis go i , ow ry d Wh ch l ends m S m l e m u s e h er a tl es s them e i y i p r , But th e bl ac est an d u ncul tu ed al e k for r v , Th a a e a an h l n l eam e s v g w rrior d t e o e y str .

elario a C , a European wandering in exile , hears the scre ms of a young Indian woman who is in the clutches o f an enemy

u c m hi s v es the death ul tun e h e d ew ! i k fro t f r , ’ en Its l eaden vengeanc e thu ndered o er th e gre .

The rescued maiden proved to be the betrothed o f the great

u abi t chief O . After feasts and dances the Indians go for h to

Celai‘ io battle , and with them like white narcissus in a tulip ” uabi bed. O is captured and kept a prisoner among his 68

M Cel ario enemies . eanwhile , wounded in the battle , is tended

o by the beautiful Indian girl , whom he so n learns to love . Nevertheless on his recovery he flies to avenge O uabi and

finds the chief alive , but bound to the stake , singing his death song with scornful fortitude

No gri ef thi s w arrior s ou l c an b ow No p angs c o ntract this even brow ; Not all u th eats e c e a ea y o r r x it f r, Not all u ce an ta e y o r for c s rt a t ar .

O n his O uabi returning to people , discovers the love that is

Celario M between his betrothed and . agnanimously resolving to sacrifice his happiness to theirs , he blinds them to his self devotion by pretending to desire another bride , and after giving them to each other falls dying at their feet . What is most remarkable in this production is the resemb o f O u abi lance , in his dignity, stoicism , and loftiness of spirit, to the idealized Indian with whom we are familiar in fiction . There is also a constant attempt to give real colour to the tale by details of Indian customs and folk- lore which are explained in

- foot notes , authorities always being cited .

The E mi rants G Indian abductors appear again in g , by ilbert

for Imlay , whose name is remembered only its association with

o f M ol stonecraft o f that ary W . The aim the tale is to call attention to the political questions then occupying Europe , and particularly to the effects o f laws concerning marriage and

an d on institu divorce , emphasis is laid the imbecility of such tions as are incompatible with reason and nature . It is thus to a certain extent allied with the work o f so - called Revolu ” I h l Mrs . nc Mrs ba d . C tionary novelists , such as and harlotte

S o f mith , who use the familiar figures and machinery the

. romance of their day to display new opinions . To modern readers it is only of interest because much o f its action oc curs ” P in the back settlements , starting in ittsburg, that remote ” o f corner the empire of reason and science , and proceeding to M Louisville , and down the ississippi , these Arcadian regions ” o r where there is room f millions . The descriptions of pioneer

too — life , however , are much in the idyllic spirit even the polite

7 0

’

. lithero Brown s other tales There is the usual gifted rustic , C , an Irishman , educated by the usual benefactor, in this case a C Clithero . o f woman ircumstances lead , in an attack insanity, H e to stab her . escapes to America and becomes a farm - Hi servant by day and a sleep walker by night. s strange actions rouse in Edgar Huntly a suspicion that he is the ’ o f Walde rave H slayer g , untly s mysteriously murdered friend . Consequently Huntly tracks him through the picturesque

o f P Nor perils a wilderness tract in ennsylvania , called H walk . untly, another gifted rustic , whose educating patron ’ be o f Clithero s later proves to the first love patroness ,

— — - belong to the type quite new in fiction o f the nature loving ” youth half athlete , half philosopher . I love , he says , to immerse myself in the shades and dells , and hold converse in ” r lk H i the rude retreats of No wa . e tracks the birds and squ r to e os rels , not kill them , but to observe th ir habits , and if p n sible to tame them . O the other hand , his pride in his strength and agility is equal to that o f the modern athletic hero I

b x or disdained to be outdone in perspicacity y the lyn , in his

- or sure footed instinct by the roe , in patience under hardship M and contention with fatigue by the ohawk . I have ever aspired to transcend the rest o f the animals in all that is common to the rational and brute , as well as in all by which ” they are distinguished from each other .

r of a The wilde ness is full torrents and precipices , sav ge e beasts and strange vegetation , breathless paths and impassabl

- o f chasms , and almost over full caverns and subterranean pas n o f o f Clithero sages . O one his expeditions in pursuit , Edgar is forced to fell a tree , in order to bridge a chasm over a foaming torrent . At his next visit , after safely crossing the tree , he sees a panther approaching the extemporized bridge , and being without other avenue o f escape he is obliged to sit still ’ and watch for the beast s arrival . After two pages given to a

descri tion o f fierceness harrowing p the of the animal , the reader ‘ cannot help a mild sensation o f disappointment when the

t his pan her merely bounds into den , and obligingly stays there ,

- while Edgar scrambles to safety over the rain wet tree trunk , - on the whereupon the panther, emerging, dances in vexation 7 1

other side . Then he springs ; but his claws slip from the rock on which Edgar is standing, and he falls into the pit below .

Clithero - In these pursuits of the agile , Edgar has hair breadth escapes , groping his way along underground passages with o n one on i the rocky wall side , the other the unseen abyss . H s

o real adventures , however , begin when he t o becomes a sleep walker and wakes to find himself at the bottom o f an enormous

o f how pit, within a hill , with no knowledge he has come there , o f and no means getting out . The description of his groping ff o f o f e orts to escape , the horror cold and darkness , the alterna tions o f hope and exhaustion as he tries to climb the sides of the pit, the actual physical sensations of thirst and hunger, his dreadful meal from the still warm flesh of a panther whose eyes shining in the dark have formed the only mark for his tomahawk— all these concrete and actual horrors give Brown an opportunity to display something of that grim realism in scenes of terror which he had shown more convincingly in his yellow fever scenes .

E o f At length dgar , guided by the sound water , gropes his way to a cave lighted by an opening to the outer air , and finds

on - it occupied by a party of Indians the war path , with a ’ farmer s daughter as captive . All the Indians are sleeping

one except sentinel , who presently leaves the cave to patrol the narrow ledge outside . Edgar creeps past the sleeping

Indians , hurls his trusty tomahawk , and the sentinel falls life r less . Edgar retu ns to the cave , frees the girl , steals a musket,

. the and escapes . The fugitives finally reach a hut in wilder M b the o f old a . ness , deserted abode an Indian woman , Queen ’ It is illustrative o f Brown s instinct for realistic detail that he stops his narrative o f adventure to explain that the bucket on the floor contains sand , water dripped from the roof, and

o f drowned insects , although none these harmless objects play any part in the tale . The Indians arrive and are slain by

o f Edgar , who is wounded ; the damsel , course , faints , and a rescuing party which appears at this moment takes away the girl , leaving Edgar apparently dead . This fact in itself shows that the novel of adventure is in its infancy . In any modern work o f the kind the fair captive would have been the heaven 72

sent bride of the hero , but the heartless Brown does not give H her another page . untly recovers and departs , incidentally disposing of another Indian . Althou gh thirty miles from r home , Edga , driven by anxiety to learn the fate of his family in the Indian raid , tries to follow a short way across the hills

. on by night At length he finds himself an impassable hillside , with the river flowing swiftly below . As he hesitates to swim it, he sees a line of figures advancing through the gloo m with — . he the regularity of Indians This decides the question , leaps from the precipice and swims the river with a hail of bullets falling around his head , in a style now familiar but then n quite new . KO the other bank he makes his way back to his d o f own neighborhoo , finding traces Indian massacre as he

. Clithero goes After his arrival there the narrative returns to , who has been abandoned during the Indian episodes , and it ends with the suicide of that unhappy youth . Many o f the ramifications o f the tale have necessarily been ’ o mitted from this brief account . Brown s novels , because o f ffi his careless construction , are always peculiarly di cult to — summarize he constantly works up to climaxes which do not

o ff - come and entices the reader down blind alleys , leaving him n d to wander out by himself . But the main India episo es have been given in order that Brown ’ s attitude toward the Indian

a may make itself s clear as possible . It seems scarcely accurate

s a — to y that he idealized them they are always savages , who ’ ” “ on m o — long to feast y heart s blo d , Edgar says , I never looked upon or called up the image of a savage without shud ” dering . The only approach to romantic sympathy with an

o f D eb Indian which the tale displays , is in the account old , o r Mab she Queen , who does not appear in person , although

Mab is credited with having instigated the massacre . Queen

no old herself is very heroic figure , a shrivelled woman claim

H er ing descent from Indian kings . tribe has been driven

she from the neighborhood , but continues to live in her hut,

- P she guarded by wolf like dogs . artly through the pity which inspires , partly through the terror excited by the periodical

sh e su visits of her Indian friends , levies tribute of food and p

at plies from the surrounding farmers . Although there is no 7 3

o r tempt to represent her as a magnanimous heroic figure , and although her interference in the course of events is due only to malice or petty revenge , yet in her clinging to the home from

out which her people have been driven , in the loyalty of the ex iles to her authority , and in the influence which through her

s he on o f power over her people can exert the fate others , there

Me Merrilies is something suggestive of g . The other Indians — are not named o r given distinct personalities to Brown they are simply savages , with the strength and endurance , and also f o . with the cruelty , wild beasts

saw n Yet Brown their value as a literary asset . To o e

not for searching , as did all the early American novelists , only — some new thing but for some typically American thing search ing with a keener mind and a wider knowledge of literature _ _ _ T — than any o f his contemporarieS in fiction their picturesque possibilities must have been strikingly apparent . Although they presented themselves to his imagination as shapes o f ter

not ror rather than of grandeur, they were the less suited to the picture o f wild nature which Brown had set himself to paint .

R ou t- o f- eaders are now so accustomed to the doors novel , to the youth who communes with nature , the indefatigable

- o f one athlete , the hair breadth escape , and the rest it , that is apt to forget how new those adornments o f fiction were in ’ o f Brown s day . It is excellent evidence his imaginative o f power that , notwithstanding the frequent incongruity his weighed and deliberate style with the vivacity o f the tale to be related , he could present the cult of open air life and t adventure , which was hen creeping into fiction , in a form more vivid and interesting than that achieved by any o f his

British contemporaries . O ver against this undoubtedly real enthusiasm for that spirit that breathes its inspiration in the gloom of forests and ” ’ o f D on the verge streams , one is tempted to set John avis s account o f his introduction to Brown . This not too reliable

Ar thu r M erv n traveller says that , finding the author of y work B ing in a dismal room , he asked if rown would not write with more facility were the prospect o f the lake o f Geneva 7 4

’ ‘ Sir o before him , said he , go d pens , thick paper , and ink well diluted , would facilitate my composition more than the

o f x o f e prospect the broadest e panse wat r , or mountains rising ’ from the clouds . The most energetic exploitation of the Indian in this period on was carried by this interviewer of Brown , an author who D belongs only in part to America , John avis , generally de f D o S . scribed as alisbury , England avis , however , considered n himself a citizen of the world . All his novels are o American

o r subj ects , place some of their scenes in America , and most

A he on of them were published here . lthough at e time

ffi an gained a considerable popularity, it is di cult to obtain y o n information about his life, except from his w writings . S Born in alisbury, he became a wanderer early in life and went

sea - of to , at first in a merchant vessel , and afterward in a man

H e war into which he had been pressed . made the voyage to

. W sea India , and sailed in most European waters hile at he

his devoted leisure to educating himself, studied several lan

S . H e guages , and read Le age in the maintop came to the United D S 1 8 . tates in 79 , and remained three and a half years uring on o f this time he travelled, usually foot , over a large part the f . W out o country hen funds he took a position as tutor , or

fo . did work r booksellers , until he could resume his wanderings The O ri inal In this way he was led to write his first novel , g

Letters o F erdinan d and Elizabeth - f , a seduction suicide S orr ows o Wer ther D f concoction , which , avis says , was H is founded on facts brought to his attention by a boo kseller .

The F armer o New Jers e The next novel , f y, had a sequel ,

Wanderin s o Willi am . The g f , which is now apparently lost

F armer his P os t Ca tain or the Wood en and later tale , the p ,

Walls Well M anned , professedly a picture of life in the English navy, but really a broad farce in the most execrable taste , need — no detailed discussion here , and it is hardly necessary to Offend the shade of Smollett by dwelling o n his influence in

e for D tr them . It seems to hav been impossible avis to y to be either sentimental or humorous without being either silly r ff o or . o ensive , both together After several years of wandering and rather aimless literary 7 5

D Trav els work, avis returned to England and published his , recounting his American experiences , and describing with much

his o f detail acquaintance with all the leading men America .

His for the chief enthusiasm , however , is for natural scenery , forest regions in which he journeyed on foot noting every de o f tail vegetation and bird and animal life , for the taverns in

o f the wilderness , the inhabitants forest cabins , and above all “ for the Indians , of whom he says that they want only an historian who would measure them by the standard of Roman ideas to equal in bravery and magnanimity those proud mas o f ters the world . Again he declares that in humanity and all the softer emotions the Indians of America will rival the ” most polished nations of the world . W hile travelling in Virginia he had planned , and possibly The Firs t S ettl ers o composed , his most successful work , f

Vir inia on H e g , described its title page as An istorical Nov l exhibiting a View o f the Ri se and P rogress o f the Colony o f f c o M . Jamestown , a pi ture Indian anners The second 1 80 1 806 edition appeared in New York , in 5, and the third in , P and a condensed version was published in hiladelphia , in 1 8 1 o f Ca tain S mi th and P rincess P ocahon 7 , under the title p tas an Indi an al e , T . To the 1 805 edition are prefixed comments both favorable E and unfavorable , extracted from the leading nglish and Amer

ne P hilad el hia M onthl ican reviews , including o from the p y in k M a az e C Broc den . g , by harles Brown Brown commends the subj ect which is pure American and which relates to two o f the most interesting personages in Early American His ” dis tory . There are also letters to the author from various

tin uished f . g persons , among them Thomas Jef erson The o f New York Eveni n P os t writer adds that, as the editor the g has , with the most diabolical malice , asserted that these letters are forged , the originals may be seen by any person whose scepticism may have been raised by the base calumniator who ’ D has endeavored to blast the author s character . In this avis was following a practice common among English journalists a century before . The tale itself escorts the first settlers from England to 7 6

Virginia , and describes their struggles to establish themselves .

S on ex e Then comes the woeful day when mith , an exploring p dition , is captured by the Indians , and tied to a stake , while ffi his fate is being decided . Smith preserves su cient detach o f ff ment spirit , notwithstanding the crisis in his a airs , to feel that the dignity and gestures of the Indian orator give “ him a lively idea o f the celebrated speakers o f Greece and ” P to to . Rome . It is decided take him owhatan The first stopping place on the j ourney gives the author an opportunity to descibe P ow in detail an Indian Village , and the arrival at ’ hatan s dwelling place occasions further descriptions of manners ’ P th and customs . Smith s rescue by ocahontas is described wi much affecting detail and tribute to the charms o f the Indian ’ f P son . o princess The return from a distant hunt owhatan s ,

Nanta uas . q , introduces the real noble redman Beautiful , dig nified - Nanta uas S , high minded , generous , q at once takes mith ’ his to to heart , and when his father proposes spare the captive s life but keep him a slave spurns the suggestion , exclaiming, H ! . e No , sire Life without liberty is only a burden wants ”

ou . only a little ground , y can easily spare it After a council S out and Indian dances , mith , with an escort , sets through the forest . The natural obj ects seen on the march , the forest trees , the moss , the birds , and the like are carefully described o f in little separate discourses , evidently taken from the notes ’

D . avis s wanderings , and not thoroughly woven into the tale ’ S on After mith s return to his friends , the story goes in a loose chronicle fashion , telling of explorations , negotiations with the

. W Indians , and the arrival of new ships henever possible it gives minute descriptions o f Indian customs and o f forest animals .

S to . After years of struggle , mith decides to return England

P ff has To delude the fond ocahontas , whose a ection never

his melted hard heart , he embarks secretly , and causes a report f o his death to be circulated . The Indian maid is dissolved in h she . t e woe , but solace is at hand , although knows it not In “ f r R o f o M . words the author , though the breast olfe pos C S sessed not the ambitions of aptain mith , it was infinitely ” W one more accessible to the softer emotions . hen further

7 8

inkfi l . W e d e fallen in love with him , aft r he had lost his ” fo r n first disgust her complexion , returned her regard . U ’ a h fortunately the king s eldest daughter, Alluc , also loved t e captive , and bade him choose between her love and poison in H . e w a pomegranate Shell nobly s allowed the fatal draught, but w as revived by Unca who arrived in time to save her h W s e . e inka , as fondly called him The old king then permitt d

and e e their marriage , contributed a large dowry, yearly th r after sent a messenger with inquiries and rich gifts . This blissful state o f affairs continues until the little Unca six old Eliza is years , when Alluca becomes queen and sends

Winkfield e assassins who murder the princess Unca . escap s , and later sends his daughter to be educated in England . There she G learns reek, Latin , and polite literature , and attracts much attention by her tawny skin , lank black hair, strings of dia

o f She for monds , and retinue slaves . returns to America a

’ her time , but after her father s death buys a Sloop to convey

ff o f self, her slaves , and e ects , to England . The captain her

her son ship tries to force from a promise to marry his , or F else to give him thirty thousand pounds . ailing in this , he slaughters the s laves and maroons Unca Eliza on an unin habited island . After perusing the Greek Testament which she always car

e ries in her pocket , the dauntless Unca takes ov r the establish

o f has ment a hermit lately deceased , who left a commodious

o f and neatly furnished cell , a flock well trained goats , and an autobiography containing full directions for island housekeep

F she ing . rom this manuscript She learns that is living in

o f o f e sun part the ruined temple an idol sacr d to the , which Indians from a neighboring island come once a year to wor

n she ship . O investigation finds many rooms each adorned by a m e of or golden lamp , and filled with mu mi s priests , the stone ffi co ns of Virgins consecrated to the temple service . All the

the e e priestesses wear golden coronets , and high pri sts hav golden suns on their breasts . A slight diversion occurs when she finds that the h ermit is not e e dead after all , but he dies the n xt day, and Unca continu s 7 9

h . S e her explorations finds the idol itself, an enormous golden ” sun di co image , inscribed the oracle of the , and near it she s v

- o f ers a trap door leading into a room full precious vestments .

of A staircase leads up into the interior the idol . Unca , ascend

ou t . ing , finds herself in the head looking over the temple hall , and perceives arrangements to swell to superhuman sounds the one she voice of any speaking where stands . ’ fo r a As the day the Indians annual worship approaches , Unc decides to speak to them from the idol and convert them to

H r C . e o f hristianity words , spoken as those an oracle , have f great ef ect . After the crowd has departed the priests return

she to learn her wishes , and tells them that a woman in form like themselves shall come among them with words o f instruc ’ tion and enlightenment . Then , dressed in a high priest s vest

she ments and covered with j ewels , accompanies them to their

she B island , where instructs the people , translates the ible , and employs the young priests to teach the church o f England cate chism to the children . At the end of three years a cousin from

o f England comes in search Unca , marries her , and , as he is a f ff o . clergyman , is great assistance to her in her missionary e orts Their work continues to prosper and receives further assistance 1 from a converted pirate .

as F emal e Quite remarkable , perhaps , in its way, as the

Ameri can The Cham i on o Fr eedom or the M s teri ous Chi ef is p f , y

ld ak e B u ket W The O O n c . by Samuel oodworth , the author of

f War o f 1 8 1 2 O this work, which deals with the , its author “ says : Although termed a Romance it will nevertheless prove to be the most correct and complete history o f the recent ” H e War which has yet appeared . also calls attention to the fact that the book is of domestic manufacture and cannot dis ” please the eye o f a patriot . G W W The hero , the youthful eorge ashington illoughby, has His from his birth been reserved for no common fate . father , M W ajor illoughby, had received from his friend and general ,

1 This i s po s s ibly th e firs t n ovel to i ndi cate th e i n teres t i n the n atio n s

k b R. . to the s ou th of th e U n ited States whi ch l ater app ears i n wor s y C l n S ands and Tim othy F i t . 80

W s George ashington , a word , which he had sworn never to relinquish except with life , but in an Indian fight his hand ff o . had been struck , and the sword had fallen from his grasp The unhappy maj or exclaimed : O that I had a son to redeem ! W my vow hereupon a voice , proceeding from the lifeless “ M : Yo u body of a iami chief, said distinctly have a son to ”

vow . redeem your At that hour , eight hundred miles away, t George Washing on Willoughby was born .

To avoid the contaminating influences imported from Europe ,

M W o f aj or illoughby removes to the shore Lake Erie , where “ he builds a neat rural mansion , furnished in a style of ” cottage elegance . The youthful George Washington Wil l hb f is oug y is the child o nature . H friendship with the neigh boring Indians is so great that at the age of Sixteen George Washington Willoughby had become quite an accomplished ” f savage . It is hardly necessary to enter into the details o his

H e o f f adventures . course j oins the army at the outbreak o

o f o f the war , and the rest the book is devoted to the history

the struggle , told for the most part in letters exchanged by .

o f a the personages the t le , but without any real weaving together

f o ne o f o fiction and history . The striking feature the nar rative o f is the apparition the mysterious chief, the majestic

’ o f form the dead Indian warrior who foretold the hero s birth ,

o f o r x and in time stress crisis always appears to e hort , admon ish , or reprove . This strange creation seems to have been

o f W intended by the author to represent the spirit ashington , clothing itself in the form o f the dead chief in order to watch over his namesake . There is an egregious solemnity about ’ Woodworth s attitude toward his hero which shakes the se riousness o f of the reader , especially in the moments great ness , when the hero alludes to himself in the third person as G W W eorge ashington illoughby, apparently rolling the sound n ing syllables o his tongue . Although all these early attempts at historical romances and

o f E d ar H u ntl Indian tales are , with the exception g y, always trivial and often absurd , they have a certain appeal to the

o f interest the modern reader , apart from the claims made by 81

- e o f the sincere, although somewhat over aggr ssive , patriotism thei r authors . The earliest American fiction had looked back

o f R ward , finding its models in the schools ichardson and his contemporaries , already passing as a literary fashion . The stories o f Gothic terrors and o f political speculation merely f o f o f kept abreast o the fashions the day . But these tales o f e e history and Indian adventure look forward , howev r fe bly

n - f a d e o . short sightedly, to another great p riod fiction CHAP TER IV

COOP ER AND H IS CONTEM P ORARIES

ALTHOU GH the years from 1 8 1 5 to 1 820 saw a revival o f the ’ novel in England through the immediate popularity o f Scott s

o f romances , in America , nevertheless , they were years dis cou ra em ent f g and inactivity . The patriotic efforts o the early

American novelists had apparently spent themselves in vain . P eople still read novels , but they read English novels} and they depended on English citicism to tell them what novels to read . Randol h 1 82 John Neal in his p , published in 3 , voices , with his

ser customary exaggeration , the accusations of dependence and not A Vility brought , without justice , against the merican critics of

- his day, saying that in America the name of novel writer would

o f H e be considered a reproach to a man genius . complains bitterly o f the complete neglect of Charles Brockden Brown by

Few o f our his countrymen . literary men have read him ,

e he says . Any praise which Brown may r ceive in America is due, not to admiration of his work , but to the commendation which it has received in England . At the time at which he writes , however , he finds that things are improving , and men “ ” i i on - are beg nn ng to put their title pages by an American , ” and an American tale, words that a few years before would ” i C o o r have been as polit c as by a h ctaw , a Narragansett

1 George Watter s ton early c ompl ain ed of thi s B al dwin ob s erv ed th at th e n ov el s of thi s country did n ot s eem to b e r ec eived with that favor h e ‘ ’ ‘ th u h he e e en l ed to . ha i s h e s a d b ec a s e h e s c en e o g t t y w r tit T t , i , u t ir s are l ac ed he e th e u l c tas te i s i n th s es e t u t an d n d c u s p r , p b i i r p c corr p i ju i io n ovel r eaders h ave s o l o ng b een i n th e h abit of p eru s in g work s whose s c en es li e n Eu e and h s e ch a ac e s th e ar e u n ac u a nte th i rop w o r t r y q i d wi , th at they i ns tantly r evol t at a n ovel des criptio n of Am eri can s cenery and ’

Am e c an c a a e . l enc a n . 2 0 . S ee al s th e o t A m e i can ri h r ct r G r , p 7 o N r h r

R ev ew 1 8 1 Vo l I . 0 a c l e on Am e c an L e a u e and Vol . II i , 5, . , p 3 7 , rti ri it r t r , ,

. Reflec i n o n th e l ter a del n enc o Am e ca. S ee al s . . p 3 3 , t o s i ry i qu y f ri o H C L d e o n l n al s i n th e U n ted S tates i n S tu d es i n is B s t n o g Co o i i m i , i H tory , o o , 1 884 . 83

n tale . It was ot given to Neal to foresee that in a few more years the inscriptions which he suggested in derision would have helped to sell the book . To this lack o f independent criticism was added the interest ’ o f f the publisher s pocket . The convenient simplicity o copy right arrangements at that time made it possible for him to reprint popular English novels and enjoy the entire profit undisturbed , while the needy race of American authors clamoured in vain for a hearing . W hatever the cause , it is a striking fact that , great as was S ’ cott s vogue among the reading public , his influence produced no novel in Am erica between the publication of Wav erl ey in 1 8 1 o f The S R os alvo D elm onm or t 4 and that py in , which 1 8 18 e appeared in , had , however, one curious conn ction with the Waverley novels . The tale itself is a melodrama of high

o f life whose only memorable feature is the conduct a countess . This lady is so overcome by grief at the death o f her brother in- law that she forsakes her ancestral castle and rents a house

she e in London , where lets lodgings to resp ctable young ’ S in gentlemen . Although there is little indication of cott s ” flu ence Gu M a in the story itself, the name y annering p

ou - o f pears the title page as that the author of the work . A prefatory note explains that after the death of Dominic Samp son in the manuscript was found his pocket, with a note as cribin M g its composition to Colonel annering . In spite of this ingenious advertising device—the only sign of inventive — ability displayed in the book the tale can hardly have become 1 1 popular even in 8 8 . Several years elapsed before any one realized how adaptable a pattern Scott had provided for that novel of native manners which had been the ideal of many aspiring American authors . S cott had gathered up and recombined , according to form

o f own o f ulas his , many elements present in the fiction his — day , the tendency to localized or national tales with that

1 ’ S c t s n el s be e I anh e e e c s e n a n al a e an ot ov , for v o , w r , of our , tio r th r th Bu t w as ec s el a n a n al c n a Am e c an n el hi s tori cal . it pr i y tio fi tio th t ri ov ’ de el th e s ead S c t s nfl en c e ab i s ts h ad b een try in g to v op . For pr of o t i u out — Mai r on Le R m an s e a 1 8 8 . 1 82 0 s ee L. g o Hi toriqu , P ris , 9 84

on interest in humble personages , whom local characteristics are most deeply impressed , which appears most plainly in Miss ’ Edgeworth s Irish stories ; the interest in romantic landscap e and word - painting o f natural scenery which found its most ’ Mrs R ff striking expression in . adcli e s theatrical yet impressive scenes ; the tale of adventure reinforced by the revived interest in travel and antiquarian taste for old buildings and trappings ; and the eagernes for an imaginative interpretation of history x - be which had e pressed itself in many would historical tales , whose hopeless inaccuracies had a naive honesty of goo d in tention . These ingredients Scott mixed in proportions varying ff e in his di er nt works , and the result was a new form and a new force in fiction which was destined to bring about a revival of the novel . In many respects Cooper was to the American novel what

S as to f cott w to the British . Indeed his service the fiction o ’ his own country was even greater than was Scott s to the Brit i sh novel , for while Scott restored to favor a literary form w C hich had once been great but had fallen into decay, ooper and his followers actually established novel—writing in Amer

so ican literature , where , hitherto , even work powerful as ’ o Brown s had given it no real fo thold . In strict j ustice , there o f fore , any history early American fiction Should devote most of its space to Cooper . But as the obj ect of this study has h been to fill in t e background against which Cooper stands ,

o f rather than to present a new View the great emerging figure , the discussion of his work has been limited to what seems suffi cient to make clear his position and influence among his con temporaries . O ne feels an odd incongruity in the fact that Cooper} who was destined to be afflicted with the epithet o f the American ” S his cott, should have begun literary career with a ponderous attempt at the novel of manners—and of English manners at

o f o f that . This work , which no impression but one bulk ever

1 ’ ’ For Coop er s other w orks and hi s l ife s ee Profes s or Lou nsbu ry s Life i n h Am Le e s e es An nte es n a ec at n t e eri can Men of tt r S ri . i r ti g ppr i io of ’ / i S c bner a a i ne e s n el b W. C . B nell a ea ed n Coop r ov s y Mr . row pp r ri s M g z , A l 1 06 pri , 9 .

86

t . heartless parent , ype It is largely the presence o f these rather wooden love - affairs that gives Cooper the reputation o f stiffness that he seems to enj oy among modern novel — readers yet one does not see how he could have done other

H e an wise . did not begin writing with y sense of a heaven A bestowed commission to reform merican fiction , but felt his

r way like any o dinary mortal , following up his successes and , in general, forsaking his failures ; so that his Leather Stocking

’ Tales when read in the order o f their hero s experiences seem

o ff to Show a falling in artistic achievement , whereas , if they are read in the actual order of their appearance one sees the advance made from The P i on eers to The P athfinder and The

e r l a r D e s ye . In building his earlier tales around a conventional C o romance of youthful lovers , o per had the excellent example o f S cott to follow , as well as that of the countless minor novelists o f the day . From the use o f this sentimental machinery arl ses that fruit

’ o f o f o ful source controversy , the question Co per s heroines .

P - Mr rofessor Lounsbury has made merry over them . .

o f Brownell has achieved the m re di ficult, but not impossible , ‘ feat of admiring them , assuring the curious reader that the quiet scholastic atmosphere of New Haven is responsible for P L ’ rofessor ounsbury s craving for more ginger in fiction .

r O ne gathers that M . Brownell himself finds a certain repose in contemplating the elegant vacuity of a Cecilia Howard or a ’ O o f G . Louisa rant ne s own ideal is , of course , a matter

for taste , but there is no real ground supposing that these ’ gentle beings were necessarily Cooper s ideal . They belong to one o f the most elderly and respectable traditions o f fiction — that o f the fine lady or elegant female and they could be inserted in any romance as simply as could a comma o r an interrogation point . The romance of two young persons aristo

o r or cratic , either by birth by reason of wealth position , has o f always , with few exceptions , turned the wheels of the tale — romantic adventure , and in tales of this sort the heroine

one usually belongs to of three Simple types , the hoyden , the C cat , or the imbecile . ooper was far too polite to introduce — the hoyden , too chivalrous to believe in the cat there remained 8 7

only the imbecile , who had the further advantage o f being much the easiest to manage . These ladies occur in all the o f romances the time , generally in pairs , a languid blonde and

o r a somewhat more vivacious brunette , a proud and haughty brunette and a softer more susceptible blonde . The exaggeration of the type gives those exquisitely aristo cratic beings one o f whom served as the heroine of Timothy ’ F R C A r thu r Cl ennin lint s obinson rusoe romance g . Although her native pride and exclusiveness , which had at first made it difficult for her to speak courteously to the ship ’ s steward

she with whom had been shipwrecked , gradually melted , until she — to became his admiring bride , yet the last She spent her time in a specially constructed bower meditating questions of

' adornment . When an attentive providence sent her a giant black savagess as a serving maiden , mistress and maid de voted all their spare moments to remodelling frocks and con trivin M g new costumes . aterials were not lacking, as the ship had , with the consideration usual in such tales , perched upon a convenient rock , until the removal of all its portable contents allowed it to sink with a quiet conscience . In comparison with ’ such a lady o f the first fashion Cooper s most elegant heroines M seem rustic and impulsive . oreover the elegance and help lessness of his ladies is always mitigated by simplicity and goodness .

o f own As Cooper grew in skill and knowledge his powers , he modified or abandoned this conventional machinery as he f . o chose In most his stories he still found it a convenience ,

- but from the Leather stocking Tales , in which it was least appropriate , it gradually vanished ; it is still the motive power o f The P r airi e , but the lovers are already married and are kept in the background in The Las t of the M ohi cans they are already

o f betrothed , and the sentimental interest the story is in the

- fo r o f hopeless love of the half caste Cora the hero , and the Th P hfinder Indian Uncas for Cora . In e at the conventional heroine has disappeared , and her place is taken by the pleasant ’ M D commonplaceness of the soldier s daughter , abel unham , who , being under no compulsion to be elegant , has leisure to

The D eers la er C be sweet and sensible , In y ooper achieved a 88 really subtle study o f heredity and environment in Judith of Hutter, and a strangely sympathetic realization her feeble minded sister . C ’ There are other women in ooper s romances , as in those of

to or a Scott, who being born a humbler station in society,

- minor part in the tale , are natural and life like because they

- were created by the author, and not acquired ready made , as f was the leading young lady . O the enterprising damsels who masquerade as cabin boys in The Red Rover and as super- cargo

The Water Wi tch in , varying their duties by performance on

. O ne the lute , it is not necessary to speak in detail can hardly ’ “ ” Mr o f for go beyond . Brownell s epithet Ariel like these o f paradigms of female enterprise , as an early ornament

American fiction would have described them . ’ ’ C o f C ooper s Indian , if less a source controversy than ooper s heroine , has been even more hardly j udged . The assertion that Cooper idealized ” the Indian has acquired the grey P haired respectability of established tradition . rofessor Cross says that Natty Bumppo and Chingachgook are constructed on a plan which , though romancers had Often tried it , had never o f the been very successful , that uniting in one person char ” 1 acteristics o f — C e two races , yet this is what ooper strov a hardest to void . Natty Bumppo himself, although he rec o nizes g the common material of human nature , dwells perti ’ naciously on the difference o f redskin gifts and white man s — ’ gifts ou the warpath Hawkeye never attains the Indian s skill C in following a trail , and hingachgook never learns to use a inerad rifle with the accuracy of the white man . And the same i cabl e ff di erence exists in their moral qualities . Cooper can hardly be said to have idealized his Indians any more than

C Brock den saw harles Brown idealized them . Both their pic tures 2 que possibilities . Brown emphasizes the picturesqueness

1 D l n li eve m en t o the E sh vel . 1 op f g No , p 53 . 2 ’ For an u n favorabl e v i ew of Coop er s Indi ans s ee Franci s Parkm an i n the h Am e can R evi ew B s n 1 8 2 Vol L V. He s a that Nort ri , o to , 5 , . XXI y s ’ Coop er s In di an char acters ar e for th e m o st p art either sup erfic i ally or ’ al s el d a n . In en e al h e e a km an s t n l c mm ended e f y r w g r , ow v r, P r ro g y o Coop r s tal es . th e e s e s ee L ell i n abl e i t s ha For o r vi w of Coop r ow F for Cr ic , T ck c a i n R un dab ut a e s . R s e el as ted b . ac b R s and r y o o P p r , Mr oo v t quo y Mr J o ii , ’ ess B an n - l e Prof or r der Matth ew s s i trodu ction to th e Leather stocking Ta s . f - o e C t e . th ir faults , ooper hat of their virtu s But the Virtues which he attributed to them are those with which they are gen orally credited by people who knew the Indian before he came into contact with the blessings o f civilization as dis

l he . S a es o t seminated by the trader nelling, who wrote his T f Nor thw es t to correct the popular idea o f Indian character and C ’ manners , did not adduce anything to disprove ooper s general f f estimate o Indian character . The real idealization o the ’ Indian was carried o n by Cooper s contemporaries and imita tors— some of them excellent Massachusetts ladies— whose

Indians are white men painted red , and endowed with all the f Virtues and a figurative turn o speech . Cooper shows his

C one o f sincerity when he allows hingachgook , the only his

t to Indian heroes whose career is followed at leng h , fulfill the

his sordid tragedy of race by degrading his Old age with drink . o f In the introduction of comic relief, and eccentric char ’ C o acter for variety s sake , o per also showed more tact in the - M f later Leather stocking Tales . any o his eccentric and comic characters are interesting, but he sometimes forgot that the fine art o f depicting a bore consists in enabling the reader to smile f ’ at the sufferings o the bore s victims . When the sensations o f the victim are transferred to the reader there is something ’ h too of wrong with t e author s method . There are far many

T P i o e rs The D eer these aids to cheerful reading in he n e . In L la e . t s y rthey have entirely disappeared ea herstocking himself, o f a a creation eccentric ch racter in the larger sense , is , of course , the most original creation of American fiction and the finest, because at once the most human and the most simply poetic , expression o f that idealization of the unconventional which had made many appearances in fiction since Rousseau invented the primitive virtues . ’ The comparative neglect of Cooper s sea- stories is perhaps , due to the absence of any one dominating personage to give

- the unity found in the Leather stocking Tales . In his first s ea- The P il ot C L Cofli n tale , , ooper discovered in ong Tom a worthy companion to Natty Bumppo ; but Long Tom went d own with his ship , and consequently became unavailable for the o f C the in purposes fiction , as ooper undoubtedly lacked 9 0 genuity in arranging resurrections which was displayed by his o f contemporary, John Neal . None his other mariners ever o f T m M f equalled the salty picturesqueness Long o . ost o

- l them are excellent , but some are loud voiced and tarry o d bores .

In character drawing , apart from the Leatherstocking and Tom C in Long , ooper , although sometimes successful , was ferio r S to cott both in vividness and in variety . The interest o f his stories , apart from these two personages , is in his extra — ordinary invention o f adventure perhaps seen at its best in — The Las t of the M ohi cans and in their natural setting o f s ea or forest . ’ 1 o f f Mrs Rad Cooper s landscape shows less the influence o . f o f S — t cli fe than does that cott , perhaps because his subj ec s His were less like hers . descriptive methods are simple , with

o f little enumeration minor detail and very few color words , ff o f yet he obtains wonderful e ects space , and mass , and atmos here sea p in his forest scenes , and in his scenes he gives the actual illusion of wind and weather . The sea is less a feature

n S . in the landscape , and more a living thing, to him tha to cott His fresh water is fresh and his salt water is salt , and their gifts are as diverse and as conscientiously rendered as those

His of Natty Bumppo and Chingachgook . descriptions have not the elaboration o f pictorial effect common in modern de o f scriptive writing, nor do they convey much information the o f un habits and conversation bears and rabbits , but they are

in o f surpassed poetic dignity , and in their impression the

f f a silence and mystery o great forests o r trackless wastes o se . It is not possible to discuss in detail here even those o f ’ — Cooper s novels which were published before 1 83 o much less

— Li onel Li n oln the whole thirty tw o . After c came the most The Las t o the M ohicans popular of the Leatherstocking Tales , f , ’ 1 826 The P rairi e 1 82 in . , in 7 , described the Leatherstocking s

Red R o er . 1 828 The v extreme Old age and death In appeared , ’ ' one o f Coo er s best sea p stories , followed by the less successful o f E The We t o Wis h ton Indian tale early New ngland , p f

Wi s h T - ter . oo much mystifying clap trap cumbers The Wa Wi tch interesting though the tale is when it deals with

1 ’ S ee Bal za o n e l an s a e u te i n L u nsbu . c Coop r s d c p , q o d o ry 9 1

sea Ships and the , and the work is further weighted by the

o f -be D utch merchant presence a would comic , whose chief contribution to the general gaiety is a Bob Acres - like adjust o f ment the expletive to the emergency . ’ Several o f these novels were written during Cooper s wan

erin s n d g in Europe . O his return he used the material obtained o f o f there for a number tales in a setting European landscape ,

The Bravo V The H eid enma u er R The in enice , on the hine , and

s ma H ead n in Switzerland . Later in the more interesting i n and i n M Hi s W W . g g, he told a sea tale of the editerranean The M oniki/ns e satirical novel , , is b st passed over in a decent

fo r sea- silence . Cooper continued many years to write stories and forest romances ; in The Cra ter he tried the Robinson

C The Wa s o the H our rusoe story ; and in y f , his last novel , 1 8 0 published in 5 , he attempted a sensational tale with a

purpose .

T e e Li ons h S a , published in the preceding year , now derives

o f some interest from the recent revival Antarctic exploration ,

S mzoni a or a Vo a e o and calls to mind that unusual work , y , y g f

Dis cover b Ca tain Adam S caborn y, y p , which had been pub ’ lished in 1 820 to ridicule Symm es s theory of concentric spheres .

' — S mzonia in u o f y , in its earlier portions its acco nt the specially constructed ship rivetted with copper instead o f iron because

o f the magnetic mountain which Sinbad was known to have

o f encountered , its account the voyage southward , when the ex ’ f un plo rers visit isl ands and study the habits o penguins and ’ in o f Seaborn s C L usual birds , the discovery Land and ape one ’ — o f some , suggests a prophetic caricature modern explorers

S mzonian o f tales . The y portion the narrative begins when the explorers reach a southern polar opening and find a Eutopian ’ o nation flourishing within it . Cooper s tale , later in time and m re

S mzonia serious in purpose than y , has no scientific marvel to

compete with the achievement j ust mentioned ; indeed , the tale

does not reach the extreme polar regions ; but there is much that is interesting in its descriptions o f Antarctic hardships . ’ f o f C In spite o f their variety o subj ect , none ooper s later P athfinder tales except The D eers la er and The , and perhaps , y 9 2

in and Wi n the o a b W g g, add anything to reputati n est blished y those published before e P erhaps the surest, c rtainly the most arduous , road to a ’ o f C recognition ooper s real greatness , is an attentive perusal o f the works of his contemporaries and imitators . The latter sprang up with astonishing promptness . Scott had probably o f o f filled them with a vague idea doing something the sort , h e o . a and Cooper had shown th m w to do it As result, before 1 8 0 e 3 , the Indian in fiction was in almost as g neral circulation

o n - as is his portrait a cent to day . ’ o f C The first ooper s contemporaries to require mention ,

C o r e . John Neal , did not , however, follow ooper anyone lse M Neal said of the popular Irish novelist , aturin , that he was “ haunted by the spirit of Byron and the devil himself at the o f M same time . By adding the spirit aturin to these two one worthies , obtains the ghostly trio which followed the steps f o Neal . His K ee Cool 18 18 a first story, p , published in , pparently x starts out as an e travaganza , and ends as a tract against f . o duelling, spiced with horrid examples A portion the action

has passes among Indians , into whose tribe the youthful hero been adopted . Neal sympathized passionately with their wrongs fo r e in being driven from their lands , and a thirst human gor

an was never y drawback in his estimation . ’ x Lo an an Neal s ne t novel , g was more intentionally l Indian tale . It is as wild and incoherent as K eep Coo and H far more bloody . The chief actors are arold , a young man “ ” e whose bold front had nev r endured a hat, as bloodthirsty as an Indian and so profane that a common soldier shakes at his blasphemy ; and a colossal chief who is apparently slain early in the tale , but being subsequently brought to life takes f to murder as a systematic occupation . The complications o the e tale are countl ss and totally unreasonable . The reader ’ not H is surprised when arold s health breaks under his sorrows , and in his delirium , on shipboard , the coiled cordage seems to

1 O n th e th e h and few th e can b e s ai s t el et o r , of m d po i iv y to d ract from It and at l ea t on e - , s the ant ent n el s S a tans to e f m tance of i r ov , , is o i por e au s e i ts tu e New Y i n the l n b c of pic r s of ork co o i al p eriod .

9 4

. 1 8 0 A u thors hi without interest This was followed in 3 by p,

- - which started to be a travel tale , half romantic , half descriptive , but soon changed its mind and became a tangle of emotions

. 18 0 and opinions Neal continued to write novels after 3 , to but it is hardly necessary follow his achievements further .

His o f work often gives an impression of mystery , emotional

o f H e intensity , and power , but it is power gone to waste . own vigorously exploited his personality , and used his early

his Hi s novels to air views . usual procedure was to provide ’ a preface full of mysterious hints exciting the reader s curiosity, to express his opinions political , literary , and miscellaneous , in

o f the course the narrative , and to add an editorial note , in which he demolished such o f his enemies as might have been

Hi s overlooked in the body o f the tale . views of women were

no o f ir P ttern t S W a e. pronounced , and unlike those illoughby

a Apart from his general incoherency , his fatal defect was

o f an O ne total lack y idea when to stop . always has a vision o f b him gaily writing away until the ink ottle runs dry, and then scrawling in pencil a few deaths and an insanity or two

in order to end the matter . Neal ’ s life1 was more interesting and more significant than

o f his novels . A person varied experience and tireless energy , he is said to have been the first American to make regular

contributions to the English quarterlies , he acted as a self for appointed advertising agent of America in England , lived

on a while with Jeremy Bentham , and his return to America

c did editorial work , advo ated Violently a great variety of

P o e of reforms , and was the early friend of , and many other

struggling authors . ’ The real first fruits of The S py is probably James McH enry S ’ M Th Wilderness or Br addock s imes 1 82 . c e , T , published in 3 Henry was o f Irish birth and was always filled with a desire

to give his j ust dues to the Ulsterman , neglected in the Irish C fiction o f the time . onsequently the tale is concerned with

an Irish family from Ulster, established far in the wilderness ,

and o n friendly terms with a coquettish Indian queen , a sort

1 e l hi ad entu e i n an au t a h Wande n Recol N a d es c rib es s v r s obiogr p y , ri g l ec tio ns of a S om ew ha t Bu sy Life 9 5

f - o e . o f copper colored Elizab th The real interest the story, however , is in the spectacle presented to the reader of George

W o f ashington in the throes a first, and a hopeless , passion .

In the wilderness , to which his military duties have led him , M he meets the lovely aria who , although brought up from

o f infancy as a member the humble Irish family , has managed to fulfill her destiny as a high born heroine , and consequently M ’ an elegant female . Unfortunately aria s heart is already ’ — W ’ another s ashington s blandishments are in vain , although he soars to heights Of impassioned eloquence when in her presence , and when forced to depart leaves with her a hand ’ somel o f S P y bound copy henstone s oems , with passages marked in that most Simple and tender o f all poetical effusions P M ff im the astoral Ballad . When aria is carried o and

of F D prisoned by the Villainous commander ort uquesne , the G enamoured eorge disguises himself as an Indian , and snatches

M But his aria to safety through a thousand dangers . , con vinced at length that her affections are unshakably devoted to C s inCe her harles , he bows to the inevitable , and decides that joy is forever denied him he will devote his life to his country . In the same year McHenry published The S p ectr e of the

F or es t or Annals o the H ousa toni c a New E n l and r oman ce , f , g ; and in 1 824 and 1 826 he made a contribution to his self- imposed o f task of delineating the character , obj ects , and proceedings each of the principal insurrectionary confederacies that have ” fo r the last two hundred and fifty years affected Ireland . ’ O H all oran or the Ins ur ent Chi ef The H ear ts o S teel , g and f o f made an energetic beginning this arduous task , and aimed , ff o f incidentally, to correct the popular idea of the bu oonery the Irish character caused by the Irish tales of the day . The comic Irishman had , indeed , become a weariness in fiction .

The Wilder ness , however , contains a particularly virulent ex ’ f so McHenr ample o the type in the hero s Irish servant, that y seems doubtfully consistent . o f e O f all these writers adventure stories , the b st equipped F in actual experience was Timothy lint , who had wandered

w as W as a missionary in what then the far est , and had seen with his own eyes the scenes which formed the settings of his 9 6

1 His F ran cis B er r ian . or the stories first novel , , M exi can

P atri ot o f the M after a description ississippi country, for M x discovers a new scene fiction in e ico , where the hero o f course falls in love with the beautiful daughter o f a noble gov ernor R , becomes involved in a evolution , and undergoes every

f for the conceivable a fliction , supported by his love heroine and th o f e sympathy the inevitable comic Irishman .

The Life and Adventur es o In the story already mentioned , f Arthu r Clenning Flint yielded to the seductive charm R C of the obinson rusoe tale , and therewith pointed a moral against aristocratic prejudices . The story adds nothing to the appliances o f castaway house- keeping which The S wiss F amily Robins on had apparently developed beyond the possibility o f M ’ . C emulation any years later , however , ooper s inventive genius made a notable addition to the resources o f the ship wrecked by planting a kitchen garden in the crater o f an

x e - e tinct volcano and inducing a goat to adopt a s a weed diet . But the less gifted Flint employed only the time - honored de

o f vices this type of romance .

Geor e M as on or the You n B ackw oodsman 1 82 g , g ( 9 ) is a M for tale of pioneer life in the ississippi Valley, intended the edification o f of the young mind , and full the year long priva tions and ultimate prosperity o f the Virtuous . In The S hoshonee Val l ey Flint produced a curious romance o f a white family living among Indians . The Indian chief C has married a Spanish reole , and the white man originally a sailor has carried off the charming daughter o f a Chinese

1 m th l nt w as n i n as ach s etts i n 1 80 and adu ated Ti o y F i bor M s u 7 , gr from

a v a d i n 1 800. A te tw o ea s th e l al s t d and t el ve as a H r r f r y r of o ogic u y , w n e at n al m n ste i n th e east h e ent es t h e e h e acted as Co gr g io i i r , w w w r mis s i onar and a ell ed i n h Ill n s and A ans a and to New l eans y tr v O io , i oi , rk s, Or

n Ab 1 82 h e etu ned to th e n h . In 1 82 6 h e ubl sh ed a d Fl ori da . out 4 r r ort p i hi s Rec o l l ec i ons o Ten Y ea s i n the s s i s s i i Vall e an d i n 1 8 2 a t f r Mi pp y , 7 h ll e In 1 8 h e w as a Geogr aphy and Hi s tory of t e Mis s is s ippi Va y . 3 3 for k In 1 8 h e m e to s hort tim e edi tor of th e Kn ic erbo c k er Magazi ne . 3 4 ov d ’ h a n e In Cincinn ati and for three y ears edited Webster s Mon t ly Mag zi . 1 83 5 h e co n tributed a s eri es of arti cl es on Am eri can l iteratu re to th e n L nd n A h en ae m . He m ed to L s an a a t m e and w as et n o o t u ov oui i for i , r ur i g n nad to New E ngl an d wh en h e w as bu ri ed i n a h o u s e bl own dow by a tor o .

H e d ed n a te i n 1 8 0. i soo f r, 4

9 8

’ devoted friend ; a Mexican prison ; a Spanish governor s lovely daughter with a comic Irish servant ; an escape to Havana ; pirates ; a cave full o f monsters o f iniquity ; a long- lost nautical uncle with a noble heart, unlimited money, absolutely no m S gram ar , and a black servant, ambo ; a persecuted maiden ; three heartless females and two compassionate ones ; a maj or villain who perishes , and two minor villains who repent . Wine

L o an flows as freely as did blood in g , thus giving a pleasing

of e o f re air conviviality, which the fr quent consumption a ” o f past, consisting a cold cheek , seems strangely to enhance .

R o f eunions long lost friends occur with startling frequency , ’ and at the end the hero is even reunited with his father s an

P o cient steed ompey . The tale seems t be a hesitation between the new novel o f adventure and the o ld novel of domestic trials and persecuted virtue . O f the writers of combined historical and Indian fiction who C M toiled in the path of ooper , not the worst , perhaps , is N . . 1 H Tadeus ku nd the Las t Kin o the Leh a -e entz the author of , g f p , bi ifi f 1 2 His no f f u efl 8 . t o or o p in 5 story is a work genius , striking talent ; but it is painstaking, carefully constructed , and free from many of the absurdities which adorn some contem f orar . s o p y romances Like mo t them , however , the author attempted a far more complicated plot than Cooper gave to C ’ his Indian tales , and thus could hardly have achieved ooper s ff broad and simple e ects , even if he had possessed the other

r Hi s P gifts fo such work . descriptions of the forests of enn

o f sylvania and Indian customs are rather labored , but there is interest in the warfare between the Indians and the troop o f

Tadeu skund volunteer Indian fighters , and in the picture of , ” - a just Indian , as the Leather stocking would have called him .

Tadeusku nd o f re is a friend the whites , but he is unable to l strain his people , and at length fa ls a prey to the poison of ” H s C o . i forgetfulness , as did hingachgo k adopted daughter ,

1 M z en ch b th and as at o ne t m e as s c ate . ent w as w N 2 H of Fr ir , i o i d n D u n with George B an croft i n th e Roun d Hill S ch ool at North ampto . ri g hi s life h e s eem s to h ave b een chi efly k n own as th e husb an d of th e popu l ar

e es s an d n el st a l n e Lee Wh n wh m h e m a ed i n 1 82 . po t ov i , C ro i iti g, o rri 5 h e h entz e i n T y tau ght for m any y ears i n v ariou s p arts of th e S out . H di d

1 856. 9 9

Elluwia the young squaw , a white girl brought up among the ’ Indians , is the more creditable to H entz s invention in that she

The We t o Wi s h ton Wis h appeared before p f . o f R A curious combination evolutionary adventure , and the o f S tale cottish life and peculiarities , may be found in Les lie

Li nkfield M Coultersho l e ungo gg , the author , was m one apparently , fro what can gather in his works , a Scots

His man resident for a while in America . first novel Gosling tan S hadow had placed its scenes entirely in Scotland , with

o f only a few references to America toward the close the work . But in L es li e Linktield most of the chief personages o f the b tale are brought across the ocean y the war . There are a hero stolen in infancy and for a time protected by a blind piper W W ” histling illie , who although neither of them know it, is hi s noble grandfather under attainder fo r adhering to the Stuart cause , a Villainous pedlar , the lovely and extremely elegant

o f daughter a colonel , and various minor personages . The scene shifts again to Scotland where virtue is rewarded and villainy punished , after the most approved fashion . A few tales of unknown authorship make further contribu tions to ou r knowledge of the more sentimental aspects o f the

R War O f S ar ato a evolutionary . these the most elaborate is g

1 82 o ff ( 5) which ers the novelty of a converted Indian , the devoted henchman of an officer in the American army . The tale contains some bloodshed , much sentiment , and a good deal o f mystification and misunderstanding . ’ A S k etch o the O lden ime or General Lee s F arew ell f T , D inner at New Yor k described on its title page as the

first o f a series o f Revolutionary tales by an Antiquary, is a

o f - o f pamphlet only forty four pages , apparently the work some one desiring to unburden his mind o f the results of a little not too arduous research .

srfal The B etr othed of Wyoming has the u hero and heroine, H the wonted villain , an iniquitous Indian , and a ermit who lives in the Wood . It is a thin and tiresome tale whose diction or in such phrases as , thou shalt be mine ere long , perdition

u s or frettest shall seize both , in hie hence , lest if thou me in my madness I slay thee , seems borrowed from the rashest 100

S C imitators of cott rather than from those of ooper . The

o f tone the tale rises from a sigh to a shriek , but never attains f the accents o reason . Although many o f these tales of adventure had a vaguely

o f f historical background , none them attempted exactness o detail or vivid historical coloring . There was , however, a little group who took their literary mission more seriously . Just as the first generation o f women novelists in Massachusetts had written sentimental tales with an educational intention , the second generation carried on their work in historical romances , quite as conscientiously undertaken , and in intention almost as didactic . O f the three New England women who patriotically under

o f M H took to revive the early history assachusetts , one , arriet

C o f H F the Vaughan heney , was the daughter annah oster , o f TheCo u ette C M S author q ; another , atherine aria edgwick , was the most persistent and the most successful o f the women

o f o f M novelists the period ; but the name the third , Lydia aria

‘ an boliti nis Child} has been preserved by her activities as a o t.

o f All these ladies describe the usual aspects colonial gloom , frivo the Sabbaths , the theological discussions , the criticism of

o f o f lous clothing, the arrangement the houses , the rigor pater nal discipline , and , oddly enough , Show a leaning toward the — outcast Episcopalianism , indeed , the crisis in the history of ’ ’ rs M . Child s first heroine is precipitated by her father s rage f — at the Sight o a prayer book . ’ Mrs C H o bom ok 1 82 — re . hild s ( 4) is a tale suggested by a 2 mo den R o f Ya . C . S view y , a long narrative poem by ands

1 Lydi a Mari a Fran ci s w as born i n Mas s achu s etts bu t s p en t her chil d 1 2 6 h m a ed D a h ld and s n a te n e In 8 s e v d L. hood i n Mai . rri i C i oo f r b ec am e c o nn ect ed with The Ju ven il e Mis c el l any and wrot e s everal book s o n n m l l m In m att ers of dom es tic ec o o y as w e as biogr aphi es of fam ou s wo en . 1 8 a ea ed h er b es k n n k h er A eal or ha t l as s o A m er i can 3 3 pp r t ow wor , pp f t C f s

l In 1 8 S h e bl sh ed an A h en an m anc e h l o h ea. cal ed Afric an s . 3 5 pu i t i ro P i t n 1 h ld b ec am e e h a ti nal A n ti -S l ave I 84 1 s h e and Mr. C i ditors of t e N o ry S an da d H er ac e l e w a s ll ed h a s l te a u nde a n t r . tiv if fi wit v riou i r ry rt ki gs em s and s es ann al s l e e s n m es s ns New Y po tori for u , tt r givi g i pr io of ork, and an l k n h e e e abora te wor o t Pr ogr s s o f R eligious Ideas . 2 h s e e i n the o h A m e i c an Rev ew 1 82 1 Vol . ! II . 66 T i r vi w N rt r i , , , p 4 , “ c al l s a tt en tio n to th e un equ al ed fitn es s of ou r early hi s tory for a work ” c n an d d ell s o n th e s s b l t es th e e a l da s New En l an of fi tio , w po i i i i of r y y of g d

and the Ind ans a s e a a e and s n l m a k ed ace m en . of i , p r t tro g y r r of

102

Catherine Maria Sedgwick1 had acquired some experience

- she H er as a novel writer before attempted historical fiction .

A New E n land al e or S k etches o New E n land first story, g T , f g Char acter and M anners represented the life o f a New

o f England village , without the use dialect and somewhat in

Redw ood the religious novel style . , her next work , belongs

o f M rather to the novel manners , reminiscent of iss Edgeworth , and with religious complications . The scenes include a Ver S mont village , a haker community, and a fashionable watering place . After R edw o od came the Travell ers a tale fo r the

1 82 H o e Les li e or E ar l imes in the young, and then , in 7 , p , y T M ass achus etts L 1 82 8 . , which was reprinted in ondon in The earlier part o f H op e Les li e has a decided resemblance to The

We t o Wis h ton Wish p f which appeared two years later . The on C scene is a farm the onnecticut border , to which are brought o f two captive children an Indian chief . They are kindly m treated , but are regained by the Indians in a assacre . A

o ff white child is carried , brought up among the Indians , and becomes the wife of the Indian boy , formerly her playmate at

. W the farm hen captured and returned to her white friends , sh H e pines silently until rescued by her Indian husband . ere ’ M the resemblance to Cooper s story ends . iss Sedgwick moves the scene o f her tale to Boston where the noble Indian girl , who in childhood had saved a white boy and lost her own arm by throwing herself P ocahontas - like before the toma H hawks , is imprisoned , and is rescued by ope Leslie and her

1 D a S . tutor, colonial ominie ampson The story is managed

on M S ed with some skill , and is a striking improvement iss g ’ H L wick s earlier stories . ope eslie , herself , is a real person ,

o f and rather an attractive person , and although some her

1 ath e ne a a S ed w w as b n i n S t kb e he e sh e a e C ri M ri g ick or oc ridg , w r p ss d “ m s f s l D o t of h er l ife . O thi p ace uy ck i nck s ay s th at i ts wides pread c el eb ’ rity i s to b e a s cribed far m ore to th e reputatio n whi c h Mi s s S edgwi ck s de ” s c r ipti on s an d work s h ave given it than to i ts gr eat n atu ral a dvantages ’ D u cki nck 1 8 ed t n II M s s S ed w c s h e w t n s n l u de ( y , 7 5 i io , , i g i k ot r ri i g i c l a en ce 1 8 0 Le B os s u 1 8 2 The Li nw o od 1 8 Le e s m A b o ad C r , 3 ; , 3 ; s , 3 5 ; tt r fro r Ki nd ed a t m e 1 8 0 and m an c nt u t ns to e al s and to r Ho , 4 , y o rib io p riodic , m al S h t h l n or ort s ories for c i dre . 103 friends and acquaintances are the stock figures o f such tales others have real individualities . Among other tales o f this productive period are two Indian

Tok eah or the Whi te Ros e The S anfor ds or romances , , and , H ome S cenes , and two novels by Catherine Julia Hart Can ’ o ne ada s first novelist , a tale of convent friendship and high

Tonnew onte o f life in England , and the other , , a tale frontier life with a foundling hero who proves to be a s on o f the M B H ’ arquis de eaucaire . awthorne s F ans haw e appeared in 2 M H 1 8 8 . rs . S . . 182 Nor thw o od J ale published in 7 , a tale o f adven a New England village , and several other stories , tu rous o r sentimental , found their way into print . Although James Kirk P aulding published o ne long story in this decade , his main activity as a romancer falls beyond the

K oni s mark e or the Lon Finne period considered here . g , g 1 82 ( 3 ) can hardly be taken seriously as a romance , although what unity it possesses is given by its love story . It seems to

on S not combine a satire cott , begun but carried through the S work , humorous descriptions of a wedish settlement some

K o f adven what in the nickerbocker style , and a tale Indian P ’ ture . aulding s chief productions at this period belong to

o f o f the history humorous writing , or the short story, rather f than to that o the novel . This necessarily brief and imperfect account o f the chief followers of Cooper must at least have made it clear that Cooper was in no danger o f being driven from the field by the

f O f o f merits o his rivals . his three great types romance the sea tale remained untouched until after 1 83 0} while the his torical tale and the Indian romance were at once fondly adopted and generally merged into the historical tale garnished with

too Indians . In all these tales there was much complication o f plot and action ; and many o f the writers fell into the deeper error o f taking the Indian out of his natural background of ’ forest and lake , and putting him into the white man s back

1 fe s ea cenes The nnect cu et . . . B a ne d n du ced a w , Co i t po , J G C r i r , i tro s ncl ud n th e c a u e a a n K dd i n hi s s t B add c k Let e s i i g pt r of C pt i i , ory , Fort r o t r , h nd bu t th e great er p art of th e s l ender vol um e i s devoted to th e Frenc a In ar di an W . 104

M o f ground of settlement o r city . ost them had no personal experience of wilderness life , and those who had it lacked the fo r genius that could make it live again others . At their best ’ o f C -at their Indians are sentimentalized ghosts ooper s , their worst they resemble the wooden Indian o f commerce for whom they might serve as models . Yet , mediocre in quality as is the ’ C for work of ooper s contemporaries , it has not, the most part , ’ the tentative amateurishness of Charles Brock den Brown s con temporaries and predecessors . ’ The originality and power o f Brown s work had no stimu f He lating effect on the aspiring novelists o his day . founded C ’ no school . But the very promptness with which ooper s o f o f adven example was seized upon , and the quantity the tales at ture which once appeared , are evidence that the novel had at last found a foothold in American literature . In the decade 1820 1 8 0 a e from to 3 , both the short story and the novel bec m one P auld established in American fiction , the by Irving and h t e C . ing, other by ooper But what gave body and an assur ance o f continuity to the movement was the presence o f those uninspired , but diligent and conscientious , writers who toiled e o f or o r ov r tales Indian adventure historical romances , more o f COO er o r less in the manner p , who fastened flimsy short

o f . stories into a framework, in supposed emulation Irving The history o f the first forty years o f American novel writ not one or ing is of steady advance of progressive development , it

o f not out is rather that of a series experiments , growing of each other, but related only through their common aim . The early period o f enthusiastically patriotic amateurishness seems to

C Brock den culminate in the work of harles Brown , and then ’ ff B is to su er a decline . But rown s work not related to that f f o any o his predecessors . Like them he looks to England the for his general form , and contents his patriotic zeal with f o . C employment native materials Again , when ooper revived his the languishing American novel , he received impulse from

British fiction , and adopted the type of romance then prevail E ing in ngland . But like his predecessors he used American material , and in his best work he realized their ambition to give ex e Mrs M who pression to American lif and ideals . . orton ,

106

BIBLIO GRAP HY — P ART I CHRO NOLOGICAL LIS T OF EARLY AM ERI CAN NOVELS

To 18 0 3 .

’ f Mr e elin s THIS list dif ers from . W g bibliography of early American fiction in that : ( 1 ) It contains a number of addi n l 2 tio a titles . ( ) It omits a few titles which in his list seemed

o f to be reprints English works . ( 3 ) It includes only novels , and does not consider j uveniles , Short stories , political alle

ori es o r g , translations . ( 4) It is arranged chronologically, not alphabetically . Under each year , however, the anonymous b o f works are placed first , and are followed y those known authors in alphabetical order . ’ Mr e elin s Indicates a title which does not appear in . W g

Bibliography . TIndicates the title of a work which has not been used in a preparing this study, but is included in the bibliogr phy for f the sake o completeness . As far as possible long descriptive titles have been given ’ on entire , but quotations occurring title pages , printer s or pub ’ lisher s of . names , and lists booksellers have been omitted

I7S9

Mo on Sarah W entw o th— P o f S m _ rt , r The ower y pathy

r . F o the Triumph of Nature ounded in Truth .

1 8 2 . Boston , 7 9 . vols W !

no s D D —M m H h o E . . S ee 6 itc c ck , , ( also No . ) e oirs o f Bloom s rove F o f the g amily , in a series letters to f P C a respectable Citizen o hiladelphia . ontaining S m on M S enti ents a ode of domestic Education , uited S S G e to the present tate of ociety, overnm nt , and

M S o f : on anners , in the United tates America and f F the dignity o the emale Character . Interspersed f with a Variety o Interesting Anecdotes . By Enos D D H . . 1 2 . 0 . itchcock, Boston , 7 9 vols 107

17 9 2

B a n e H H en r — M C r cke ridg , ugh y odern hivalry, or the C F Adventures of aptain John arrago , and Teague ’ O Re an B S . H H . B . P g his ervant y rackenridge . art P 1 2 . P P 1 2 I , hiladelphia , 79 art II , hiladelphia , 79 P P 1 ( misdated art III , ittsburg, 793

P P e ( misdated art IV, hilad lphia , 1 7 97

I793 H O The apless rphan , or Innocent Victim o f Revenge . R A Novel founded on Incidents in eal Life . In a series of letters from Caroline Francis to Maria

B L 1 B y an American ady . Boston , 793 . B A nn E — P A n leecker, liza The osthumous Works o f n P Eliza Bleecker in rose and Verse . To which is C P P added a ollection of Essays , rose and oetical , by

M F e 1 V . . . argaretta aug res New York, 793 ’ D D 2 — F H E n s . ee . itchcock , o , . ( S also No ) The armer s

F r H o f Mr W o . C riend , the istory harles orthy, who O from being a poor rphan , rose through various scenes

o f W distress and misfortunes , to ealth and Eminence

E G C c . by Industry , conomy and ood ondu t Inter spersed with many Useful and Entertaining Narra

tives F suited to please the ancy, improve the Under B H H . standing , and mend the eart y Enos itchcock , D D B 1 . . oston , 793 . Imla G t— H y , ilber The Emigrants , or the istory of an F D o f Expatriated amily, being a elineation English Lon Character and Manne rs written in America . 1 don , 793 .

1 794

2 2 61 N s . 10 1 w s o S s ah . S ee o Ro n , u ann ( also 9 , , , 5, , — 6 1 28 C Mrs . Row 3 , ) harlotte , a tale of Truth , by f son o f P . o , the New Theatre hiladelphia Author S ee F C . Victoria , the Inquisitor, ille de hambre , etc n P P 1 2 o d hiladelphia edition , hiladelphia, 794, 108

be m a vols . (This is supposed to the first A eric n

edition . )

r O s . 11 . : o . Lucy Temple The Three rphan London , d ) w s n S sa nn h— Ramb Ro o , u a The Inquisitor , or Invisible R P Mrs . S . h a ler . By usannah owson hiladelp i , 1 794 . (London ,

I7! S

o f D ffe The Art Courting . isplayed in eight di rent scenes ; the principal o f which are taken from actual for o f e life , and published the Amusement the Am ri 1 can Youth . Newburyport, 7 95. w s o n s nnah— f H H Ro S a o . , u Trials the uman eart A f Mrs . R o Novel . By owson , the New Theatre, P o f C F C hiladelphia , author harlotte , ille de hambre ,

P 1 . . etc . hiladelphia , 795 4 vols . in two

1 797 .

C o f e ynthia , with the tragical account the unfortunat

loves o f Alm erin and D esdemona : being a novel .

f « Illustrated with a variety o the chances o f fortune ; 7 e moralized with many us ful observations , whereby H the reader may reap both pleasure and profit . art 1 elin : M . We W . ford , 7 97 ( g illiamstown , ass , F F o r ff emale riendship the Innocent Su erer . A 7 H 1 M . . oral Novel allowell , 797 F R : M o f an a The emale eview or, emoirs Americ n Young Lady Whose Life and Character are pecu liarl e : a for y distinguish d being continental soldier, 2 nearly three years in the late American War

W x e ith an appendi , containing charact ristic traits : by different hands her taste for economy, principles

o f o f M domestic education , etc . By a citizen assa D 1 h tts . c use . edham , 797 H o f C P ul chera or Con The istory onstantius and , 2 m R . e M . 1 . New sta ey ewarded Leominst r, ass , 797 (

York, P or Love and atriotism , , the Extraordinary Adventures

110 — 1 8 O : o r the S W e . 3 , 3 7 , 3 , 7 5) rmond , ecret itn ss 1 New York, 7 99 . — B w C a es . B ro ck den M : r M ro n , h rl Arthur ervyn o e

o f e 1 the WIeland moirs the Y ar 793 , by Author of

O or W . P and rmond ; the Secret itness hiladelphia, 1 F 7 99 . ( irst part . ) B ow n C ar es B ro ck den— H : Me r , h l Edgar untley or , a S -W b the of r moirs of leep alker, y Author A thur P 1 M W O etc . . ervyn , ieland , rmond , hiladelphia, 799 s H a ee — S W el e . S . l , len ( also No 3 4) The tepmother, D R B H e . e W a omestic Tale, from eal Life y el na lls ,

C S . C . S . o of harlestown , econd Edition L ndon , 1 2 799 . vols .

1 800

r k n 2 2 28 2 Brow n C a es Bro c de . See . , h l ( also Nos 3 , 7 , , 9 , 8 — M : o r M of ‘ 3 7 , 3 , 7 5) Arthur ervyn , emoirs the 1 1 800 . S . . Year 7 93 econd part New York , 2 6 60 6 — s e N s . D av o n . S e o 8 i , J h ( also 4, 4 , 47 , , ) The 1 800 F : . armer of New Jersey a Tale New York , .

Sh e ne H enr — O e P or rbur , y The ri ntal hilanthropist, R P H 1 8 . 00 . True epublican ortsmouth , N . . , — W e l s H l ena S ee . 0 l , e . ( also No 3 ) Constantia Neville

r H f the o W . W o , the est Indian By elena ells , author

S . S . 1 800 . tepmother econd edition London ,

W o od Sal l Sa w ar d Bar e l Keatin . ee , y y r l g ( S also 2 — Nos . 3 9 , 4 , 45) Julia, and the Illuminated Baron . F n A Novel . ounded o Recent Facts which have transpired in the Course of the late Revolution o f M P F M oral rinciples in rance . By a Lady of assa h t P 8 c u se ts . H 1 00 ortsmouth , New ampshire, .

180 1

: or F F a f M e . o or land Vale , the air ugitive By a L dy f H S o o f . the tate New York , author enry Villars

180 1 . New York, B s Br k 2 2 28 2 ow n ha e o c den. S ee Nos . r , C rl ( also 3 , 7 , , 9 , — 1 8 C H S o f . 3 , 3 , 7 5) lara oward, in a eries Letters P 1 80 1 hiladelphia , . 111

Br w n C a es Bro ck den— o , h rl Jane Talbot , A novel . By o f M W O r the Author Arthur ervyn , ieland, mond, H H C . P Edgar untley; and lara oward hiladelphia, 1 80 1 .

W d S al S a w ar d Ba ell K a i . oo , ly y rr e t ng. ( See also No s — D 2 : S . 3 5, 4 , 45) orval or, the peculator A novel

on F . o f founded Recent acts By a Lady, author P H 1 80 1 Julia . ortsmouth , N . . , .

1 802

r F M : o G . on F B onima , the Beggar irl ounded act . y A 180 2 an merican Lady . New York , .

lin M : or We e : . G . ( g onima , the Beggar irl A Novel P hi Founded on Fact . Written by a lady o f ladel P phia . hiladelphia , F S P o r We . P The lave of assion , the ruits of rter hila 1 802 delphia, .

W o Sall Sa w a d Ba el K a i . See No s . od , y y r rr l e t ng ( also — f m : o r o . 3 5, 3 9 , 45) A elia , the Influence Virtue An ’ No l M of M . O d aid s Story . By a Lady assachusetts ( C date . opyright ,

1803 — F Vi cer E a H . y , liz Emily amilton , a Novel ounded n Re of o Incidents in al Life . By a Young Lady

180 . . W Worcester County orcester, 3

1804

M o r Barratarian P : The emoirs of Lafitte , the irate A 1 80 Narrative founded on fact . New York, 4 .

N s . W S S w a B a e Ke n . See o ood , ally ay rd rr ll ati g ( also — 2 F E : R S . 3 5, 3 9 , 4 ) erdinand and lmira A ussian tory of By a Lady of Massachusetts ; author Julia . the

1 80 . Speculator and Amelia . Baltimore , 4

1 805

60 68 — Nos . 2 2 D v s . See 46. a i , John ( also 4, 3 , 47 , , ) The

H . Ex First Settlers of Virginia , an istorical Novel 112

hibiting a View o f the Rise and P rogress of the o f P o f M Colony Jamestown , a icture Indian anners , the Countenance o f the Country and its Natural P ro

ions e duct . The second dition considerably enlarged . 1 80 New York, 5. — D s hn W K : an a . avi , Jo alter ennedy American T le

1 80 . London , 5

W a en Ca e Ma da— G o r R rr , rolin til The amesters ; , uins

of Innocence . An O riginal Novel founded in Truth . 180 Boston , 5. 1807

M : r e P o a . 49 argaretta , the Intricacies of the H rt hila 180 delphia , 7 . W H —Ir 1 0 B ow n . . a e a. 80 . 5 . r , and Isab ll Boston , 7

1 808

H as s al M ss —S : or th e l ( i ) ecret History , Horrors of D o f b St. w omingo, in a series letters , ritten y a C F C e Lady at ape rancois to olonel Burr , lat Vice P P resident o f the United States . rincipally during f e R P hiladel the command o Gen ral ochambeau .

1 808 . phia , T en ne T abi h a—F a ix : ex e y , t em le Qu otism hibit d in the Romantic O pinions and Extravagant Adven

utres o f D orcasina S . e 1 808. heldon N wburyport , 6 — n e No s . attersto Ge e. S e W , org ( also 5 , 7 9 ) The

Man as P Lawyer ; or he ought not to be . ittsburg,

1808 . 1 809

f P Ne B a o a a. w Laura . y Lady hil delphi York, 1 80 9 . 18 10

r a nd . o Rosa : o Americ n Genius a Education New Y rk ,

1 8 10 . —G rs on eo e. S ee . W atte t , G rg ( also Nos 53 and 79 ) len

o r D o f . . carn ; , the isappointments Youth A Novel f Wattersto n . o By George , Esq Author The Lawyer, 18 10 etc . Alexandria , .

114

H o r o f R a e The ero ; , The Adventures a Night ; a om nc Translated from the Arabic into Iroquese ; from the Iroquese into Hottentot ; from the Hottentot into F F P rench , and from the rench into English . hila 1 8 1 delphia, 7 . : or o f H Wi The Yankee Traveler , Adventures ector g C 1 8 1 ler . oncord , 7 . s ee 2 2 6 60 — D v n . S . a i , Joh ( also Nos 4 , 3 , 4 , 47 , ) Captain P P : i Smith and rincess ocahontas an Ind an Tale . P 1 1 8 . hiladelphia , 7

Neal oh n . s 6 8 12 S ee No . 86 88 , J ( also 7 , , 7 , , 99 , 7 , 1 1 —K C W t Hot W 4 ) eep ool , a Novel ri ten in eather

S . 1 8 1 by omebody Baltimore , 7 .

1 8 18

Manneri n u s e d —R D lmonmor G . e t a g, y p u osalvo ,

1 8 18 . Tale . Boston ,

1 820

r enirn r e e os 82 8 C o e am es F o . S e N . o p , J ( also 73 , , 3 ,

-P 1 06 1 1 2 1 1 1 22 1 1 . , , 7 , , 3 4, 3 9 ) recaution ; a Novel 1 820 2 New York, . vols .

m— mzonia f D S eab o n Ada S a o . r , y ; Voyage iscovery 1 820 C a S . . By apt in Adam eaborn New York,

1 82 1

Coo er am es F enim o e— S o f the 73 p , J r The py ; a Tale P Neutral Ground . By the author of recaution .

New 182 1 . 2 . York, vols

1 822 H or P . a The Templar ; Tales of the assaic ackens ck,

1 822 . N . J. ,

B o w n C s B ro ckd en . S ee No s . 2 2 r , harle ( also 3 , 7 , 28 2 1 8 —C , 9 , 3 , 3 7 , 3 ) arwin the Biloquist , and

a P e 1822 . other American T les and i ces . London , 2 vols . N e s 6 86 8 88 1 2 1 1 al n S e No . e , Joh . ( also 9 , , 7 , , 99 , 7 , 4 115

F H . P 1 822 2 Logan , a amily istory hiladelphia , . vols . S e w C a e M e a ia . S e , e . 100 dg ick th rin r ( also Nos 95, , 1 20 1 2 — A , 4 ) New England Tale ; or Sketches o f C M New England haracter and anners . New York , 1822 . — S E W . . S B proat , The avage eauty . A Novel . By a W . P 1822 ild American hiladelphia , . W atters ton — G e . See 3 , eorg ( also N0 . 53 and 56) The L W or family at ashington , a Winter in the M . W 1 822 etropolis ashington , .

1823

F P o r The lorida irate , an Account of the Schooner S f Esperanza , with a ketch of the Life o her Com

1 82 . mander . New York, 3

r W . D o S . Justina , the ill A omestic tory New York, 1 82 2 3 . vols . n e 1 6 C o e a es F m e . S e . 1 8 0 o p r , J m e i or ( also Nos 7 , 7 3 , 3 , ,

1 1 2 1 1 122 1 1 - P o r , 7 , , 3 4 , 3 9 ) The ioneers ; the f S o . D ources the Susquehanna A escriptive Tale .

P . 1 82 By the author of recaution New York , 3 . 2 vols . oo er am s F e im o re— P o f C p , J e n The ilot ; a Tale the

P . S ea . By the Author of the ioneers , etc New

1 82 . 2 . York , 3 vols m s e 8 — M cH enr a . S e . y , J e ( also Nos 5, 94, 97 ) The ’ f W or . o ilderness , Braddock s Times A tale the

82 . 2 W . 1 . est New York , 3 vols

M c H enr s— o f F or An y , Jame The Spectre the orest,

l R . na s o f the Housatonic . A New England omance 182 2 New York, 3 . vols . 6 8 88 1 2 1 1 Nea hn. S ee . 6 l , Jo ( also Nos 9 , 7 , 7 , , 99 , 7 , 4 )

— - ix o f L . Seventy S . By the author ogan Baltimore ,

2 2 . 1 8 3 . vols — f h R . o Nea l , Jo n andolph , a Novel By the author - ix P for Logan and Seventy S . ublished whom it

1 82 . 2 . may concern . New York , 3 vols

hn — o r W W Neal , Jo Errata ; the orks of ill Adams , a 116

B o f S - . Six Tale y the author Logan , eventy , and 1 82 2 R . . andolph New York , 3 vols . P a am es K e—Koni sma rk e the o ulding, J irk g , L ng f th New F S o e W . Ne inne, a tory orld w York, 1 2 2 8 3 . vols .

1 824

W W Me the A inter in ashington ; or, moirs of Seymour

F 1 82 . 2 . amily . New York, 4 vols M - i L a ia . 1 dia e . 0 H omok Ch ld , y r ( S e also No 5) ob . f Am o . . A Tale Early Times By an erican Boston , 2 18 4 . — i u l a . 1 r H a Ca e e S ee a . t 0 . rt , th r n J i ( lso No 9 ) S U ’ h C o r t e o f C a . C sula s onvent , Nun an da ontaining R K . C a scenes from eal Life ingston , Upper an da, 1 82 2 4 . vols . — a k s o n D an e r . M or Um J c , i l , J Alonzo and elissa, the F feeling ather . An American Tale . Brattleboro, 182 n o f The or 4 . (A shorte ed version Asylum P M . Alonzo and elissa , No robably a reprint f th e at P in 18 1 1 o e version publish d lattsburg . ’ nr s ee No s 8 8 —O H allo M cH e am . S . y , J e ( also 4 , 5, 97 ) o r C H ran , the Insurgent hief, an Irish istorical Tale f 1 8 o f W and o 7 9 . By the author the ilderness the f F P 1 2 8 . . S o . pectre the orest hiladelphia , 24 vols

k i e M i s 100 S e w Ca a a . S ee No . dg ic , th er n r ( also 77 , , “ 1 20 1 2 - R : o f , 4 ) edwood a Tale . By the author A ” 182 2 New England Tale . New York, 4 . vols .

1 825 — z N M . Tadeu skund f H e . K o nt , , the Last ing the

. a e 1 82 Lenape An Historic l Tal . Boston , 5. — m es . M cH enr a S ee No s . 8 8 y , J ( also 4, 5, 94) The H o f S H o f earts teel , an Irish istorical Tale the Last “ ”

C . o f W entury By the Author The ilderness , ’ lloran P 2 H a . 1 2 O 8 . . , etc hiladelphia , 5 vols Mu a d Ma h ew— R R a . rg troy , tt The efugee . A om nce C M M Con By apt . athew urgatroyd , of the Ninth

118

R 2 H 18 . 1 1 1 . Yorktown . An istorical omance . Boston , 5

2 vols . 2 8 O er am es F enim e. S ee No s . 1 8 CO p , J or ( also 7 , 7 3 , , 3 , 106 1 1 1 22 1 1 — o f M , 7 , , 3 4, 3 9 ) The Last the ohicans , f 1 P A Narrative o 7 57 . By the author of The ion

P 1826. 2 . eers . hiladelphia , vols

- u l ters h o l e M un . S ee . 10 C o gg , go ( also No 7 ) Leslie

kfi l o f oslin t on Lin e d. A Novel : By the Author G g R 1 26 2 S . 8 . . hadow ochester, vols

T m e 1 2 1 1 o —F F n o . S e . li t, i thy ( also Nos 3 , 3 5, 4 ) rancis

n M P 1 2 . . 8 6 Berria , or the exican atriot Boston , 2 vols .

1 827

1 1 o r F o f S P hiladel 5. Nahant ; , The loure ouvenance 1 82 phia, 7 . — 1 1 6 Ch e e H a r e Va an . See . 1 0 . n y , r i t ugh ( also No 4) The

R o f old o f W . ivals Acadia , an story the New orld

1 82 . Boston , 7

1 1 F im ee s 82 8 m s e. No . . C oo e a S 7 p r, J e en or ( also , 3 , — 1 06 1 1 2 1 22 1 1 Red R . , , , 3 4, 3 9 ) The over ; a Tale P P 1 82 By the Author of The ilot , etc . hiladelphia ( 7 , in 2 We el 18 8 . 2 . g ; , Lounsbury) vols — 1 18 H al e M rs . S . . o f . , J Northwood ; a Tale New Eng

Mrs . H 1 2 2 . S . . 8 land . By . J ale Boston , 7 . vols 1 1 Ro a A e— e 9 . y ll , n n The Tennessean ; a nov l founded on Mrs R o f S facts . By . Anne oyall , author ketches of

H M S . istory , Life and anners , in the United tates

H 182 . New aven , 7

k a e Ma . e No 100 1 20 Se w Ca S s . . dg ic , th r in ria ( e also 7 7 , 9 5, , — 142 ) Hope Leslie ; o r Early Times in the Massachu

f R 182 . . o . setts By the Author edwood New York, 7 2 vols .

1 828

1 2 1 r Barr ari Ne 1828. . o at an C . Lafitte , the hief w York , 1 22 m m 1 82 8 . Co es F e . ee . oper, Ja eni or ( S also Nos 7 , 7 3 , , 3 ,

- 106 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 P . , , 7 , 3 4, 3 9 ) The rairie ; a Tale By 119

o f P . P 1828 the Author the ioneers , etc hiladelphia ( , We elin 182 g ; 7 , Lounsbury) . 1 2 F T m 1 1 — . h . S ee Nos . 1 l o 3 lint , i ot y ( also 4, 3 5, 4 ) The Life A Cl ennin and Adventures of rthur g . By the Author o f Recollections o f ten years in the Valley o f the M F B P 28 . 18 . ississippi , rancis errian , etc hiladelphia, 2 vols .

H a o n e — 12 . w rne Na h a l F 4 th , t i anshawe, a tale . Boston , 828 1 .

* ' ‘ — - 1 2 H a h am es E . H . e F o f j 5 t , J Edge ill , or the amily the

Fitzro al s . e V R y A Nov l by a irginian . ichmond , 1 2 2 8 8 . vols . 2 z M r T u e — N . o e e 1 6. H e . G T nt , , ck r , org The Valley o f M f the Shenandoah ; or the ystery o the Graysons .

1828 . 2 S . . econd edition New York , vols 1 2 n e 6 6 86 8 88 1 1 Nea . S e . 7 . l , Joh ( also Nos 9 , 7 , , 7 , , 99 , 4 ) —R D : B achel yer A North American Story . y John

P 1 828 . Neal . ortland , ’ 2 R w s o n san a h—C D : or 1 8 . o S T , u n harlotte s aughter Three

1 828 . O rphans . Boston , 12 Sanf E zek e — H m : T 9 . ord , i l The u ours of Eutopia a Tale P o f C . olonial Times , by an Eutopian hiladelphia,

1 28 2 . 8 . vols 1 m rs H a s —W ! M 0 S M . G T 3 . ith , rri on hat is entility a oral

C o f W 1 828 . Tale . ity ashington , — 1 1 W a e H en r r. R o f Ah 3 . r , y , J The ecollections Jotham W r n S . de so . econd edition enlarged ith other pieces 828 o f . 1 . a similar character Boston ,

1829

’ o r G F A Sketch of the O lden Time ; , eneral Lee s arewell F e on dinner at New York . ound d fact, being the first of a series o f Revolutionary tales by an Anti

182 . uar . q y New York , 9

R P 182 . 2 Tokeah ; or the White ose . hiladelphia, 9

vols . 1 8 1 O er m s F en m e. S ee . , , C O p , Ja e i or ( also Nos 7 , 7 3 8 1 06 1 1 2 1 1 1 22 1 —T W o f W - 3 , , , 7 , , 3 9 ) he ept ish ton 20

P et : . e c . Wish a Tale By the Author of the ion ers ,

P 1 82 . hiladelphia , 9 — No s . 1 1 1 2 1 o l n T im h . S ee G F i t, ot y ( also 4, 3 , 4 ) eorge ’ M or D G ason , the Young Backwoodsman , on t ive up f the Ship A Story o the Mississippi Valley . By F 1 2 8 . a . the Author of rancis Berri n Boston , 9

183 0 H 1 6 W . a . 3 . The Betrothed of yoming An istorical T le

P e 18 0 . hilad lphia , 3 H 1 1 S or S . 8 0. 3 7 . The anfords , ome cenes New York, 3 2 vols . 1 B raina d ohn a d n er a ns—F 3 8 . r , J G r i C lki ort Braddock Let F D 1 8 0 . e . W . C . ters ashington , , 3 ( ugitive Tal s ,

No . 1 82 8 r n No s . am s F m o . S ee 1 . CO O e e e 3 9 p , J e i r ( also 7 , 7 3 , , 3 , 1 06 1 12 1 1 1 22 1 — W W o r , , 7 , , 3 4) The ater itch ; the

‘ Skimmer o f the Seas . A Tale . By the Author of

P Re R P 1 2 d e . 8 0 . the ilot, ov r, etc hiladelphia , 3

vols . m 1 1 1 2 1 — 1 0 . F in T o . See a . 4 l t , i thy ( lso Nos 4, 3 , 3 5) The

Shoshonee . o f Valley, a romance By the Author

1 8 0 . 2 . F . C rancis Berrian incinnati , 3 vols

1 1 N a o n . S ee 1 2 4 . e l , J h ( also 7 )

- o f ew e . Authorship , A tale a N Englander ov rsea 1 8 0 Boston , 3 .

1 2 d a a ne M a a. . 100 . S e w C S ee 4 g ick, th ri ri ( also Nos 7 7 , 95, , — f the 1 20 C o ou r o n . ) larence , or a Tale w times By H P 18 0 2 . Author of ope Leslie . hiladelphia, 3 . vols

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n 1 Mrs H . R man e o he a nah s te 00 A ee D all s . . c t of H Fo r, ; P p , C , o f a t the i l im i n 1 6 6 1 0 1 A s s o ci at n 1 n P gr s 3 , ; io , 4 Ri va ls o A cad a 1 0 1 D a s hn and hi s Ind an tal e f i , vi , Jo , i s , h ld L d a a a H o bom ok 1 00 — Th e ri n al Let e o C i , y i M ri , , 7 4 7 7 ; O gi t rs f 1 0 1 h er l te a w on er d n an d and E li abe h ; i r ry work , ; F i z t , 7 4 The Rebels or B t n be e the Th e arm er o New e s e , os o for F f J r y , 7 4 R ev lu ti n 1 0 1 Th e Wan de i n s o Wi ll a o o , r g f i m , 7 4 l ar a w a d or th e E n thus a Th e t C a ai n r avel C Ho r , i sm Pos pt , 7 4 , 7 7 T s ,

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E . Sm h 2 H . it , 3 es s 1 n tr , 3 E an s Th e b lb e t Iml a migr t , , y Gi r y , r anc s B e an or the ex can F i rri , M i 68—69 a t b . l n 6 P trio , y T F i t, 9 E m m a be t or th e s eri es o Cor t , Mi f endl Cl b Th e 1 Fri y u , , 3 v l War 6 m Ci i , u ll e a a e on B n and F r, M rg r t, row E n l s h c sm D e enden e on g i ritici , p c , d n 1 n Go wi , 5 82

E n l sh n el D e l abl e nflu en e g i ov , p or i c Gam es te Th e or R i ns o Inn rs, ; , u f o th e no t s u l an ed b th e of , 3 ; pp t y cence b Mr s Wa en 1 , y . rr , 4 ea l Am e an 2 ul a t r y ric , 7 ; pop ri y of d n W l l am al eb W ll ams G , , C , h 2 o wi i i i i t e, 8 Influ en e 0 2 0 ana c , 3 , 3 , 3 4, 5 ; E vel n a A ea ance ann of i , pp r of F y l ze - s c s s n 6n ’ y d, 3 5 3 7 ; d u , 3 Bu n i io of r ey s , 4 ’ B n s debts to 0—1 row , 5 5 , 57

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a Ke l e b Mrs . o A h r Cl enn i n s r of Mari tt , y Adven es f g , Hi to y tur rt u — E Bl eeck e 66 6 8 6 e e as on or th e Ann . , 7 7 , 9 ; G org M , r ISHS

i tor o th e e al e A e i c an K n S h a Wald or the D ana H s y f F m m r , i g, op i , orf, or the E x r a di na A dv en e e s o hi l s h 2n t or ry tur s g r f P o op y , 5 o Unca E li a Wi n kfield Com Kn e Ba n v on Ueber den f z , igg , ro , l ed b e el an al zed — U an mi t ens chen 2 pi y H rs f, y , 7 7 7 9 mg g M , 4 tch c ck Rev En s o n n el Hi o , , o , ov n 2 n nde endence i n L n Mrs h l ead o e n . a tte an h er r i g, ; i p ox , C r o , d u l u e 2 an d hi s edu cat nal n el s n c t r , ; io ov , 7 l es 2 0—2 2 m i li e Lin kfi ta e o th e Les eld b . ul te , ; M o rs f y M Co r B l ooms r ove am l 2 0—2 1 Th e sh l e g F y , ; gg 9 9 i o , ’ a m er s end th e i s r L e a a t t E a l i n Am e i a F r Fri ; or H to y it r ry c ivi y , r y , r c , o Mr ha l es W th 2 1 The 1 f . C r or y , ; Ar t o n 2 1 M as s ach us Li er a a a i ne and A e can f Courti g, ; t ry M g z m ri e tts a az ne o n 2 1 n R e s ter M g i , g i , 3 4 H o bo m ok b L d a a a h l L an b hn eal 2 , y y i M ri C i d , og , y Jo N , 9 — 1 00 1 0 1 L u n sbu . R. L e o er o ry , T , if f Coop , ’ e Les l e o r E a l e i n the 8 n o n e s he nes 86 Hop i , r y Tim s 4 ; Coop r roi ,

as s ach us etts b ath e ne . M , y C ri M S e w ck 1 02—1 0 McH enr am es Th e Wi lde n e s g , 3 y , , d i J , r s ’ d te e b the Ma u or B a dd ck s im e — The Horri My s ri s y rq is of r o T s, 9 4 9 5 ; s s e 2 S ec tr e o the o es I h Gro , 4 p f F r t, 9 5 ; ris u m h e l nk er th e l a t n su ect n a tal es H p r y C i , s book of i rr io ry , 9 5 th e entu b a eat n vel t a s ach s et s a azi n e the sh ne c ry y gr o is , 4 M s u t M g , ri s ent m ental d act c m 1 of i id i is , 5 ; I eal sm and In amy 4 3 d i f , ch a ac e i ts c n ents 1 5 — r t r of o t , Id l the su n an d i ts tem l e 7 8 7 9 o of p , c c s m Th e a l es s han riti i of H p Orp , Illum nat Th e e th e 4 1 i i , Ord r of , 1 n th e A r t o n z 1 n 7 ; of f Courti g, 2 4 3 n . 5 Ma h ew s B ande Th e s i cal tt , r r, Hi tor ml l e t h an t 68 I ay , , T e E g s , Gi b r mi r ovel and the E s a n N o r s y s , 59 69 em i s o arw i n the B l u t M o r f C , i oq is ,

Inchbald Mrs . 68 , , 3 4, — b B . B n 8 y C . row , 3 3 9 Ind an The i n n 60 66—68 i , , fictio , , , em irs o S te hen al ve t b C. f p C , y ’ M o r n tu de t a 9 2 ; . B . B w s a t C ro t i ow rd B B n . row , 3 3 th e 2— ex l at n b , 7 7 3 ; t , y p oi io of Mem o th e B l o oms r ove oirs f , g hn D avi s b . . Jo , 74, 7 5 ; y J F am l b Rev . En s t h F i y , y o Hi c cock, e 88—8 b l ate w ite Coop r, 9 ; y r r rs , — — 2 0 2 1 1 03 1 04 ’ s s M acRae b ll a d Aub er Mi , y Hi i rd In an tal es E a l h s t al n v el di , r y i oric o s te l an al ze 6 1 —6 ui , y d , 3 n —8 1 a d, 59 lu o Al n o M h el l I The Asy m , r Ind ans U s e i n w ar 6 66 itc , o z i , of, , 3 , an d el ss a 53 - 54 B n em h as zed th ei aul t M i , row p i r f s , de n hi val y a ! u ti at e th e v tu es 88- 8 Mo r C r , ixo c s ir Coop r ir ir , 9 c al n el by u h en y B ack Ind u al Th e u l t 50 i ov H g H r r ivid ity , c of, — ' ’ enr id e 2 2 2 2 6 In en u V l a e s 60 g , 3 , g , o t ir , n hl a a ne and A e i can Ital an The b Mrs . Ra l ff e 2 Mo t y M g zi m r i , , y dc i , 9 R ev ew i , 3 3 B n ane alb t b . B . w J T o , y C ro , 3 3 , Mrs a ah Wentw th th e t n . S Mor o , r or , 8— 0 4 5, 4 5 s t Am e can n v el s th e fir ri o i t , 7 ; l a and th e Il lu nated B a n by Ju i mi ro , Am e an S a h h er n el ric pp o , 7 ; ov , Mr s W d 2— , 5 53 oo , h w e o S a h ana T e Po r f y mp t y , l s ed — n t e 7 n i n th e K ee l b hn eal 2 y , 7 9 ; o ic of, ; p Coo , y Jo N , 9 chu ett a a n e 1 K elr o b Re e c a Ru s h 1 Mas s a s s M g zi , 5 ; y , y b c , 5

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tr odu c ed a new m and n ew hes s al oni c a b B . B n for T , y C . row , 3 3 ce i n ct n 8 ns u mb e i n wh ch Am e for fi io , 4 Tow , N r of , i r S ed w c a h e ne a a st an n el w e e ubl sh e 2 6 g i k, C t ri M ri , mo ic ov s r p i d , l h e m n n l su c ces sfu of t wo e ov e i s ts l e R all on th e dem an Ty r, oy , d for th e e d 1 00 A New E n of p rio , ; g b k s amu s e ent on th e oo of m , 3 ; l an d al e or S k e tc hes o New T , f E n l sh n el and hi s l te a y g i ov , 3 ; i r r E n l and ha ac te and ann ers g C r r M , w k 2 n The Al e n e a t ve or , 5 ; g ri C p i , 1 02 Redw o d 1 02 o e e li ; ; p L s e, o , H 2 5 o r E arly Ti m es i n th e Mas s a c hu s e tts 1 02—1 0 the w s , 3 ; o r ork , an nw ealth The . U topi commo , , of C Iozn B B wn — 1 . ro , 3 9 4 , 43 She bu ne en i en tal h l an r r , H ry , Or P i thr o i t ou p s , 4 Vanc enza the D an e s o , or g r f S ho s h on ee Va ll e b l nt an a y , y T . F i , ed l t S al e n Cr u i y , of, 5 l z — y ed, 9 6 9 7 V ll a n s s tem at el i n i i s , y ic , Mod for, Mr Anne S i ci l an R m an ce A b s . i o , , y th e Il lu nati 1 — mi , 4 43 Radcl ff e 2 i , 9 V ta 1 2 5 k e ch o h e l d e A i , S f t en , 9 9 t O Tim , ’ ’ V l ta e In enu 0 o ir s g , 6 S k etch es o f th e Hi s tory o f Cars ol and \ S k etc hes o f th e His to ry o f Waldo or the D an e o P hi rf, g rs f th e Carr i ls and r es b . B . O m , y C l os o h b S u s an K n 52n B wn 0— 1 p y , y i g, ro , 4 4 Wal l e a e a le o t an to m D r El h a E dwi n po , Hor c , C st f O r , S h . u u it , i H bb rd , an d A n el n a 2 2 9 g i , 3 Wa l er Kenned an A eri c an al e S m l l ett o n em al e au th s 6 t y , , o f or , m T h D s S ws o We her Influ ence by n a , 7 7 orro f rt , of Jo vi 13 1

Wande n s o Wi ll a Th e b ’ g f , , y Wilde ne s Th e or B add ck ri i m r s , , r o s h n D a s , 7 4 m es b am es McHenr h as Jo vi Ti , y J y , War 1 8 1 2 A s t th e —80 — of , ory of , 7 9 Wa sh n t n as a he i g o ro , 9 4 9 5 Wa en a l n e at lda The rr , C ro i M i , W ll R t ans l a o i d M s i , , r tor of H rr y ame te R i ns o Inno G s rs ; or, u f ter i e 2 2 s , 4 , 4 n c enc e 1 4 , W m en n el s s u mbe and s o ov i t , N r pro Wash n t n e e the h e i g o , G org , ro of er i t Sm ll ett o n 6 i n p y of 5 ; , ; ’ , o McHenry s Th e W lde nes s 9 5 i r , s i r er s ou r s t n el s ts 6 p of fir ov i , Watter s ton e e i n The Law e , g , y , G or r W Mr l d s . S a l S . B . K . l ea oo , y , P for, or M an as he o ugh t n o t to be b her Bal m e bl sh e i n h er y ti or pu i r, and l enc a n the D s a n G r , or i ppoi t e d nand and E lmi a 6 uli a F r i r , ; J en t o Y h ll s Ba e as m s f out , fo ow g and the Il lu in ated B a on 2 m r , 5 u ch as B n 2 on n e l ect m row , 5 ; g of D o val or th e e u l o 53 ; , S p c a r Am e can n el s 82n r t , ri ov , and th e s o r , 53 Wa o th e u Th e b . . y s f Ho r, , y J F W d th S amu el The ha i on e 1 oo wor , , C mp Coop r, 9 o eedo m or the e i ou Well s el ena Th e S te mo ther and f Fr , My st r s , H , p Ch e —80 f, 7 9 Co ns tantia N evill e ; or the West i Ind an d da an d eda c 1 i , i ctic p gogi , 5 Y ell e e i n New Y W d The and th e u n m an ow f v r ork, 3 3 i ow , , y o g , 4 7 Y ell e e l a u e i n h l adel h a W el and the r ans r m a n ow f v r p g P i p i i , or T fo tio , ’ l z des c b ed i n B n s m nd and b . n ana e y C . , 3 3 ; y d , ri row Or o B Brow — — A thu e v n 3 7 3 8 r r M r y , 44 45

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